This is a preview. Log in to get access
Abstract
I provide evidence that the degree to which medieval Hindus and Muslims could provide complementary, nonreplicable services and a mechanism to share the gains from exchange has resulted in a sustained legacy of ethnic tolerance in South Asian towns. Due to Muslim-specific advantages in Indian Ocean shipping, interethnic complementarities were strongest in medieval trading ports, leading to the development of institutional mechanisms that further supported interethnic exchange. Using novel town-level data spanning South Asia's medieval and colonial history, I find that medieval ports, despite being more ethnically mixed, were five times less prone to Hindu-Muslim riots between 1850 and 1950, two centuries after Europeans disrupted Muslim overseas trade dominance, and remained half as prone between 1950 and 1995. Household-level evidence suggests that these differences reflect local institutions that emerged to support interethnic medieval trade, continue to influence modern occupational choices and organizations, and substitute for State political incentives in supporting interethnic trust.
Journal Information
The American Political Science Review (APSR) is the longest running publication of the American Political Science Association (APSA). APSR, first published in November 1906 and appearing quarterly, is the preeminent political science journal in the United States and internationally. APSR features research from all fields of political science and contains an extensive book review section of the discipline. In its earlier days, APSR also covered the personal and personnel items of the profession as had its predecessor, the Proceedings of the APSA.
Publisher Information
Founded in 1903, the American Political Science Association is the major professional society for individuals engaged in the study of politics and government. APSA brings together political scientists from all fields of inquiry, regions, and occupational endeavors. While most APSA members are scholars who teach and conduct research in colleges and universities in the U.S. and abroad, one-fourth work outside academe in government, research, organizations, consulting firms, the news media, and private enterprise. For more information about the APSA, its publications and programs, please see the APSA website.
Rights & Usage
This item is part of a JSTOR Collection.
For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions
The American Political Science Review © 2013 American Political
Science Association
Request Permissions
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
Knew it?
click below
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into
your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
| Why do geographers call Arabia a “crossroads” location? | Trade routes linking Africa, Arabia, and Asia ran through it. |
| In what way did traders passing through Arabia influence its culture? | They introduced Arabs to new products. |
| What physical feature dominates the landscape of Arabia? | Sandy deserts |
| Why did nomads want to be members of tribes? | To protect themselves against violence. |
| Why was trade important to both townspeople and nomads in Arabia? | It provided both groups with the things they needed. |
| In what way were Arabian souks similar to modern malls? | They sold clothing, home goods, and good. |
| How did the people of Arabia adapt to the deserts? | Traveling across the desert or settling near oases. |
| What was the most important difference between Muhammad’s teachings and the beliefs of other? Arabs? | Muhammad daughter there was only one god |
| What did the early followers of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity all have in common? | Believed there was only one God |
| In what way are the Bible, Torah, and Qur’an similar? | All of them tell stories about prophets such as Moses |
| Why did many merchants in Mecca reject the teachings of Muhammad? | They wanted to keep their money |
| Why did Muhammad and his followers leave Mecca in 622? | They were threatened by merchants |
| Why was the destruction of statues in Mecca important? | It showed that the people had become Muslims |
| Who is the most important Islamic prophet? | Muhammad |
| Summarize the Five Pillars of Islam. | gfdghdfh |
| Why do Muslims fast during Ramadan? | To show that god is more important than one’s body |
| The Qur’an and the Sunnah form the basis for…? | islamic law |
| What is another name for Islamic law? | Shariah |
| Why is Islamic law important to Muslims? | Governs all aspects of Muslim loves |
| Why were Mecca merchants threatened by Muhammad's teaching about one God? | Merchants might lose business of people did not worship gods at the Kaaba |
