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- Sociology
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Terms in this set (111)
Social structure refers to the way a society is
a)organized into predictable relationships.
b)rebuilt after a disaster destroys it.
c)defined by outside visitors.
d)used by individual people.
a)organized into predictable relationships.
The
term social interaction refers to the ways in which people
a)function biologically.
b)do their job.
c)respond to one another.
d)form unexpected relationships.
c)respond to one another.
The structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social interaction is known as
a)unity.
b)neurology.
c)society.
d)anthropology.
c)society.
Muhammad Ali forever changed the terms of social interaction for
a)Muslim Americans.
b)American boxers.
c)African American athletes.
d)male athletes.
c)African American athletes
Which of the following are among the elemental building blocks of society? (4 answers)
a)groups
b)social institutions
c)social
networks
d)bureaucracies
e)status and roles
a)groups
b)social institutions
c)social networks
e)status and roles
The positions people occupy and the relationships between them is called
a)society.
b)social interaction.
c)social structure.
d)networking.
c)social structure.
Through social interaction,
people
a)learn the expectations of other people.
b)inherit genetic material from their parents.
c)learn about themselves and not others.
d)isolate themselves from others.
a)learn the expectations of other people.
Status refers to the
a)tendency of individuals to isolate themselves.
b)perceptions people hold about themselves.
c)system of religious beliefs a society holds.
d)social position
of one person compared to another.
d)social position of one person compared to another.
Which of the following describes the effect of routine patterns of behavior?
a)The predictability helps us know what to do most of the time.
b)The patterns soon evolve into harmful behaviors.
c)The patterns inhibit creativity and a sense of individuality.
d)The predictability leads to boredom and
dissatisfaction.
a)The predictability helps us know what to do most of the time.
The meanings associated with ascribed statuses
a)can change in different cultures.
b)are earned according to achievement.
c)are the same across all cultures.
d)cannot be changed.
a)can change in different cultures
True or false: When
members of less powerful groups challenge existing social norms, they can help members of a society perceive reality in a new way.
a)True
b)False
a)True
The ascribed statuses of race and gender can play an important part in people's efforts to achieve a desired professional and social status and serve as
a)adaptive responses.
b)achieved statuses.
c)acquired characters.
d)master
statuses.
d)master statuses.
The elemental building blocks of society can be easily compared to
the hierarchical order of a a)kindergarten playground.
b)Linnaeus' system of racial classification.
c)the neural network in the human brain.
d)the framework of a building.
d)the framework of a building.
Students who expect
their professor to teach the material outlined in the syllabus are holding the professor to
a)a role conflict.
b)a social role.
c)an ascribed status.
d)an informal norm.
b)a social role.
The difficulty that arises when role expectations within the same social status clash is known as role
a)reversal.
b)conflict.
c)strain.
d)ambivalence.
c)strain.
Sonya received a promotion at work. Which type of status does this describe?
a)achieved status
b)ascribed status
c)secondary status
d)out-group status
a)achieved status
When we experience clashing expectations because we hold two or more social statuses, we are experiencing
a)role conflict.
b)cognitive strain.
c)role strain.
d)diminishing
returns.
a)role conflict.
Which type of status is assigned by society without regard to a person's unique talents or abilities?
a)ascribed
b)achieved
c)master
d)acquired
a)ascribed
The status that dominates a person's other statuses and determines their general position in society is called the ______
status.
a)hierarchical
b)authoritative
c)superior
d)master
d)master
A set of expectations for people who occupy a given position or status is called a social
a)status.
b)group.
c)norm.
d)role.
d)role.
You are a Native American who left the reservation to attend college and obtain a law degree. Once you
begin working as a lawyer to help your people, members of your tribe regard you as too Caucasian, whereas members of the White community regard you with suspicion because you are Native American. This is an example of role
a)reversal.
b)conflict.
c)strain.
d)exit.
c)strain.
Lee is supervising her best friend at work and feels awkward about disciplining him. What is she experiencing?
a)role
conflict
b)role exit
c)role reversal
d)role ambivalence
a)role conflict
We are increasingly discovering that gender is an example of
a)an achieved status.
b)an ascribed status that cannot change.
c)a master status and not an ascribed status.
d)an ascribed status that could change.
d)an ascribed status that could change.
The ascribed statuses of race and gender can play an important part in people's efforts to achieve a desired professional and social status and serve as
a)achieved statuses.
b)master statuses.
c)acquired characters.
d)adaptive responses.
b)master statuses.
