Like ethics, social sciences such as psychology and sociology also examine human decision making and actions. However, these fields differ from ethics because they are ____.
Which of the following is an approach advocated while teaching ethics?
Teachers should challenge students to think for themselves
Morality is the aspect of ethics that we can refer to by the phrase "_____."
The failure of personal ethics among companies like Enron and WorldCom led to the creation of the:
Which of the following statements is true about ethical decision making in business?
At some point, every worker will be faced with an issue that will require ethical decision making.
_____ establish the guidelines or standards for determining what one should do, how one should act, what type of person one should be.
Which of the following best describes a business stakeholder?
Anyone who affects or is affected by decisions made within a firm.
Which of the following statements is true about ethical decision making in business?
Ethical decision making should rely on the personal values and principles of the individuals involved.
Practical reasoning is reasoning about:
Which of the following are beliefs and principles that provide the ultimate guide to a company's decision making?
Which of the following best describes ethics?
The study of how human beings should properly live their lives.
Which of the following raises questions about justice, law, civic virtues, and political philosophy?
Which of the following helps identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives?
_____ is that aspect of ethics that is referred to by the phrase "personal integrity."
Identify the bill that was passed in April 2009 to amend the executive compensation provisions of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 to prohibit unreasonable and excessive compensation not based on performance standards.
Grayson-Himes Pay for Performance Act
Theoretical reasoning is reasoning about:
Dramatic examples from history, including Nazi Germany and apartheid in South Africa, demonstrate that:
one's ethical responsibility may run counter to the law.
Which of the following is the objective of the Grayson-Himes Pay for Performance Act?
To ban future "unreasonable and excessive" compensation at companies receiving federal bailout money.
In a general sense, a business _____ is anyone who affects or is affected by decisions made within the firm, for better or for worse.
Which of the following are underlying beliefs that cause us to act or to decide one way rather than another?
_____ establish the guidelines or standards for determining what one should do, how one should act, what type of person one should be.
Which of the following statements is true about ethical decision making in business?
Ethical decision making is not limited to the type of major corporate decisions with dramatic social consequences.
_____ reasoning is reasoning about what we should do.
Which of the following are beliefs and principles that provide the ultimate guide to a company's decision making?
The failure of personal ethics among companies like Enron and WorldCom led to the creation of the:
According to the tradition of theoretical reason, _____ is the great arbiter of truth.
_____ is that aspect of ethics that is referred to by the phrase "personal integrity."
Which of the following observations is true?
The law cannot anticipate every new dilemma that business might face.
Which of the following best describes the norms that guide employees, implicitly more often than not, to behave in ways that the firm values and finds worthy?
Which of the following can be thought of as the answer to the fundamental questions of theoretical reason?
Which of the following best describes ethics?
The study of how human beings should properly live their lives.
Speaking on a cell phone while driving, and as a result, missing a highway turn-off by mistake is an example of ____.
According to Socrates, which of the following aspects leads to an unexamined life not worth living?
Which omission occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual variations over time?
_____ is one element that distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not.
Which of the following is true of normative myopia?
It refers to the shortsightedness about values.
Consequences, justifications, principles, rights, or duties are all methods to:
compare and weigh alternatives.
In an ethical decision-making process, moral imagination helps individuals make ethically responsible decisions. Identify the step in which moral imagination is critical.
Considering the available alternatives
Kathy, your best friend and class mate, asks you to help her with a challenging ethical predicament. Which of the following would be your first step in the decision making process?
Identifying the ethical issue
Which of the following is true of inattentional blindness?
It results from focusing failures.
The Arthur Andersesn auditors did not notice how low Enron had fallen in terms of its unethical decisions over a period of time. According to Bazerman and Chugh, this omission is an example of ____.
The inability to recognize ethical issues is known as ____.
Which of the following elements distinguish good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not?
Which of the following is the second step of the ethical decision-making process?
Identifying the ethical issues involved
Which of the following is true of change blindness?
It occurs when decision makers fail to notice gradual variations over time.
Which of the following statements reflects the concept of normative myopia?
"I may have exaggerated the features of the product to get this sale. You knew how important this deal was for me."
Which of the following is true of moral imagination?
It distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not.
The first step in making decisions that are ethically responsible is to:
Which of the following is the final step in the ethical decision-making process?
Monitoring and learning from outcomes
Which of the following cognitive barriers, when used, might appear to relieve us of accountability for the decision, even if it may not be the best possible decision?
Using a simple decision rule
If we are told specifically to pay attention to a particular element of a decision or event, we are likely to miss all of the surrounding details, no matter how obvious. According to Bazerman and Chugh, this phenomenon is known as ____.
"_____" include all of the groups and/or individuals affected by a decision, policy, or operation of a firm or individual.
When faced with a situation that suggests two clear alternative resolutions, we often consider only those two clear paths, missing the fact that other alternatives might be possible. Considering limited alternatives is a stumbling block to responsible action that can be categorized as a(n) ____.
Which of the following explains the term "satisficing?"
Selecting the alternative that meets minimum decision criteria
Which of the following is a cognitive barrier to responsible, ethical decision-making?
