Used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other similar problems.
- Doesn't care as much about causes as much as symptoms and how it is treated.
Global Assessment of Functioning
(GAF Score) How much a disorder is impacting the victim's life.
Two or more disorders occurring at the same time in a single individual
Anxiety disorders: adaptive // maladaptive
Adaptive: Good for you, like how stress before an exam leads you to study. Maladaptive: Irrational and disruptive, like breaking down while brushing your teeth.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
(GAD) Disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: Restlessness, Fatigue, conecntration problems, irritability, Muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.
Demographics of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- 5% Suffer in North America
- Bigger population of those affected in Bigger cities.
- Occurs more in lower SES groups and women.
Characterized by sudden occurrence of multiple symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror; panic attacks
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with functioning.
Major Depressive Disorder
Feeling of great despair. Symptoms must last more than 2 weeks. Feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
What chemicals may and areas of the brain may be involved in depression?
Norepinephrine and serotonin and/or diminished activity in the left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex.
Thought has something to do with depression. We have a role in it. Not just biology, but a mixture of it with human factors. Helplessness Theory.
Aaron Beck. The idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global.
Cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
- 1.3% suffer
- Oftentimes indistinguishable from depression.
- Highest heritability among psych. disorders
- Stress can set them off, one way or the other.
Lose touch with reality, losing memories and a sense of who they are.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Formerly referred to as multiple personality disorder. Two or more distinct identities can take control of behavior at different times.
The sudden loss of memory for significant personal information.
Depart from home and leave their former life behind. Sudden loss of memory for one's personal history. Lasts a long time.
- This and dissociative amnesia usually occur later in life.
Profound disruption of basic psychological processes, a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought. Symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and grossly disorganized behavior.
- Not recognized as an early onset disorder
You are still you, but you may have false beleifs about yourself
Schizophrenia: Hallucination
They can range from voices, feeling things on you, seeing things that are not there. These are strictly things outside of yourself. You don't lose your identity in these.
Schizophrenia: Grossly disorganized behavior
Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances. Ranges from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation.
Types of Schizophrenia: Paranoid type
- Delusions, frequently accompanied by vivid hallucinations, with a resulting impairment of critical judgment and erratic, unpredictable, and occasionally dangerous behaviors.
- In chronic cases, there is usually not much disorganization of behavior and less extreme withdrawal from social
interaction.
Which factors contribute to the highest chances of passing on schizophrenia?
Offspring (both parents have it) (45%) or being a Monozygotic Twin (48%)
Deeply ingrained patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses hat cause distress or impaired functioning
Antisocial Personality Disorder
(ADP) Display characteristics (Conduct disorder) as a kid (violating the rights of others), even if diagnosed as an adult
General ways of treating psychological illness.
Psychotherapy (today): Interact with psychotherapist. Talk therapy.
Medical/Biological: Treated with drugs or surgery. In many cases both are best (36% of psychologists said the way they treat is eclectic, or coming from a diverse range of sources).
How can therapist develop insight?
Free association:
Reports every thought that enters the mind without censorship or filtering.
Dream analysis:Recount a dream -- symbol(s) of the unconscious.
Interpretation:Connection of dreams of what was freely associated.
Analysis of resistance:Reluctance to cooperate -- Fear of confronting unpleasant material.
Analyst assumes a significant role in the client's life -- therapist is an authority figure. Close relationship is developed. Understanding this relationship may give clues to client's past and future relationships.
Collective unconscious -- more than sex and aggression -- culturally determined myths and symbols. Could serve as a bias.
Perceptions of inferiority
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
(IPT) Focus on helping clients improve current relationships -- less emphasis on past.
- Inspired by behaviorism.
- Assumed that disordered behavior is learned.
- Turning a weakness into a strength.
Positive Punishment (Positive means you're introducing a stimulus)
Behavioral Cognitive Therapy
Integration of therapy approaches that is very goal oriented. Assignments given to accomplish while working on those goals.
Teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs and assumptions that lead negative emotions and replace the faulty negative emotions with more realistic and often positive thoughts.
Emphasizes the "meaning" of an event.
Rational emotive Behavior therapy. Therapist points out errors in client's thinking.
"Own thoughts, behaviors and feelings
Focusing on the here and now. Used the empty chair technique.
Often used in marriage counseling. Vent to an empty chair, then sit in it and respond to themselves. Creates an awareness that there are two sides to the issue or argument. Know that it is a gestalt argument.