Students who expect their professor to teach the material outlined in the syllabus are holding the professor to
a)an informal
norm.
b)a social role.
c)a role conflict.
d)an ascribed status.
b)a social role.
The difficulty that arises when role expectations within the same social status clash is known as role
a)conflict.
b)strain.
c)reversal.
d)ambivalence.
b)strain.
When we experience clashing expectations because we hold two or
more social statuses, we are experiencing
a)role conflict.
b)cognitive strain.
c)diminishing returns.
d)role strain.
a)role conflict.
The meanings associated with ascribed statuses
a)are earned according to achievement.
b)are the same across all cultures.
c)can change in different cultures.
d)cannot be changed.
c)can change in different cultures.
The process of disengaging from a role that is central to one's self-identity to establish a new role and identity is called
a)role identity.
b)role exit.
c)role differentiation.
d)role strain.
b)role exit.
The third and fourth stages of leaving a social role involve
a)returning to one's old social role and accepting it.
b)taking action
and creating new social roles.
c)creating new social roles for other people in your life as well as yourself.
d)doubting one's actions and searching for alternatives.
b)taking action and creating new social roles
The first stage in leaving a social role can involve frustration and other negative emotions. This stage usually begins with
a)departure.
b)doubt.
c)elation.
d)acceptance.
b)doubt.
According to sociologists, a collection of people in one place at the same time who do not interact with each other or share common purposes is known as
a)an aggregate.
b)a group.
c)a nation.
d)an interaction.
a)an aggregate.
Groups that play a pivotal role in the socialization process are called
a)secondary
groups.
b)primary groups.
c)master statuses.
d)aggregates.
b)primary groups.
Which type of group is formal, impersonal, and has little social intimacy or mutual understanding?
a)in-group
b)primary group
c)reference group
d)secondary group
d)secondary group
Which of the following describes a group that
individuals regard as others, those people, or them?
a)out-group
b)in-group
c)primary group
d)coalition
a)out-group
In sociological terms, a collection of people united by a shared sense of identity or purpose is known as
a)a group.
b)an aggregate.
c)a nation.
d)an interaction.
a)a group.
What is a small
group that is characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation called?
a)primary group
b)out-group
c)aggregate
d)secondary group
a)primary group
A group with very little social intimacy, such as a large college class, is called a(n)
a)primary group.
b)reference group.
c)out-group.
d)secondary group.
d)secondary group.
Which group gives its members a collective sense of "us"?
a)in-group
b)aggregate
c)secondary group
d)out-group
a)in-group
What do sociologists call a group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior?
a)aggregate
b)secondary group
c)out-group
d)reference group
d)reference group
An alliance, whether temporary or permanent, that is geared toward a common goal is called a(n)
a)coalition.
b)social network.
c)homophonous group.
d)in-group.
a)coalition.
Social networks consist of
a)a series of social relationships that link people together.
b)networks that link people to their best friends and exclude others.
c)a
series of formal laws that reward or punish people based on their behavior.
d)barriers that prevent people from communicating with each other.
a)a series of social relationships that link people together.
According to Janis McCabe, when considering the types of friendship networks, the _____ consists of one dense network in which nearly all friends are friends with each
other.
a)tight-knitters
b)samplers
c)compartmentalizers
a)tight-knitters
Coalitions begin to develop when
a)groups grow larger.
b)members of a group attempt to take over group leadership.
c)groups split along ideological lines.
d)members of a group begin to feel alienated.
a)groups grow larger.
Scott Feld
discovered that, on average, "most people have fewer friends than their friends have." This has come to be known as the
a)in-group theory.
b)black hole of social networks.
c)coalition of compartmentalizers.
d)friendship paradox.
d)friendship paradox.
Social networks involve people
a)behaving according to their biological instincts.
b)interacting directly and indirectly.
c)working to
accomplish goals.
d)isolating themselves from others.
b)interacting directly and indirectly.
c)working to accomplish goals.
Homophily literally means
a)love at first sight.
b)love of the same.
c)love of "other."
d)love of men.
b)love of the same.
According to the argument called "the strength of weak ties," if
you want to find a new job, your best connection will be
a)people you see only occasionally or rarely.
b)people you interact with face-to-face.
c)co-workers at your current job.
a)people you see only occasionally or rarely.
According to Janis McCabe, when considering the types of friendship networks, the _____ includes a diverse array of friends, who, for the most part, do not socialize with each
other.
a)compartmentalizers
b)tight-knitters
c)samplers
c)samplers
Social media theorist Clay Shirky maintains that the social networking potential of the Internet has radically transformed possibilities for
collective action.
obtaining a higher education degree.
political participation through voting.
working from home.
collective action.