Following simplified decision rules
According to Bazerman and Chugh, inattentional blindness results from ____.
Consequences, justifications, principles, rights, or duties are all methods to:
compare and weigh alternatives
"A critical element of this step in the ethical decision-making process will be the consideration of ways to mitigate, minimize, or compensate for any possible harmful consequences." Which step is this?
Comparing and weighing alternatives.
In an ethical decision-making process, moral imagination helps individuals make ethically responsible decisions. Identify the step in which moral imagination is critical.
Considering the available alternatives
The inability to recognize ethical issues is known as ____.
In the ethical decision-making process, identify the steps that might arise in reverse order, depending on the circumstance.
Determining the facts; identifying the ethical issues
Which of the following terms refers to shortsightedness about values?
Identify the barrier where individuals or groups select the option that meets the minimum decision criteria, the one that people can live with, even if it might not be the best.
The _____ tradition claims that our fundamental human rights, and the duties that follow from them , are derived from our nature as free and rational beings.
Which of the following approaches shifts the focus from questions about what a person should do, to focus on who that person is?
A rights-based ethical framework would object to child labor because:
such practices violate our duty to treat children with respect.
_____ ensure the integrity and proper functioning of the economic, legal, or financial systems.
Which of the following traditions is commonly identified with the rule of producing "the greatest good for the greatest number"?
Which of the following is true of a market version of utilitarianism?
Social science determines policies to maximize the overall good.
Virtue ethics emphasizes the more _____ side of our character.
Identify the ethical tradition that directs us to act on the basis of moral principles.
Utilitarianism has been called a(n):
consequentialist approach to ethics.
Which ethical framework goes against the ethical principle of obeying certain duties or responsibilities, no matter the end result?
Utilitarian framework of ethics
Which of the following focuses on the concept of business practices and what type of people these practices are creating?
How is a market version of utilitarianism different from an administrative version?
The market version produces those goods that the customers want.
Identify the view which holds that people act only out of a self-interest.
Which among the following is a legal right?
Thew right to bargain collectively as part of a union
What is the difference between a principle-based framework of ethics and utilitarianism?
Ethics of principles is based on rules, whereas utilitarianism is based on consequences.
Which of the following traditions seeks a full and detailed description of those character traits that would constitute a good and full human life?
The three major categories of an ethical framework are:
consequences, principles, and personal character.
The Kantian tradition claims that humans do not act only out of instinct and conditioning; they make free choices about how they live their lives, about their own ends. In this sense, humans are said to have a fundamental human right of:
Identify the ethical tradition that directs us to act on the basis of moral principles.
Which of the following traditions is commonly identified with the rule of producing "the greatest good for the greatest number"?
"We ought to stop at a red light, even if no cars are coming and I could get to my destination that much sooner." Identify the ethical approach that follows
this line of thought.
Which of the following focuses on the concept of business practices and what type of people these practices are creating?
Which of the following approaches conceives of practical reason in terms of deciding how to act and what to do?
What is the difference between virtue ethics and principle-based ethics?
Virtue ethics is based on character traits, whereas principle-based ethics is based on a set of rules.
Which of the following is true of a market version of utilitarianism?
Social science determines policies to maximize the overall good.
The essence of utilitarianism is its:
reliance on consequences.
The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of ____.
A rights-based ethical framework would object to child labor because:
such practices violate our duty to treat children with respect.
Which of the following approaches emphasizes the need to follow legal rules regardless of unfavorable consequences?
How is a market version of utilitarianism different from an administrative version?
The market version ensures that experts establish the safety standards as business is expected to meet.
Which of the following is emphasized by a compliance-based culture?
Obedience to rules as the primary responsibility of ethics.
Which of the following is true about a compliance-based culture and/or a value-based culture?
Values-based organizations include a compliance structure.
Which of the following situations could result in the business culture becoming a determining factor in ethical decision making?
Law providing incomplete answers
Which of the following statements is true about the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations?
They provide uniformity and fairness to the judiciary system.
Identify the most determinative element in integration, without which, there is no clarity of purpose, priorities, or process.
What is the role of an ethical leader in corporate cultures?
A leader must clearly advocate and model ethical behavior.
Which of the following allows organizations to uncover silent vulnerabilities that could pose challenges later to the firm, serving as a vital element in risk assessment and prevention?
The _____ servers as an articulation of the fundamental principles at the heart of the organization and should guide all decisions without abridgment.
Which of the following is true about corporate cultures?
Corporate cultures can hinder individuals in making the "right" decisions.
Which of the following is true about value-based cultures?
These cultures are perceived to be more flexible and far-sighted corporate environments.
Which of the following is true about the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?
It required public companies to establish a code of conduct for top executives and, if they did not have one, to explain why it did not exist.
Which of the following mechanisms allows employees to report wrongdoing and to create mechanisms for follow-up and enforcement?
Which of the following should an organization do in order to have an effective compliance and ethics program?
The organization should communicate its standards and procedures to all members.
Which of the following directed the USSC to consider and to review its guidelines for fraud relating to securities and accounting, as well as to obstruction of justice, and specifically asked for severe and aggressive deterrents in sentencing recommendations?
