Niesha is able to sing a recognizable tune. you can reasonably guess that niesha is at least:

Which one of the following children provides the best example of emergent literacy?

1. Donna is only five years old, and already she can read many storybooks independently.

2. When four-year-old Jack plays school with his older sisters, he fills a sheet of paper with lines of random letters.

3. Six-year-old Yasser understands basic rules of phonics but does not yet know how to spell many words that are exceptions to the rules.

4. Two-year-old Torina tears several pages out of the family telephone book before her parents realize what she's doing.

2.

Research indicates that a major advantage of giving children multiple experiences with books during the preschool years is that they:

1. Usually learn to read on their own before they reach school age

2. Develop more advanced visual-spatial skills

3. Develop greater awareness of syllables than they would otherwise

4. Learn to read more easily once they begin school

4.

Phonological awareness can best be described as:

1. A child's ability to describe what letters typically represent different sounds in words and to apply them in sounding out written words

2. A child's ability to hear the individual sounds within a spoken word

3. A child's knowledge that people who speak different dialects may pronounce the same word differently

4. A child's ability to distinguish between words that sound similar but have different meanings

2.

Three of the following teachers are employing strategies to promote phonological awareness in their students. Which teacher is using a strategy that, although potentially beneficial for other reasons, will not necessarily promote phonological awareness?

1. Mr. Schofield plays a game with his students called "Making the Word." A sample question is "What letter do we add to it to make sit?"

2. Ms. Noble has the words to, too, and two posted on her wall. When students use those words in their speech, she asks them to point to the one they are using.

3. Ms. Leach asks her class, "Who can think of a word that rhymes with boat?"

4. Mr. Gray has his students collect items that begin with the featured letter of the week.

2.

Which one of the following students is definitely demonstrating automatization in word recognition?

1. When Werner listens to someone say a new word, he closes his eyes and tries to imagine how it might be spelled.

2. When Kristen reads, she recognizes words by sight and recalls their meanings immediately.

3. When Roland reads, he has to sound out most of the words.

4. When Samantha reads aloud, her voice lacks expression.

2.

Four-year-old Rosemary picks up a picture book and pretends to read it to one of her preschool classmates. "Once upon a time," she says, "there was a fairy princess. She was very beautiful. A handsome prince asked her to marry him. They lived happily ever after. The end." Which one of the following is the most reasonable interpretation of Rosemary's behavior?

1. She has acquired a story schema for fairytales.

2. She is engaging in knowledge transforming.

3. Her lack of attention to the words on the page suggests possible dyslexia.

4. She has a good working sight vocabulary.

1.

A faculty committee is revising the goals for the school district's reading curriculum. Three of the following goals are developmentally appropriate. Which one is not?

1. By the end of tenth grade, students should use several strategies to help them monitor their comprehension as they read.

2. By the end of twelfth grade, students should be able to critically examine an author's point of view.

3. By the end of second grade, students should be able to count the number of syllables in words.

4. By the end of fourth grade, students should be able to identify symbolism in a novel.

4.

Imagine that you are a second-grade teacher. If you were looking for signs of possible dyslexia in one or more of your students, which one of the following would you be most likely to look for?

1. Mispronunciations of everyday words (e.g., pronouncing school as "schtool")

2. Grammatically incorrect speech (e.g., "She goed to the store")

3. Unusual difficulty hearing individual sounds in spoken words

4. A tendency to read words backwards (e.g., reading ball as "lab")

3.

Which one of the following alternatives most accurately describes ethnic and cultural differences in children's reading development?

1. If young children have consistently been encouraged to learn to read, any differences in ethnic and cultural background have little or no impact on their ability to read.

2. Considerable cultural diversity exists in attitudes toward reading, but these are not related to young children's reading development.

3. Young people respond more favorably to literature that reflects their cultural customs.

4. In the Western hemisphere, virtually all cultural groups actively encourage children to learn how to read.

3.

Five-year-old Chip writes "I WN TU B FIRMN WEN I GRO UPP." When you ask him to read what he has written, he says: "I want to be a fireman when I grow up." You can reasonably conclude that Chip:

1. Is showing only preliminary signs of emergent literacy

2. Has acquired considerable phonological awareness

3. Has little or no phonological awareness

4. Is probably going to need the assistance of a specialist to help him learn to read and write

2.

Imagine that you are a high school teacher. Which one of the following assumptions should you make about your students' reading abilities?

1. Those students who have ineffective reading strategies will be obvious to you within the first two or three weeks of the school year.

2. The great majority have mastered the process of reading, but perhaps 10%—15% of them will need your assistance in reading tasks.

3. Those students who struggle to understand their textbooks probably need intensive interaction by a reading specialist.

4. Many will continue to need guidance about how to read effectively.

4.

Young children sometimes pretend to write "grocery lists," restaurant "menus," and doctors' "prescriptions" in their sociodramatic play. Parents and preschool teachers are apt to see three of the following characteristics in such pseudowriting. Which one are they least likely to see?