According to the friendship paradox, if you have 150 friends on Facebook, those friends
a)have the same number (within 5 percent) as you.
b)have more friends than you.
c)have fewer friends than you.
b)have more friends than you.
The health care system, the mass media, and the government are all examples of
a)social roles.
b)statuses.
c)virtual
worlds.
d)social institutions.
d)social institutions.
In which type of community is there little agreement about values, and social control relies on more formal means such as laws and policies?
a)Gemeinschaft
b)Gesellschaft
c)mechanical
d)organic
b)Gesellschaft
When Facebook researchers explored the validity of
"the strength of weak ties," they found that
a)the theory is provably invalid.
b)the theory seems valid.
c)the theory only applies to "real life" connections, not virtual ones.
b)the theory seems valid.
Social media theorist Clay Shirky has argued that the social networking power of the Internet is transformational because it allows
a)one-on-one communication.
b)interactive, large-scale group
formation.
c)two-way communication.
b)interactive, large-scale group formation.
In societies with minimal division of labor, a collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called
a)alienation.
b)organic solidarity.
c)mechanical solidarity.
d)classical theory.
c)mechanical solidarity.
Integrated and persistent social networks focused on making sure society's core needs are met are called social
a)coalitions.
b)groups.
c)norms.
d)institutions.
d)institutions.
According to the sociologist Émile Durkheim, organic solidarity exists when societies become
a)more advanced technologically and more interdependent on each person's expertise.
b)less advanced
technologically and less interdependent on each person's expertise.
c)more urbanized and less interdependent on each person's expertise.
d)less specialized and every person can perform the same task.
a)more advanced technologically and more interdependent on each person's expertise.
The sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies used the term Gesellschaft to refer to what type of
society?
a)rural
b)close-knit
c)community-oriented
d)impersonal
d)impersonal
Members of hunting-and-gathering societies
a)used sophisticated technology to grow food.
b)belonged to stable, established settlements.
c)moved constantly for food.
d)possessed the same amount of material goods.
c)moved constantly for food.
d)possessed the same amount of
material goods.
According to Durkheim, people in a society with few social roles and little division of labor experience
a)organic solidarity.
b)mechanical solidarity.
c)Gesellschaft.
d)Gemeinschaft.
b)mechanical solidarity.
What is the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial
society?
a)horticultural
b)agrarian
c)pastoral
d)hunting-and-gathering
b)agrarian
Societies with a complex division of labor have a collective consciousness that rests on mutual interdependence, a social cohesion known as
a)false consciousness.
b)class consciousness.
c)organic solidarity.
d)the law of oligarchy.
c)organic solidarity.
According to Ferdinand Tönnies, Gemeinschaft is typical of life in ______ areas.
a)industrial
b)modern
c)rural
d)urban
c)rural
Which type of society is based on kinship ties, has little division of labor, and has scarce resources?
a)hunting-and-gathering
b)industrial
c)horticultural
d)agrarian
a)hunting-and-gathering
Horticultural societies are different from hunting-and-gathering societies because horticultural societies
a)allowed people to settle in one place.
b)scavenged for food instead of growing it.
c)used tools less frequently than hunters and gatherers.
d)required that people travel frequently for food.
a)allowed people to settle in one place.
According to Émile
Durkheim, the type of society in which all individuals perform the same tasks and everyone knows everyone else has
a)latent function.
b)mechanical solidarity.
c)organic solidarity.
d)divided labor.
b)mechanical solidarity.
Even though they enjoy far greater mastery over the environment than their counterparts in horticultural societies, members of agrarian societies are nevertheless
a)more nomadic
than horticultural societies.
b)drawn to the idea of returning to a horticultural society.
c)still primarily engaged in the production of food.
d)unable to develop a theoretical basis for their system.
c)still primarily engaged in the production of food.
A society based on organic solidarity is much more adaptive to change than one characterized by
a)false consciousness.
b)biological
inheritance.
c)shared labor by all.
d)mechanical solidarity.
d)mechanical solidarity.
The increasing permanence and abundance of which type of society allowed its members to create artifacts such as statues, public monuments, and art objects intended to survive for generations?
a)industrial
b)horticultural
c)hunting-and-gathering
d)agrarian
d)agrarian
In contrast to a hunting-and-gathering society, a horticultural society has more control over its environment and
a)places less emphasis on household objects.
b)relies only on available foods.
c)uses plows for cultivation.
d)uses digging sticks or hoes for cultivation.
d)uses digging sticks or hoes for cultivation.