Which of the following involves the disclosure of unethical or illegal activities to someone who is in a position to take action to prevent or punish the wrongdoing?
Which of the following is an essential element in establishing an ethical leadership?
The end or objective toward which the leader leads.
Which of the following cultures will empower legal counsel and audit offices to mandate and to monitor conformity with the law and with internal codes?
Which of the following allows organizations to uncover silent vulnerabilities that could pose challenges later to the firm, serving as a vital element in risk assessment and prevention?
Which of the following is true about corporate cultures?
Corporate cultures can hinder individuals in making the "right" decisions.
According to the _____ ethics tradition, people act out of habit than out of deliberations.
Which of the following is true about compliance-based culture and/or value-based culture?
Values-based organizations include a compliance structure.
An effective internal mechanism of Whistleblowing:
occurs when employees report wrongdoing to legal authorities.
Which of the following is true about value-based cultures?
These cultures are perceived to be more flexible and far-sighted corporate environments.
Which of the following is true about communicating unethical behavior in a corporate structure?
Reporting individuals can face retaliation from superiors.
How is an ethical, effective leader different from an effective leader?
An ethical leader will empower the employees in decision making.
The first step in constructing a personal code or mission for a firm is to:
ask oneself what one stands for or what the firm stands for.
Which of the following is true about an integrity-based culture?
It reinforces a particular set of values.
Which of the following is true about ethical leaders?
They expect others to say no to them.
Which of the following statements is true of ethical cultures?
Employees are expected to act in responsible ways, even if the law does not require it.
Which of the following is true about the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?
It requires public companies to establish a code of conduct for top executives and, if they did not have one, to explain why it did not exist.
The means used to motivate others and achieve one's goals plays a key role in distinguishing between:
effective leaders and ethical leaders.
Which of the following is an example of a firm that is failing its fundamental social responsibility?
A firm that has its loss margins exceeding its profit margins
When a firm engages in socially responsible activities with a prime focus on reputation:
social responsibility tend to become a form of social marketing.
According to the economic model of corporate social responsibility, the pursuit of profit will continuously work toward the optimal satisfaction of consumer demand which, in one interpretation of _____ is equivalent to maximizing the overall good.
The tension that prevails when an organization tries to meet both social and economic responsibilities is generally overcome by:
pursuing social ends as the very core of an organization's mission.
The _____ model of CSR holds that, like individuals, business is free to contribute to social causes as a matter of philanthropy, and business has no strict obligation to contribute to social causes; but it can be a good thing when they do so.
Which of the following is true about the economic model of CSR?
It contends that the goal of business managers should be to pursue profit within the law.
According to the philosopher Norman Bowie, the contractual duty that managers have to stockholder-owners:
overrides their responsibility to prevent harm or to do good.
Which of the following ethical requirements is the type of responsibility established by the precedents of tort law?
Duty to not cause avoiodable harm to the society
Corporate social responsibility refers to:
those things that businesses ought, or should, do, even if they would rather not.
Which of the following is true of philanthropy in accordance with the economic model of corporate social responsibility?
Philanthropy done for financial reasons is ethically responsible.
Which of the following models of corporate social responsibility holds pursuit of profit as the sole duty of a business?
Economic model of corporate social responsibility
Which of the following is the most demanding social responsibility?
A business should engage in charitable work for the development of the society.
Enlightened self-interest, an important justification offered for corporate social responsibility, presumes that:
good ethics can also be good business.
The practice of attending to the "image" of a firm is referred to as:
The form of business that limits the liability of individuals for the risks involved in business activities is known as _____.
Sustainability holds that:
a firm's financial goals must be balanced against environmental considerations.
The philanthropic model in which businesses support for a social cause is done because it is the right thing to do differs from the reputational version only in terms of the:
Which of the following is the most demanding social responsibility?
A business should prevent harm even in those cases where it is not the cause.
Which of the following versions of corporate social responsibility suggests that the long-term financial well-being of every firm is directly tied to questions of how the firm both affects and is affected by the natural environment?
According to philosopher Norman Bowie, managers have a responsibility to maximize profits as long as they:
respect human rights and cause no harm.
An individual who argues that firms should be managed for the sole benefit of stockholders is defending the:
Which of the following models of corporate social responsibility holds pursuit of profit as the sole duty of a business?
Economic model of corporate social responsibility
The for-profit organizations that prioritize social entrepreneurship and sustainability as a central part of their strategic mission are pursuing the _____ model of CSR.
Just as individuals have no ethical obligation to contribute to charity or to do volunteer work in their community, business has no ethical obligations to serve wider social goods. But, just as charity is a good thing and something that we all want to encourage, business should be encouraged to contribute to society in ways that go beyond the narrow obligations of law and economics." Identify the model of CSR that reflects this line of thought.
Which of the following is true of philanthropy in accordance with the economic model of corporate social responsibility?
Philanthropy done for financial reasons is ethically responsible.
Which of the following theories recognizes the fact that every business decision affects a wide variety of people - benefiting some and imposing costs on others?