In some countries, adults restrict adolescents' access to peers:
rural areas, esp. for girls
the peer group was more important to U.S. adolescents than to Japanese adolescents
Japanese adolescents spend less time outside the home, have less recreational leisure time, and engage in fewer extracurricular activities with peers than U.S. adolescents
U.S. adolescents are more likely to put pressure on their peers to resist parental influence than Japanese adolescents are
In some cultures, children are placed in peer groups for much greater lengths of time at an earlier age than are in the United States.
For example, in the Murian culture of eastern India, both male and female children live in a dormitory from the age of 6 until they get married
In some cultural settings, peers even assume responsibilities usually assumed by parents. For example, street youth in South America rely on networks of peers to help them negotiate survival in urban environments
Sensorimotor: infant behavior to derive pleasure from exercising sensorimotor schemes (involves auditory things, solo, playdoh)
practice: repetition of a behavior when new skills are learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports (running, jumping)
Pretense/Symbolic: common btwn 18m and 5 years. Make believe or pretend play (barbies, imaginary friends)
social: involves interaction with peers (turn taking, conversations)
Constructive: combines sensorimotor practice play with symbolic representation (typically happens with another person (side by side) creating a product)
Games: activities that are engaged in for pleasure and have rules. Often involve competition (kickball, tag)
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-Based on common interests and mutual liking in children; intimacy and loyalty are more important among adolescents, particularly girls
-Friends usually alike in age, gender, and race
-Children with good friends have higher self-esteem, are more likely to act prosocially, and are less likely to be lonely and depressed
-Not all friendships beneficial for children and adolescents (e.g., co-rumination: How much we both hate the world/ no one cares about us), based on shared negative perceptions
-Preschool: Everyone in proximity
-Pre teens: intimacy(feelings, attitudes, opinions), Loyalty(count on this person)
-As we get older there is more mutual shared activities