For psychology, an important difference between behavior and mental processes is
You can observe behavior, but not mental processes
Behaviorism is a perspective of psychology that focuses on the study of
In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ___, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of___.
Mental Life; Observable Behavior
The emphasis in psychology on the study of observable behavior, learning experiences, and use of scientific methods
Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their genetic dispositions or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding:
Innate ability to learned skill as __- is to ____
The biophysical approach attempts to describe the influences on behavior as
an integrated perspective that incorporate biological, psychological, and socio-cultural levels of analysis
The pattern of behavior, traditions, beliefs and values that are shared by a group of people
Contemporary psychology is best defined as
behavior and mental processes
Which perspective would suggest that facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited.?
In which time period did psychology first become a recognized field of study
The self reflective observation of one's own sensations, thoughts and feelings is called
Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
thought processes and brain functions
Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's _________.
potential for healthy growth
Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become and excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates which perspective?
The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
The cognitive perspective in psychology emphasizes how
people encode, process, store and retrieve information
Psychology studies that focus on specific goals such as improving the quality of life in large cities or helping people cope with their emotional problems are referred to as
The objectives, goals and subject matter of modern psychological science can generally be divided into ______ and _______ types of research
basic and applied research
Clinical psychology is mainly focused on
treating people with psychological disorders
Major difference between clinical psychologists and psychiatrists
Psychiatrists are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and treat physical causes of psychological disorders
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to
to believe after learning an outcomes, that one would have foreseen it
Government experts who are convinced of the success of their own mistaken economic policies most clearly demonstrate
Considering whether psychological advice or research conclusions are justified by available evidence illustrates
A statement that provides a specific, testable prediction that is based upon theoretical relationships is known as a
Theory is to explanation as hypothesis is to
Why is it important that the selection of research participants provides a representative sample?
It is important because the sample has to resemble all of the population that is being studied
A psychologist who gathers data by secretly watching how managers interact with their employers their employees in the workplace is using
The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ____ on feelings and behaviors.
A psychologist who studies how the brain functions in various mental activities is using which perspective?
A person can only be understood by studying the beliefs, values and experiences of the ethnic group and community in which the person has lived. This best exemplifies which perspective?
A psychologist studies why individual groups often conform their behaviors and opinions to be similar to others in the group. Which field in psychology does this research best represent?
Government experts who are convinced of the success of their own mistaken economic policies most clearly demonstrate
overconfidence, cognitive bias
The fundamental characteristics of scientific attitude are
curious, skeptical and humble
Because of the complexity of human behavior, the best explanations will typically involve considerations of
multiple influences interacting
The scientific method was described as a cyclic progression among which elements?
theories, hypotheses, research & observation
Psychological analysis of thought and behavior may involve description, prediction, and explanation of cause. The corresponding components of scientific research are
A statement that provides a specific, testable prediction that is based upon theoretical relationships is known as a
When a psychologist develops a possible explanation of the observations obtained in an investigation, the psychologist has formulated a
Theory is to explanation as hypothesis is to
educated guess/prediction
Why is it important that the selection of research participants provides a representative sample?
Because the sample has to resemble all of the population that is being studied
The survey method is particularly useful for investigating questions that
-are behavior or opinion based
-that requires limited amount of info that represents a population
When conducting a survey, psychologists select a random sample of subjects in order to ensure that
the participants are representative of the population and to avoid bias
A psychologist who gathers data by secretly watching how managers interact with their employees in the workplace is using
A research study took a survey of how much time various workers had slept and reported a positive relationship between the amount of sleep and job performance, Which research method did the researchers use?
