a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. Show Biological Influences: Disorders Evolution, individuals genes, brain structure and chemistry
Psychological Influences: Disorders Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories Social-Cultural Influences: Disorders Roles, expectations, definitions of
normality and disorder a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital also called a psychopathology, needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms and treated through therapy, which may include time in a psychiatric hospital the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
what percent of adults suffer from mental diseases Poverty is a risk factor for disabilities, conditions and experiences associated with poverty
contribute to the development of psychological disorders, but some disorders can drive people into poverty what disorders do most americans have psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety and maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack. in which a person is intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such. (Formerly called social phobia.) obsessive compulsive disorder in which a person is troubled by
repetitive thoughts or actions post-traumatic stress disorder in which a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for 4 weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where on has felt loss of control and panic positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises. Learning Perspective to understand anxiety: study fear conditioning, observational learning, or cognitive processes The Biological Perspective to understand anxiety: study natural selection, genes, or the brain The key difference between obsessions and compulsions is that compulsions involve repetitive? psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. Major Depressive Disorder: a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure (persistent depressive disorder): experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years. a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania : compulsive fretting;
overthinking about our problems and their causes Biological Perspective Depression focuses on genetic predispositions and on abnormalities in brain structures and function (including those found in neurotransmitters) Social Cognitive Perspective Depression views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences. include verbal hints, giving away possessions, withdrawal, preoccupation with death, and discussing one’s own suicide. Stable thought: I have always had trouble holding down a job Global thought: Everything in my life is messed up Internal thought: It’s all my fault I lost this job two symptoms of bipolar disorder a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression who accounts more for depression women twice as more as men positive symptoms of schz the presence of inappropriate behaviors negative symptoms of schz the absence of appropriate behaviors the disorder develops gradually and recovery is doubtful the onset is sudden and recovery is brighter a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus Somatic Symptom Disorder: a psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause. : a disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. (Also called functional neurological symptom disorder.) Illness Anxiety Disorder: a disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. (Formerly called hypochondriasis.) disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder. an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly (15 percent or more) underweight. an eating
disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging (by vomiting or laxative use), excessive exercise, or fasting. significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa. psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior
patterns that impair social functioning. Antisocial Personality Disorder: a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?Obsessions are unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that trigger intensely distressing feelings. Compulsions are behaviors an individual engages in to attempt to get rid of the obsessions and/or decrease distress.
Is compulsive and obsessive the same?Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) features a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do repetitive behaviors (compulsions). These obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily activities and cause significant distress.
What do obsessions and compulsions have in common?The common element in all these obsessions are persistent, unwanted thoughts that cause a person considerable anxiety. Common compulsions used to get rid of these obsessions come under the headings of checking, cleaning, decontamination rituals, counting, and putting or keeping things in a certain order.
What comes first obsessions or compulsions?In general, most people with OCD experience an obsessive thought, and then feel compelled to perform an action (compulsion) to help relieve the anxiety or stress associated with the obsession. The obsession and compulsion may have some relation to each other, but this isn't always the case.
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The key difference between obsessions and compulsions is that compulsions involve repetitive
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