Think of family or couple as a system. It's not just the kids fault if he's misbehaving. Self-defeating interaction (diagram of husband withdraws > Wife nags > (enless loop)... The client is the system.
- Changed the way that schizophrenia was managed.
- Usually for schizophrenia
- Works well for positive symptoms but not negative
- Side effects of long term use
- Tardive Dyskinesia: Mouth/face twitching.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: Blocks breaking down of norepinephrine and serotonin. Tricylic antidepressants: Block their reuptake. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors sometimes more effective Know the difference.
Seasonal affective disorders Exposure to a bright light (special light) for 2 hrs./day
Surgical destruction of areas of the brain.
____ relationship between the therapist and patient can oftentimes have a ______ impact.
____ treatment is always better than __ treatment.
Functionalist. First to take approach to study Psychology.
Pioneered a new movement in Humanistic Psychology. Stressed the importance and potential for growth (focus on positive)
The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.
The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
If you have a perfect curve/normal distribution, what is said about the mean, median and mode?
They will all be the same
Important factors of statistics
Randomized subjects to prevent bias. One independent variable ( manipulated to get different results) Observing things and making a hypothesis from it. Avoiding compound variables best you can.
A single extension, leads away from the cell body and serves as a conduction zone, transmitting the cell's electrical impulse
away from the cell body
Insulating material, derived from glial cells, that encases some axons of neurons.
Drugs: Agonists v. Antagonists
Antagonist: Like in the movies, they want to stop the progression.
Agonist: Increase the action of a neurotransmitter.
Relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex.
Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior; also part of the Limbic System.
The "master gland" of the body's hormone-producing system, which releases hormones that direct the functions of many other glands in the body.
Sensation:
Simple stimulation of a sense organ
Perception:The organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation.
Two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina
Cones
: Detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail
Rods: Become active under low-light conditions for night vision.
Location where there's no sensation on the retina because it lacks rods and cones.
Path of sound waves through ear
Auditory Canal > Eardrum > Ossicles > Semicircular canals > Cochlea > Auditory nerve to brain
As we fall asleep it gives us a sensation of falling. To keep us alive.
We tend to sleep ____ as we age
Influence of past experiences on later behavior without awareness or effort to remember.
Gradual acquisition of skills by practice. "Knowing how" to do things. (Ex. Tyler Haws' free throws)
Remembering of facts, concepts of general knowledge of the world.
External thing that brings to memory what you were trying to store at that moment
Encoding Specificity Principle
The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initially encoded.
State dependent retrieval
Tendency for info. to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval (ex. You might do better on a test in your classroom because that's where encoded)
Tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections. People can develop false memories in response to suggestions.
The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together.
Second-order conditioning
Conditioning where the US is a stimulus that acquired its ability to produce learning from an earlier procedure in which it was used as a CS. (?)
The reward goes away. The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented.
Learned behavior comes back for no apparent reason
CR observed even though the CS is slightly different from the original. (Ex. Little Albert was not only afraid of white rats, but anything white and fluffy)
Discrimination (Classical Conditioning)
Can distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli
Successive steps to a final desired behavior.
Rare or odd behaviors may be repeated if they are accidentally reinforced, which may lead to mistaken beliefs regarding causal relationships. (Ex. Only using a certain pencil to help you do better on a test)
A condition in which something is learned but is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future.
A mental representation of the physical features of the environment
A set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages. Know that this can fluctuate between cultures and such.
Belief based more upon likelihood than logic.
A fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does that does not guarantee that a solution will be reached.
Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently. It is a heuristic, a way to shortcut everyday activities.
Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities
Intelligence broken into 7 factors
Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities: Word Fluency
Ability to solve anagrams and to find rhymes, etc.
Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities: Verbal Comprehension
Ability to understand words and sentences
Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities: Memory
Ability to recall verbal material, learn pairs of unrelated words, etc.
Absolute intelligence _____ as one gets older.
Decreases.
Relative intelligence does not change.
_____ ______ is used as a support for special education
Three kinds of intelligence:
- Analytic (problem solving)
- Creative (Novel solutions)
- Practical (everyday)
Idea of eight forms of intelligence
Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses.
Begins around 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence.
_____ tend to enter puberty earlier than ____.
Girls; Boys
Esp. African American Girls
The idea that human behavior is guided by mental representations. Different representations of the same thing.