If there were a perfect negative correlation between intelligence and physical attractiveness, then it could be predicted that
The value of a correlation coefficient indicates the degree of
strength of the relationship
A correlation coefficient indicating little or no relationship between two variables would be indicated by the value
Correlational research CANNOT be used to do what?
indicated cause and effect relationships
The "illusory correlation" cognitive bias refers to
thinking that things go together when they do not
The belief in a "lucky" slot machine that will yield more jackpots illustrates the tendency for people to believe in
control & illusory correlation
Which of the following research techniques allows the most confident conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships
If a researcher wanted to determine whether something causes or influences behavior, it would be best to use an
In a formal experiment, a control variable is
one that stays the same throughout the experiment
In a psychological experiment, the dependent variable is the factor that is
the outcome, may change in response to change of independent variable
In an experiment, cause is to effect as ____ is to ____
A psychologist studying the effect of varying levels of caffeine on anxiety. In this experiment, the different levels of caffeine are the
In an experiment, the factor that is manipulated or varied by the experimenter because it is predicted to cause different outcomes is known as
A psychologist studied the effect of different alcohol levels on driving performance. In this study driving performance was the
If a researcher tests the effects of alcohol on reaction times by comparing one group of subjects who drink alcohol with another group that does not, the subjects who do not drink alcohol are in which group
The placebo effect best illustrates the influence of _____ on behavior and feelings
To control for possible differences among subjects, experimental designs should use
a control and experimental group
In blind experimental procedures, the researcher and/or subjects
do not know what treatment they are receiving
The American Psychological Association has established ethical principles for research with human subjects be given a full description of the research before they are asked whether they are willing to participate. This illustrates the principle of
A major reason for animal research in psychology is that
The "3R" part of SQ3R method stands for
The "testing effect" refers to
repeated self testing & rehearsal of previously studied material
The common basis for all behavior and mental processes is
The cells of the nervous system that are specialized for communication are called
The cells that are specialized for metabolic and physical support in the nervous system are called
What specific specializations of neurons allows them to function as a system for communication within the body
The part of a neuron that functions like a wire transmitting information from one place to another in the body is known as an
here is a neuron's nucleus that contains genetic information located?
he small branching structures of a neuron that typically have many synaptic contacts are known as
The locations for communication between neurons and other cells that are specialized for sending and receiving chemical messages are called
An action potential occurs when a neuron has
been stimulated by signals
When a neuron is not conducting an action potential and in its resting state, the neuron is
Which condition speed up the conduction of the neural action potential
excitatory signals; wider axons & increased by myelin sheath
Which of the following accurately describes the effect of an inhibitory neurotransmitter
it decreases the chance of depolarization, reaching action potential
When the action potential reaches a synapse at the end of an axon, neurotransmitter molecules are released that bind to
A synapse can best be described as a
the junction between the axon tip of sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Drugs that have psychological effects usually exert their influence on
Motor neurons carry information to
You place your hand on a hot stove and immediately withdraw your hand automatically without thinking that you have been burned. This is a demonstration of
The central nervous system consists of the
A polygraph can record changes in heart rate, breathing, and skin moisture. What division of the nervous system produces these psychophysiological responses?
sympathetic nervous system
We are not consciously aware of the regulatory control of the various organs of the body. This involuntary control process is accomplished by the
If it is necessary to run away from danger, the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system will _____ heart rate
After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some mediation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the activation of the _____ nervous system and result in slower heart respiration rates and less muscular tension.
Which division of the nervous system helps conserve energy when a person is calm and relaxed
To record the brain's neural activity as electrical signals from surface location on the head, a ______ is used
If a neurologist wants an extremely accurate image of a patient's brain showing details of internal structures, the neurologist would probably order an
A relatively safe way to examine the specific locations of brain activity associated with different kinds of thinking and behavior is the
positron emission tomography scan (PET)
A neuropsychologist is trained to
explore how the structures of the brain work to produce behaviors
a person's cerebellum was damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with
balance and muscle coordination
Which brain area is most directly linked to motivation, emotional responses and control of the autonomic system and pituitary gland
Conscious experience and decisions for voluntary actions are produced primarily by activity of the
Damage to the hippocampus would most likely impair which of the following?
ability to form new memories
The portion of the cortex located at the top of the head and involved in body sensations such as touch is part of the ______ lobe.
