Used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems. Show
Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Score) How much a disorder is impacting the victim's life. Two or more disorders occurring at the same time in a single individual Anxiety disorders: adaptive // maladaptive Adaptive: Good for you, like how stress before an exam leads you to study. Maladaptive: Irrational and disruptive, like breaking down while brushing your teeth. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: Restlessness, Fatigue, conecntration problems, irritability, Muscle tension, and sleep disturbance. Demographics of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Characterized by sudden occurrence of multiple symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror; panic attacks Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with functioning. Major Depressive Disorder Feeling of great despair. Symptoms must last more than 2 weeks. Feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression What chemicals may and areas of the brain may be involved in depression? Norepinephrine and serotonin and/or diminished activity in the left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex. Thought has something to do with depression. We have a role in it. Not just biology, but a mixture of it with human factors. Helplessness Theory. Aaron Beck. The idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global. Cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
Lose touch with reality, losing memories and a sense of who they are. Dissociative Identity Disorder Formerly referred to as multiple personality disorder. Two or more distinct identities can take control of behavior at different times. The sudden loss of memory for significant personal information. Depart from home and leave their former life behind. Sudden loss of memory for one's personal history. Lasts a long time.
Profound disruption of basic psychological processes, a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought. Symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and grossly disorganized behavior.
You are still you, but you may have false beleifs about yourself Schizophrenia: Hallucination They can range from voices, feeling things on you, seeing things that are not there. These are strictly things outside of yourself. You don't lose your identity in these. Schizophrenia: Grossly disorganized behavior Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances. Ranges from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation. Types of Schizophrenia: Paranoid type
Which factors contribute to the highest chances of passing on schizophrenia? Offspring (both parents have it) (45%) or being a Monozygotic Twin (48%) Deeply ingrained patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses hat cause distress or impaired functioning Antisocial Personality Disorder (ADP) Display characteristics (Conduct disorder) as a kid (violating the rights of others), even if diagnosed as an adult General ways of treating psychological illness. Psychotherapy (today): Interact with psychotherapist. Talk therapy. How can therapist develop insight? Free association: Reports every thought that enters the mind without censorship or filtering. Dream analysis:Recount a dream -- symbol(s) of the unconscious. Interpretation:Connection of dreams of what was freely associated. Analysis of resistance:Reluctance to cooperate -- Fear of confronting unpleasant material. Analyst assumes a significant role in the client's life -- therapist is an authority figure. Close relationship is developed. Understanding this relationship may give clues to client's past and future relationships. Collective unconscious -- more than sex and aggression -- culturally determined myths and symbols. Could serve as a bias. Perceptions of inferiority Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) Focus on helping clients improve current relationships -- less emphasis on past.
Positive Punishment (Positive means you're introducing a stimulus) Behavioral Cognitive Therapy Integration of therapy approaches that is very goal oriented. Assignments given to accomplish while working on those goals. Teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs and assumptions that lead negative emotions and replace the faulty negative emotions with more realistic and often positive thoughts. Emphasizes the "meaning" of an event. Rational emotive Behavior therapy. Therapist points out errors in client's thinking. "Own thoughts, behaviors and feelings Focusing on the here and now. Used the empty chair technique. Often used in marriage counseling. Vent to an empty chair, then sit in it and respond to themselves. Creates an awareness that there are two sides to the issue or argument. Know that it is a gestalt argument. Think of family or couple as a system. It's not just the kids fault if he's misbehaving. Self-defeating interaction (diagram of husband withdraws > Wife nags > (enless loop)... The client is the system.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Blocks breaking down of norepinephrine and serotonin. Tricylic antidepressants: Block their reuptake. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors sometimes more effective Know the difference. Seasonal affective disorders Exposure to a bright light (special light) for 2 hrs./day Surgical destruction of areas of the brain. ____ relationship between the therapist and patient can oftentimes have a ______ impact. ____ treatment is always better than __ treatment. Functionalist. First to take approach to study Psychology. Pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology. Stressed the importance and potential for growth (focus on positive) The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning. The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation If you have a perfect curve/normal distribution, what is said about the mean, median and mode? They will all be the same Important factors of statistics Randomized subjects to prevent bias. One independent variable ( manipulated to get different results) Observing things and making a hypothesis from it. Avoiding compound variables best you can. A single extension, leads away from the cell body and serves as a conduction zone, transmitting the cell's electrical impulse
away from the cell body Insulating material, derived from glial cells, that encases some axons of neurons. Drugs: Agonists v. Antagonists Antagonist: Like in the movies, they want to stop the progression. Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex. Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; also part of the Limbic System. The "master gland" of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body. Sensation: Simple stimulation of a sense organ Perception:The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation. Two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina Cones : Detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail Rods: Become active under low-light conditions for night vision. Location where there's no sensation on the retina because it lacks rods and cones. Path of sound waves through ear Auditory Canal > Eardrum > Ossicles > Semicircular canals > Cochlea > Auditory nerve to brain As we fall asleep it gives us a sensation of falling. To keep us alive. We tend to sleep ____ as we age Influence of past experiences on later behavior without awareness or effort to remember. Gradual acquisition of skills by practice. "Knowing how" to do things. (Ex. Tyler Haws' free throws) Remembering of facts, concepts of general knowledge of the world. External thing that brings to memory what you were trying to store at that moment Encoding Specificity Principle The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded. State dependent retrieval Tendency for info. to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval (ex. You might do better on a test in your classroom because that's where encoded) Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections. People can develop false memories in response to suggestions. The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together. Second-order conditioning Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS. (?) The reward goes away. The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented. Learned behavior comes back for no apparent reason CR observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original. (Ex. Little Albert was not only afraid of white rats, but anything white and fluffy) Discrimination (Classical Conditioning) Can distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli Successive steps to a final desired behavior. Rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if they are accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding causal relationships. (Ex. Only using a certain pencil to help you do better on a test) A condition in which something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future. A mental representation of the physical features of the environment A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages. Know that this can fluctuate between cultures and such. Belief based more upon likelihood than logic. A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does that does not guarantee that a solution will be reached. Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently. It is a heuristic, a way to shortcut everyday activities. Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities Intelligence broken into 7 factors Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities: Word Fluency Ability to solve anagrams and to find rhymes, etc. Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities: Verbal Comprehension Ability to understand words and sentences Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities: Memory Ability to recall verbal material, learn pairs of unrelated words, etc. Absolute intelligence _____ as one gets older. Decreases. _____ ______ is used as a support for special education Three kinds of intelligence:
Idea of eight forms of intelligence Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses. Begins around 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence. _____ tend to enter puberty earlier than ____. Girls; Boys The idea that human behavior is guided by mental representations. Different representations of the same thing. Who has difficulty with the theory of mind? Children with autism and deaf children who do not use ASL Children are said to have obtained the theory of mind after passing the _______ stage. The Big Five Factor Model: Extraversion Social, fun loving, and affectionate, as opposed to retiring, sober, and reserved. Psychosexual Stages: Phallic Age: 3-5 years Erotogenic zone: Penis/Clitoris Areas of conflict with caregiver: Masturbation (Oedipus conflict) Associated personality features: Flirtatious, vain, jealous, competitive The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures; to protect self-esteem. A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combines with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others. ____-_____ is the most basic of all motives An inference about the cause of a person's behavior. Can be situational (external causes; more complex) or dispositional (who they are on the inside) Tendency to erroneously make a dispositional attribution in place of one situational. We tend to do it more with people we don't like. During their lifetimes, approximately ____ of Americans will experience some type of mental disorder The diathesis-stress model explains disease as the result of: Predisposition. Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. Certain people may be more vulnerable. Human beings and monkey have been shown to be instinctively primed to learn fears of certain things. What supports this proposition? Preparedness Theory. We're prepared to be afraid of certain things. Which brain structure has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder? Symptoms associated w/ suicide Talk about suicide Primary reason why dissociative identity disorder replace the term multiple personality disorder Multiple personality
disorder implied that there was more than one person in residence (in control) Different subtypes of schizophrenia Paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, undifferentiated, residual
The avoidant personality type differs from the schizoid personality type in that Doesn't necessarily want to be alone, whereas schizoid is happy that way. Barriers to seeking treatment for a mental disorder May not realize need Beliefs (Attitudinal) circumstances Don't know where to look for services Cost (structural) What did Sigmund Freud call a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material? Systematic desensitization Type of exposure therapy. Patient relaxes body and imagines increasingly frightening situations. (Ex. Using virtual reality with PTSD). Desensitization in a positive construct. In their interactions with clients, person-centered therapists are encouraged to demonstrate three basic qualities, ____, ____, and ____, in order for growth to occur Congruence , Empathy(Put yourself in their shoes. Don't see them as so far from the norm that no one can relate with them) and Unconditional positiveregard (Focus on the positives unconditionally, not bringing up their failures) Advantages of group therapy
An ancient biological treatment for mental disorders, evidenced by holes in the skulls Atypical antipsychotics work on both the dopamine and the ____ systems Antidepressants are commonly used to treat not only depression, but also: What treatment is sometimes used for severe depression when medication is not working? Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT or Shock Thearpy) The behaviorism of John Watson has been described as... "Stimulus-Response" or "S-R Psychology" What is the best way to make it less likely that people will be influenced by demand characteristics? Blind or Double-blind experiments. The _____ is a brain structure that plays a role in the regulation of activation, arousal, and sleep. Reticular Formation The binding problem of perception is concerned with how... Features are linked together that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or mis-combined features. The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body is known as the... The most effective form of elaborative rehearsal appears to be linking new information to... Knowledge that is already in memory (Elaborative encoding) The "positive" in positive reinforcement and punishment means that... The additionof a stimulus, be it pleasant or not so. The sentences "the dog chased the cat" and "The caw was chased by the dog" have ____ deep structure and ____ surface structure. A statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup is called: Marital satisfaction is lowest when... There are adolescent children in the home. Susan loved her new baby brother, but sometimes she secretly wished she were still the only child in the family. Which defense mechanisms would she be using if she snuggled him a little too roughly? Reaction Formation. Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to a mutual benefit Which personality measure presents a person with an ambiguous scene and asks the person to tell a story about the scene?The Thematic Apperception Test, or TAT, is a type of projective test that involves describing ambiguous scenes to learn more about a person's emotions, motivations, and personality. Popularly known as the "picture interpretation technique," it was developed by American psychologists Henry A.
Which factor serves as a source for one selfIt is often our experiences that form the basis for overall self-esteem. For example, low self-esteem might be caused by overly critical or negative assessments from family and friends. Those who experience what Carl Rogers referred to as unconditional positive regard will be more likely to have healthy self-esteem.
Which component of the mind did Freud describe as operating according to the Pleasure Principle serving as the source of bodily needs drives desires and impulses?The most primitive part of the human mind, the id is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses. Freud believed that the id acts according to the “pleasure principle” – the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse.
What is a drawback of personality inventories?Drawbacks of Personality Tests
There are many disadvantages, though, in the workplace. It may screen out qualified candidates. For many jobs, there isn't a mainstream personality that fits the job type. Such tests may also exclude talented candidates who think outside the box.
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_____ is the human tendency to take credit for ones successes and downplay ones role in losses.
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