| How are Muslims similar to Jews and Christians? | They all recognize the same prophets |
| In what way are the Bible, Torah, and Qur’an similar? | All of them tell stories about prophets such as Moses |
| Why did many merchants in Mecca reject the teachings of Muhammad? | They wanted to keep their money |
| Why did Muhammad and his followers leave Mecca in 622? | They were threatened by merchants |
| Why was the destruction of statues in Mecca important? | It showed that the people had become Muslims |
| Who is the most important Islamic prophet? | Muhammad |
| Summarize the Five Pillars of Islam. | gfdghdfh |
| Why do Muslims fast during Ramadan? | To show that god is more important than one’s body |
| The Qur’an and the Sunnah form the basis for…? | islamic law |
| What is another name for Islamic law? | Shariah |
| Why is Islamic law important to Muslims? | Governs all aspects of Muslim loves |
| Why were Mecca merchants threatened by Muhammad's teaching about one God? | Merchants might lose business of people did not worship gods at the Kaaba |
| How are Muslims similar to Jews and Christians? | They all recognize the same prophets |
| Which leader unified Arabia into a Muslim state through battle? | Abu Bakr |
| After Muhammad’s death, the title given to Islam’s highest leaders was _____? | Caliph |
| Muslim merchants could trade with people in many different areas because Arabia was _____? | Arabia was a crossroad location |
| Why did the Abbasids reorganize the government? | To make it easier to rule |
| Tolerance was the Muslim practice of _____? | Tolerance was the accepting other peoples religious belief |
| What did the Arabs copy from the Persians? | Their form of government bureaucracy |
| In what way were Córdoba and Baghdad similar? | They were both centers of culture and learning |
| What was the most important factor in the spread of Islam from the 600s to the 1600s? | Conquering non- Muslims blending |
| The exchange of beliefs and customs between the Muslims and the people they conquered caused cultural _____? | Blending |
| In what way did the practice of tolerance affect the Jewish people of Córdoba? | They were able to contribute to the city’s cultural growth |
| In what way were the effects of trade and tolerance on the Muslim world similar? | They both allowed other cultures influences the Muslim world |
| Which Ottoman leader became known as “the Conqueror”? | Mehmed II |
| During Suleiman I’s rule, the Ottoman Empire took control of the Eastern _______ and parts of _____. | Mediterranean, Europe |
| What was the most important difference between the Sunni and the Shia? | The Shia thought that caliphs had to be related to Muhammad, and the Sunni’s thought the caliph needed to be a strong leader and follow Islam. |
| The leader of the Safavid Empire was called the _____? | Shah |
| Akbar’s tolerant religious policy helped to unify which empire? | The Mughal Empire |
| How did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires expand their empires? | Through warfare |
| What was the key reason the Mughal Empire collapsed? | Its tolerance religious policies were changed, and the other people revolt against the empire |
| Arab scholars used the astrolabe for what purpose? | To figure out their location on earth |
| Al-Khwarizmi’s book about al-jabr was significant because it was the_____? | Foundation for modern algebra |
| The Sufism movement was a reaction against _____? | The interest of Muslim in worldly things |
| In what way did mosques change as the Muslim world grew richer? | They became more elabooletely decorated |
| Muslim art, architecture, and science were all influenced by _____? | The muslim religion |
| What language was spoken throughout most of the Muslim world? | Arabic |
| When Muslims conquered new lands, they usually made treaties with _____? | Any non- Muslims loving there |
| Arab merchants furthered the spread of Islam by _____? | Carrying their beliefs with them to new lands |
| In the mid-600s, Islam split into two groups over a disagreement about _____? | Who should be caliphs |
| The Islamic capital _____ a center of trade and culture, had a hospital, observatory, library, and university to support arts and science. | baghdad |
| Expanding trade brought new ideas and products to the Arab world, such as the introduction of papermaking and use of gunpowder from _______ | china |
| The ______ controlled most of India and left a cultural heritage known for poetry and architecture | Mughal EMpire |
| A focus on spiritual issues and finding a personal relationship with God was central to the Muslim philosophy called ____ | sufism |