In societies with minimal division of labor, a
collective consciousness develops that emphasizes group solidarity. This collective frame of mind is called
a)alienation.
b)mechanical solidarity.
c)organic solidarity.
d)classical theory.
b)mechanical solidarity.
Which type of society features statuses and social roles that are in a constant state of flux and members who are dependent on each other for survival because of the complex division of
labor?
a)technical solidarity
b)mechanical solidarity
c)organic solidarity
d)organized solidarity
c)organic solidarity
Humans started to specialize tasks and manufacture goods beginning in which type of society?
a)agrarian
b)industrial
c)postindustrial
d)hunting-and-gathering
b)industrial
Agrarian
societies rely on what type of power?
a)the physical power of humans
b)the physical power of animals
c)mechanical power
a)the physical power of humans
b)the physical power of animals
In horticultural societies, people
a)produce items through mechanization.
b)base their economy on the processing of information.
c)rely on whatever food is readily available.
d)people plant seeds and
crops.
d)people plant seeds and crops.
The sociologist Daniel Bell observed that in a postindustrial society, large numbers of people
a)find themselves placed in a technological underclass.
b)lack the capacity to keep up with technological change.
c)are involved in occupations related to the spread of ideas.
d)have accorded to ideas the status once held by religion.
c)are involved in occupations related to the spread of ideas.
Which of the following is the type of society that is technologically sophisticated and preoccupied with consumer goods and media images?
a)horticultural
b)postindustrial
c)postmodern
d)agrarian
e)hunting-and-gathering
c)postmodern
An industrial society is defined as a society that
a)is
nomadic and relies on readily available foods and fibers.
b)depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services and relies on new inventions to facilitate production.
c)is highly technological and relies on the mass consumption of consumer goods.
d)has stable settlements and relies on improved technology to produce larger crop yields.
b)depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services and relies on new inventions to facilitate production
The multiple stories within postmodern societies reflect
a)the authority of a single view.
b)a single way of perceiving the world.
c)different sets of norms and values.
d)the unifying effect of the Internet.
c)different sets of norms and values.
Postmodern society's reliance on the image has largely been shaped by
a)government
agencies.
b)the mass media.
c)schools.
d)various religions.
b)the mass media.
Which of the following are elements associated with a postmodern society?
a)agriculture
b)images
c)lack of poverty
d)choices
e)networks
b)images
d)choices
e)networks
A postmodern society is a society that
a)obtains food
by gathering and hunting.
b)has pluralistic views and diversity.
c)is increasingly isolated from other societies.
d)is technologically sophisticated.
b)has pluralistic views and diversity.
d)is technologically sophisticated.
How do members of a postmodern society react to individual and group stories in the society?
a)They embrace individual stories but reject group stories.
b)They are not
interested in individual or group stories.
c)They embrace both individual and group stories.
d)They reject individual stories but embrace group stories.
c)They embrace both individual and group stories.
According to postmodernists, how are images related to our perceptions of reality?
a)Most people are skeptical about the images they see.
b)Images do not affect our perceptions of reality.
c)Our
images of reality come before reality itself.
d)We are unable to perceive reality without images.
c)Our images of reality come before reality itself.
In societies characterized by mechanical solidarity, life choices
a)are made at culturally recognized milestones.
b)are made all the time.
c)are regularly made in conjunction with one's social network.
d)are rare.
b)are made all the time.
A postindustrial society has an economic system that is engaged primarily in the
a)creation of items through mechanization.
b)growing and harvesting of food.
c)processing and control of information.
d)hunting and gathering of food.
c)processing and control of information.
Which of the following is an example of how postmodern
societies are globally interconnected?
a)purchasing goods that are produced locally
b)ordering food at a drive-through
c)studying one's personal family history
d)receiving assistance from a technician in another country
d)receiving assistance from a technician in another country
In sociology, an organization created to achieve maximum efficiency is known as
a(n)
a)bureaucracy.
b)democracy.
c)agency.
d)confederacy.
a)bureaucracy.
The multiple stories within postmodern societies reflect
a)different sets of norms and values.
b)the unifying effect of the Internet.
c)a single way of perceiving the world.
d)the authority of a single view.
a)different sets of norms and values.
In a postmodern world, we make life choices
a)all the time.
b)when confronted with conflict.
c)at culturally recognized milestones.
d)on our own schedules.
a)all the time.