Who has difficulty with the theory of mind?
Children with autism and deaf children who do not use ASL
Children are said to have obtained the theory of mind after passing the _______ stage.
The Big Five Factor Model: Extraversion
Social, fun loving, and affectionate, as opposed to retiring, sober, and reserved.
Psychosexual Stages: Phallic
Age: 3-5 years Erotogenic zone: Penis/Clitoris Areas of conflict with caregiver: Masturbation (Oedipus conflict) Associated personality features: Flirtatious, vain, jealous, competitive
The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
- High when accepted and valued by others
- Comparisons matter
- Domains of importance vary
People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures; to protect self-esteem.
A trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self combines with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others.
How positive can be taken to extreme.
____-_____ is the most basic of all motives
An inference about the cause of a person's behavior. Can be situational (external causes; more complex) or dispositional (who they are on the inside)
Tendency to erroneously make a dispositional attribution in place of one situational. We tend to do it more with people we don't like.
During their lifetimes, approximately ____ of Americans will experience some type of mental disorder
The diathesis-stress model explains disease as the result of:
Predisposition. Suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress. Certain people may be more vulnerable.
Human beings and monkey have been shown to be instinctively primed to learn fears of certain things. What supports this proposition?
Preparedness Theory. We're prepared to be afraid of certain things.
Which brain structure has been implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Symptoms associated w/ suicide
Talk about suicide
"House Cleaning" (Giving away possessions) Sudden lift in mood Withdrawal from family/friends.
Primary reason why dissociative identity disorder replace the term multiple personality disorder
Multiple personality
disorder implied that there was more than one person in residence (in control)
DID is now conceptualized as having multiple patterns of thought and behavior that take on different identities.
Different subtypes of schizophrenia
Paranoid, catatonic, disorganized, undifferentiated, residual
The avoidant personality type differs from the schizoid personality type in that
Doesn't necessarily want to be alone, whereas schizoid is happy that way.
Barriers to seeking treatment for a mental disorder
May not realize need Beliefs (Attitudinal) circumstances Don't know where to look for services Cost (structural)
What did Sigmund Freud call a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material?
Systematic desensitization
Type of exposure therapy. Patient relaxes body and imagines increasingly frightening situations. (Ex. Using virtual reality with PTSD). Desensitization in a positive construct.
In their interactions with clients, person-centered therapists are encouraged to demonstrate three basic qualities, ____, ____, and ____, in order for growth to occur
Congruence
,
Empathy(Put yourself in their shoes. Don't see them as so far from the norm that no one can relate with them) and
Unconditional positiveregard (Focus on the positives unconditionally, not bringing up their failures)
Advantages of group therapy
- Safe place to practice relating with others. They won't be judged.
- Much more cost effective.
- Helps patients realize they're not alone.
An ancient biological treatment for mental disorders, evidenced by holes in the skulls
Atypical antipsychotics work on both the dopamine and the ____ systems
Antidepressants are commonly used to treat not only depression, but also:
What treatment is sometimes used for severe depression when medication is not working?
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT or Shock Thearpy)
The behaviorism of John Watson has been described as...
"Stimulus-Response" or "S-R Psychology"
What is the best way to make it less likely that people will be influenced by demand characteristics?
Blind or Double-blind experiments.
Makes it so they don't know the purpose of the observation.
The _____ is a brain structure that plays a role in the regulation of activation, arousal, and sleep.
Reticular Formation
Remember R.F. = Ross Flom
The binding problem of perception is concerned with how...
Features are linked together that we see unified objects in our visual world rather than free-floating or mis-combined features.
The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and body is known as the...
The most effective form of elaborative rehearsal appears to be linking new information to...
Knowledge that is already in memory (Elaborative encoding)
The "positive" in positive reinforcement and punishment means that...
The
additionof a stimulus, be it pleasant or not so.
The sentences "the dog chased the cat" and "The caw was chased by the dog" have ____ deep structure and ____ surface structure.
A statistic that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup is called:
Marital satisfaction is lowest when...
There are adolescent children in the home.
Susan loved her new baby brother, but sometimes she secretly wished she were still the only child in the family. Which defense mechanisms would she be using if she snuggled him a little too roughly?
Reaction Formation.
React to a situation in a way that may appear socially acceptable but is really not.
Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to a mutual benefit