1. A few alphabet letters mixed in with other letterlike shapes

2. Small spaces between individual letters

3. Periods or commas at the ends of "sentences"

4. Left-to-right orientation of letters on the page

3.

Which one of the following metacognitive skills related to writing poses the greatest challenge for adolescents?

1. Writing about a single topic in depth

2. Identifying problems in their own writing

3. Writing complex sentences with one or more dependent clauses

4. Taking the audience into account when writing

2.

Which one of the following writing assignments for young writers is most likely to promote an awareness of one's audience?

1. Write about your favorite animal and its habitat.

2. Write about a time you were really surprised.

3. Write a story that takes place in an imaginary land.

4. Write a description of snow for someone who has never seen it.

4.

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about a typical 5-year-old child's understanding of numbers and/or counting?

1. Most 5-year-olds have already had enough experience adding and subtracting objects in their own lives that further work with concrete objects isn't necessary.

2. Most 5-year-olds know that when you count a group of objects, you should count each object in the group once and only once.

3. Most 5-year-olds can neither add nor subtract because they have not yet been taught addition and subtraction in school.

4. Most 5-year-olds do not yet know that a group of objects has the same number of objects regardless of the order in which the objects are counted.

2.

Which one of the following alternatives best characterizes a central conceptual structure view of children's mathematical development?

1. Children have a biologically built-in mechanism that enables them to recognize quantity even in infancy; at around puberty, the rise in certain hormones activates new mathematical capabilities in this mechanism.

2. Children don't acquire a true understanding of the nature of numbers until they learn how to add and subtract.

3. Children acquire a multidimensional understanding of numbers that integrates earlier, separate understandings of quantity, numerals, and counting.

4. Even in infancy, children's understanding of quantity has a somewhat abstract quality to it.

3.

Which one of the following statements best describes the invented spellings often seen in kindergartners and first graders?

1. They reveal an endearing attempt to communicate but bear no resemblance to actual words.

2. They are often interpretable even though they frequently omit important phonemes in words.

3. They interfere with a child's acquisition of correct word spellings and should be discouraged.

4. Although they are not completely accurate, they do contain all of the phonemes of the words they are meant to represent.

2.

Robbie Case's theory that children acquire a central conceptual structure for numbers can best help you explain which one of the following?

1. Why 12-year-old Heidi has difficulty understanding percentages

2. Why 8-year-old Eldon cannot answer the question, "Which is more, the difference between 2 and 6 or the difference between 7 and 9?"

3. Why 16-year-old Garrett has difficulty with proofs in his geometry class

4. Why 6-month-old Frederika is surprised when an experimenter shows her a display of three objects, covers the display and seemingly removes an object, and then reveals that the display still has three objects

2.

Three of the following strategies are recommended for helping children acquire mathematical concepts and skills.Which one is not recommended?

1. Encourage children to use their fingers if they find that their fingers help them.

2. Encourage children to invent some of their own strategies for solving problems.

3. Illustrate abstract procedures with concrete objects.

4. Encourage children to do problems entirely in their heads whenever possible.

4.

When 10-year-old Meg tackles a word problem that requires her to add the numbers 29 and 56, she arrives at the solution "715." Based on her error, you might reasonably guess that Meg:

1. Has not yet acquired proportional reasoning ability

2. Is thinking abstractly about a situation that does not call for abstract thought

3. Has not yet learned basic addition and subtraction facts (e.g., 9 + 6 = 15)

4. Does not engage in metacognitive oversight of her problem solving

4.

Three of the following statements reflect common sources of diversity in science development. Which statement is false?

1. Children with visual impairments have less knowledge about everyday scientific phenomena than sighted children do.

2. Children's religious backgrounds affect their beliefs about the causes of natural events.

3. Girls tend to like science more than boys like science.

4. Children from some cultures think of plants as having "minds" of some sort.

3.

When do most youngsters begin to understand historical time and attach meaning to historical dates?

1. About ninth grade

2. About second grade

3. Usually by kindergarten or first grade

4. About fifth grade

4.

Youngsters' artistic development in adolescence is largely the result of:

1. Acquisition of abstract thinking capabilities

2. Inherited talent

3. Continuing instruction and practice

4. Hormonal changes that accompany puberty

3.

Niesha is able to sing a recognizable tune. You can reasonably guess that Niesha is at least:

1. Eight years old

2. Nine years old

3. Twelve years old

4. Five years old

4.

As educators define the term, content area standards are general statements regarding:

1. Why some topics should be included in the curriculum and others should not

2. Which instructional methods teachers should use

3. How tests of students' achievement should be administered

4. What knowledge and skills youngsters should acquire at different grade levels

4.

Eight-year-old Gregory says that the light inside a light bulb is "really shiny stuff that's kind of slimy and clings to the wires in the bulb." Gregory's description of light reflects his use of ________, which is quite common in children and adolescents.

1. the part-whole principle

2. a substance schema

3. confirmation bias

4. knowledge transforming

2.

Which one of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of knowledge transforming in a child's writing group of answer choices?

Which one of the following statements is most accurate about a typical 5 year old childs understanding of numbers and or counting?