If people feel they have lost control over their work and isolated from their coworkers, they might be experiencing
a)division of labor.
b)bureaucratization.
c)trained
incapacity.
d)alienation.
d)alienation.
Max Weber believed ______ represented the most rational form of management ever devised.
a)social media
b)industrialization
c)postmodernism
d)bureaucracy
d)bureaucracy
A bureaucracy that features workers, supervisors, executives, and a CEO with different levels of authority
is organized as a
a)aristocracy.
b)monarchy.
c)monopoly.
d)hierarchy.
d)hierarchy.
Because bureaucracies have rules that allow for other rules, records, and structure, they often
a)change dramatically when new employees start working there.
b)end when an individual stops working there.
c)outlive individual employees and maintain continuity.
d)appear disorganized to people outside of
them.
c)outlive individual employees and maintain continuity.
Workers who repeatedly perform routine tasks might feel
a)separated from their work.
b)more secure in their jobs.
c)control over the products that they make.
d)more connected to their coworkers.
a)separated from their work.
Companies go through the process
of bureaucratization when they want to
a)avoid prosecution.
b)celebrate their founding.
c)improve their efficiency.
d)stress individuality.
c)improve their efficiency.
One key element of bureaucracies is their
a)separation from governments.
b)informal natures.
c)disorganized states.
d)organization of hierarchy and rankings.
d)organization of hierarchy and rankings.
Sociologist George Ritzer has studied businesses that have copied the practices of fast-food restaurants. He found that a number of businesses try to match the fast-food restaurants'
a)lack of general efficiency.
b)ability to produce predictable results.
c)inability to control their workers.
d)ability to estimate rather than calculate business measures.
b)ability to produce predictable results
Robert Merton referred to the overzealous conformity to official rules and regulations as goal
a)achievement.
b)conformity.
c)displacement.
d)setting.
c)displacement.
Debates about U.S. politics sometimes center around worries that the
a)American people have more power than their political leaders.
b)country's large corporations have
little say in American politics.
c)American government is not equipped for more than one party.
d)desire for incumbents to maintain political offices overrides their moral views.
d)desire for incumbents to maintain political offices overrides their moral views.
Which bureaucratization approach pervades more and more areas of human
lives?
a)intellectualized
b)technoindustrial
c)rational-synergistic
d)technical-rational
d)technical-rational
The process by which the principles of fast-food restaurants are coming to dominate more sectors of U.S. and global society is called
a)goal displacement.
b)McDonaldization.
c)Fordism.
d)hierarchy of authority.
b)McDonaldization.
According to the scientific management approach, workers are assumed to be
a)dedicated, with an emotional need for job satisfaction.
b)a resource just like a machine.
c)eager to be friends with their coworkers and supervisors.
d)efficient because of scientific planning and careful supervision.
b)a resource just like a machine.
d)efficient because of scientific planning and careful supervision.
People worry that organizations all eventually concentrate power in the hands of a few powerful people. In American politics, this fear has led to what some people call
a)vast wastelands.
b)McDonaldization figures.
c)negative spaces.
d)Washington insiders.
d)Washington insiders.
Your boss is a staunch follower of the rules, which were written decades ago and no
longer apply in an era of modern technology. Your boss suffers from
a)goal displacement.
b)the Peter principle.
c)alienation.
d)McDonaldization.
a)goal displacement.
If a company focuses on the employees' job satisfaction and gathers information from the employees to improve morale and communication with the management, this type of organizational culture is called the
a)scientific management
approach.
b)classical theory of formal organizations.
c)human relations approach.
d)sociocultural evolutionary approach.
c)human relations approach.
Which approach to business emphasizes measuring aspects of the work process to achieve maximum efficiency?
a)scientific management
b)ethnomethodological approach
c)human relations
d)iron oligarchy
a)scientific management
The sociologist Robert Michels argued that the rank and file of a movement or organization look to leaders for direction and as such reinforce the process of rule by a few. He coined this idea the
a)bureaucratization of everything.
b)iron law of oligarchy.
c)impersonality of modern life.
d)McDonaldization of the world.
b)iron law of oligarchy.
What
is the modern, alternative way of considering bureaucratic dynamics that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy?
a)modern unions theory
b)human relations approach
c)scientific management approach
d)classical theory
b)human relations approach
Robert Michels argued that bureaucratization creates systems in which leaders are interested in
a)sharing power with
others.
b)exploring personal feelings.
c)holding elections to make decisions.
d)holding onto their power.
d)holding onto their power.
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QUESTION
* What are the views most widely used by sociologists in examining society?
11 answers