PHILOSOPHICAL ARGUMENTS A Crash Course Show The Dialectic = the attempt to develop a sustained pattern of argument in which the implications of different positions are drawn out and interact with each other. Argument = a series of statements (premises) intended to establish the truth/plausibility of another statement (conclusion). The following words/phrases usually indicate that a premise is about to appear: "because," "since," "for," "for the reason that," etc. The following words/phrases usually indicate that a conclusion is about to appear: "therefore," "thus," "and so," "consequently," "necessarily," "hence," "it follows that," "for that reason," etc. Generally, there are two types of argument: the inductive argument and the deductive argument. Inductive Argument: This type of argument argues from repeated instances to a general conclusion. This is the form of most scientific arguments. Example: This swan is white, that swan is white, . . . all ten thousand of the swans I have seen are white. Therefore, all swans are white. Deductive Argument: This type of argument involves a proof by logical inference, whereby a conclusion is arrived at by means of applying rules of logic to the premises. If a deductive argument is done correctly, then if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well. This is the type of argument most often used in philosophy, and it is the domain of formal logic. The standard form of deductive arguments is the syllogism = a deductive argument in which a conclusion is inferred from two premises.
_________________________________ How to Evaluate Deductive Arguments:
The anti-abortion argument:
next: Logic Examples When a conclusion follows from the premises?2. The conclusion follows logically from the premises. Definition: An argument is valid if its conclusion follows logically from its premises — if it is impossible for the premises all to be true, but for the conclusion to be false.
What kind of argument is where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises?A deductive argument is said to be valid if the truthfulness of the premises necessitates that the conclusion be true. A deductive argument is said to be sound if the premises are true.
How do you show a conclusion in a premises?There are two main ways to find a conclusion to an argument. The simplest is to look for indicator words. Words that indicate a premise include "because," "since" and "for." Words that indicate a conclusion include "therefore," "thus" and "consequently."
Is the conclusion guaranteed by the premises?According to the definition of a deductive argument (see the Deduction and Induction), the author of a deductive argument always intends that the premises provide the sort of justification for the conclusion whereby if the premises are true, the conclusion is guaranteed to be true as well.
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