In accounting, the convention of conservatism, also known as the doctrine of prudence, is a policy of anticipating possible future losses but not future gains. This policy tends to understate rather than overstate net assets and net income, and therefore lead companies to "play safe". When given a choice between several outcomes where the probabilities of occurrence are equally likely, you should recognize that transaction resulting in the lower amount of profit, or at least the deferral of a profit.[1][2] Show
In accounting, it states that when choosing between two solutions, the one that will be least likely to overstate assets and income should be selected. Essentially, "expected losses are losses but expected gains are not gains". The conservatism principle is the foundation for the lower of cost or market rule, which states that you should record inventory at the lower of either its acquisition cost or its current market value. Conservatism plays an important role in a number of accounting rules, including the allowance for doubtful debts[3] and the lower of cost or market rule.[4] See also[edit]
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21 What is the Lower of Cost or Market Rule?
It simply means that the carrying amount of inventories on the balance sheet should be written down if the reported inventory value exceeds the market value. Such adjustment to inventory value affects the financial statements –
Let us take a simple example –
Inventory Valuation Using Lower Cost or Market RuleLet us understand in the below table how we should take the stock price of any product: For materials A, B & E, the cost price is lower than the Market price, so we have taken the cost price as the stock price. For material C & ED, the cost price is higher than the Market price, so we have taken the Market price as the stock price. It is very important to analyze the reasoning behind this accounting policy. The accounting policiesAccounting policies refer to the framework or procedure followed by the management for bookkeeping and preparation of the financial statements. It involves accounting methods and practices determined at the corporate level.read more globally state that revenue or gains should be shown in the books when there is a high certainty of realizing it. However, all the foreseeable expenses or losses should be accounted for immediately. The lower cost or market price policy follows this closely. The stock can be in the form of raw material inventoryRaw materials inventory is the cost of products in the inventory of the company which has not been used for finished products and work in progress inventory. Raw material inventory is part of inventory cost which is reported under current assets on the balance sheet.read more, work in progress inventory, and finished well. It is widely known as Closing Stock/Inventory. The closing stock is shown as an asset in the Trial balanceTrial Balance is the report of accounting in which ending balances of a different general ledger are presented into the debit/credit column as per their balances where debit amounts are listed on the debit column, and credit amounts are listed on the credit column. The total of both should be equal.read more, and while preparing financial statements, the closing stock is shown on the credit side of the Profit & Loss and asset side of the Balance sheet. Examples of Lower Cost or Market Price RuleLet us understand the following examples: Consider Cost Price $1000 and Market Price $1200. Example #1In this case, when stock is valued at a cost price of $1000, Gross Profit is $1500: Example #2In this case, when the stock is valued at a Market price of $1200, Gross Profit is $1700: For example, 1, when we have valued stock at a lower cost or a Market Price of $1000, the Gross Profit is $1500, whereas in example 2, when we have valued stock at a higher cost or a Market Price of $1200 the Gross ProfitGross Profit shows the earnings of the business entity from its core business activity i.e. the profit of the company that is arrived after deducting all the direct expenses like raw material cost, labor cost, etc. from the direct income generated from the sale of its goods and services.read more is $1700. In the second example, just because the stock is valued at a high price, the profit increases by $200.The organization will pay taxes and comply with other statutory obligations on this amount. Even if we say that at some point, the organization will realize this $200, it is only going to be in the next accounting periodAccounting Period refers to the period in which all financial transactions are recorded and financial statements are prepared. This might be quarterly, semi-annually, or annually, depending on the period for which you want to create the financial statements to be presented to investors so that they can track and compare the company's overall performance.read more, and that is where it should be shown as sales. Showing stock at a Market price of $1200 also goes against the periodicity concept where we are showing revenue in one period and realizing it in another. Note: $200 is not yet realized by the organization. AdvantagesSome of the advantages of lower cost are as follows:
LimitationsSome of the limitations of lower cost are as follows:
Points to Note
ConclusionLower of cost or market (LCM) is a method of inventory valuation Inventory Valuation Methods refers to the methodology (LIFO, FIFO, or a weighted average) used to value the company's inventories, which has an impact on the cost of goods sold as well as ending inventory, and thus has a financial impact on the company's bottom-line numbers and cash flow situation.read more. It helps in reporting the true and fair view of the financial statements of any organization to all the stakeholders. This accounting standard policy should be followed diligently to avoid any discrepancy in the audit process and reporting of financial statementsFinancial statements are written reports prepared by a company's management to present the company's financial affairs over a given period (quarter, six monthly or yearly). These statements, which include the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Flows, and Shareholders Equity Statement, must be prepared in accordance with prescribed and standardized accounting standards to ensure uniformity in reporting at all levels.read more. Recommended ArticlesThis article has been a guide to the Lower Cost or Market. Here we discuss the LCM Accounting Rule along with practical examples, advantages, and disadvantages. You can learn more about accounting from the following articles –
What are examples of conservatism in accounting?Examples of Accounting Conservatism
For example, a company that expects to win litigation is obliged to meet all the requirements of revenue recognition before it reports the gains. However, the company must record the economic loss if it expects to lose a lawsuit.
What is the conservatism concept in accounting?The conservatism concept is a concept in accounting which refers to the idea that expenses and liabilities should be recognised as soon as possible in a situation where there is uncertainty about the possible outcome and in contrast record assets and revenues only when they are assured to be received.
Which of the following concept is an example of lower of cost or market value?The lower of cost or market (LCM) method states that when valuing a company's inventory, it is recorded on the balance sheet at either the historical cost or the market value. Historical cost refers to the cost at which the inventory was purchased. The value of a good can shift over time.
What is the principle of conservatism with example?The conservatism or prudence principle in accounting is the general concept of recognizing expenses and liabilities as soon as possible when there is uncertainty. Put simply, it states that you should always err on the most conservative side and record uncertain losses and expenses, but not record uncertain gains.
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