If you have ever been struck in the back of the head and seen stars or flashes of light when you looked up, most likely cells were stimulated in your _____
The name of the area of the left cerebral hemisphere that controls the production of speech is the ____ area
A person with left-cortex damage to Wernicke's area would most likely have problems with
What is the name of the large bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres
"The brain operates as an interacting system to produce behavior"; this means that
All parts of the brain are working together to generated behavior
The endocrine system produces
The gland that has been called the master gland because of its extensive influence on the other endocrine glands is the
Emotional arousal ad the immune system are MOST influenced by which endocrine gland(s)
hypothalmus, pituitary gland
How are hormones different from neurotransmitters?
hormones are carried in the bloodstream
As a control system, the influence of the endocrine system is ____ as compared to the nervous system
have longer lasting effects
The biological info that is encoded by genetic material is represented as
A segment of DNA molecule with the information to synthesize a specific protein is called a
A human gamete has _____ chromosomes
The relative contributions of inheritance and environment to behavior are the focus of the
According to the gene-environment interaction principle, all behavior is influenced by
continuous interaction between genes and environment throughout development
In which case would two people have all the same genes in common?
What have twin studies revealed about intelligence?
Intelligence similarity of genes & environment produce greater similarity of intelligence measured by IQ
Two individuals are most likely to share similar personality traits if they are ____ twins who were reared _____
Adoption research clearly suggests that variation in many human personality traits is strongly influenced by
genes than by home environment
Compared to rats that were environmentally deprived, rats housed in enriched environments experienced dramatic increases in the number of
Which is a major source of new genetic variations
According to evolutionary psychologists, behaviors that promote reproductive success and survival are likely to be
Natural selection theory predicts that the frequency of a behavioral trait in a population will increase over time if
they are selected and prevail
Behavioral traits that improve success living in a particular environment are
A high degree of cross-cultural similarity in human behavior indicates
Developmental processes are highly similar among individuals raised in different cultures
An evolutionary explanation for sexual reproduction is that
-offspring are produced by combining genotype from two organisms
-new combinations of genes could be created by recombination
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
Those who study cultural influence on gender roles are most likely to emphasize the importance of
norms transmitted by learning from one generation to the next
The enduring behaviors, traditions, beliefs, attitudes and values shared by a group from one generation to the next through learning defines
our sense of being male or female
With regard to gender, social learning theorists emphasize that
we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished for acting in certain ways
A child's tendency to form concepts that classify behavior and other personality traits in terms of masculine and feminine categories is most important in which theory of gender-typing
gender schema cognitive theory
Over the course of human evolution, a female's reproductive success has depended on
levels of sex hormones-estrogen
In attracting potential mates, research has show women are more likely than men to advertise their own _____, and men are more likely to advertise their own ______
developmental psychology is best described as a study of what
continuity and change in physical cognitive, social and behavioral characteristics of individuals throughout the life span
During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism first begins as a ______ and finally develops into a _____
an agent, such as toxins that can cause harm to the embryo or fetus
Some of the most common and consistently damaging teratogens are
When newborn infants are touched on the palm of the hand, they close their fingers in a fist to grasp the object. This type of automatic response to specific stimulation is known as
The systematic biological growth and associated changes in function of the body and brain that occur with age are called
Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in
A four-year-old can't remember anything of the first few moths of her life. This is best explained by the fact that
-she lacked language skills for organizing her early life experiences
-many neural connections that underlie memories are only beginning to form shortly after birth
Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ________ of the major developmental milestones.
The age-related timing but not the sequence
Jean Piaget is known for proposing a widely influential stage theory of _____ development
According to Piaget, schemas are:
concepts or frameworks that organizes and interprets information
Interpreting new schemas in terms of existing schemas is called
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not yet achieved the memory capability known as
Which of the following represents the correct order of Piagets stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
According to Piaget, a child can mentally represent experiences with words and images but has limited ability to reason with logic during the ______ stage
what would be typical for a child whose thinking is characterized by egocentric thought?
they have difficulty seeing things from another persons point of view
According to Piaget, conservation and reversibility operations are characteristic of which stage of cognitive development