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    finance

    Don Terry opened Terry Company, an accounting practice, in 2016. The following summarizes transactions that occurred during 2016: **1.** Issued a $120,000 face value discount note to First National Bank on July 1, 2016. The note had an 8 percent discount rate and a one-year term to maturity. **2.** Recognized cash revenue of$310,000. **3.** Incurred and paid $145,000 of operating expenses. **4.** Adjusted the books to recognize interest expense at December 31, 2016. **5.** Prepared the necessary closing entries at December 31, 2016. \ The following summarizes transactions that occurred in 2017: **1.** Recognized$346,000 of cash revenue. **2.** Incurred and paid $178,000 of operating expenses. **3.** Recognized the interest expense for 2017 and paid the face value of the note. **4.** Prepared the necessary closing entries at December 31, 2017. \ **Required** Prepare entries in general journal form for the transactions for 2016 and 2017, and post them to T-accounts.

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    They spell out specific required actions or non-actions, allowing no discretion.

    They spell out specific required actions or non-actions, allowing no discretion.

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    Terms in this set (41)

    Planning

    is a process concerned with selecting the mission, goals or objectives for the future and deciding on the action, tasks and resources to achieve it

    Planning is an exercise that determines in advance

    a. The ends (What is to be done or achieved?)
    b. The means (How it is to be done?)
    c. The timing (When to do what?)
    d. The responsibility (Who should do what?)
    e. The reason (Why it should be done?)

    Formal plans

    written, specific, and long term focus, involves shared goals for the org

    Informal Plans

    not written down, short term focus, specific to an organization unit

    Characteristics of planning

    Primary Function of Management
    Intellectual process
    Goal Oriented process
    Future oriented process and involves forecasting
    Dynamic in nature
    Choosing from alternatives
    Planning and Control are inseperable
    Has limitations

    Importance of Planning

    Direction Setting
    Holistic picture of consequences
    No Haphazard actions
    Economy in operations
    Managing risks and uncertainties
    Estimation of Needed resources
    Better decision making
    Promotion of team work
    Provision for control
    Technological development

    Limitations of Planning

    Lack of accurate information
    Time consuming process
    Expensive
    Inflexibility
    Environmental constraints
    False security
    Capital invested in fixed assets limits planning

    Goals

    are desired outcomes or targets. They guide management decision and form the criteria against which work results are measured. Hence they are called the foundations of planning

    Plans

    are documents that outline how goals are to be met. They usually include resource allocation, schedules and other actions necessary to accomplish the goals

    Strategic Plans

    Applies to the entire organization
    Establishes the organizations overall goals
    Carried out by top management/BOD
    Seek to position the organization in term of the environment
    Usually Covers extended periods of time

    Tactical Plans

    Used to implement some part of the strategy
    Typically involves upper-mid management
    Shorter time frame and more specific and concentre form

    Operational Plans

    Focus on carrying out tactical plan
    Developed by middle/Lower mid management
    Usually Covers a short period of time

    Long term plans

    plans with a time frame of over 3 years

    short term plans

    plans with a time frames less than one year

    Single use plan

    A one time plan specifically designed to meet the need of a unique situation

    Standing Plans

    Ongoing plans that provide guidance for activities performed repeatedly

    Specific plans

    Plans that are clearly defined and leave no room for interpretation

    Directional plans

    Flexible plans that set out general guidelines, provide focus but don't lock into course of action

    Vision

    States the mid term to long term objectives of the company

    Mission

    Identifies the basic purpose or function or tasks of an enterprise

    Purpose

    a company's reason for being

    Strategy

    Adoption of course of action and allocation of resources to achieve long term objectives of an enterprise

    Objectives/Goals

    Specific measurable activities that an enterprise takes towards achieving broader goals. Represent the end point of planning but also the end towards organizing, staffing, leading and controlling are aimed

    Policies

    Define an area within which a decision is to be made and ensure that the decision will be consistent with and contribute to an objective
    Policies help decide issues before they become problems, make it unnecessary to analyse the same situation every time the situation comes up and unify other plans

    Procedures

    Plans that establish a required method of handling future activities.
    They are chronological sequences of required actions - rather guide to actionsand detail how activities must be conducted

    Rules

    spell out specific required actions/non actions allowing no discretions.
    are different from policies in that policies guide decision making where managers can use their discretion

    Programs

    are a complex of goals, policies, procedures, rules, task assignment necessary to carry out a given course of action

    Budget

    is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms

    MBO

    a process whereby the employees and the superiors come together to identify common goals, the employees set their goals to be achieved, the standards to be taken as criteria for measurement of their performance and contribution and deciding the course of action to be followed.

    Main concept behind of MBO

    The principle behind MBO is to make sure that everybody within the organization has a clear understanding of the aims, objectives of the organization and Is aware of their own role and responsibilities in achieving their aims

    The complete MBO system is to make managers empowered employees acting to implement and achieve their goals, which automatically achieve those of the organization

    Advantages of MBO

    MBO helps in increasing motivation of employees as it involves employees in the goal setting process. Increasing employee empowerment increases employee job satisfaction and commitment
    Manager and employee efforts are focused on activities that lead towards goal attainment
    Better communication and coordination - Frequent reviews and interactions between superiors and subordinates help to maintain harmonious relationships
    Departmental and individual goals are aligned with company goals

    Disadvantages of MBO

    Strategic goals/plans might get displaced by operational goals/plans
    You need a strong employee-employer relationship else the effectiveness of MBO will be reduced
    Tendency of constant change prevents MBO from taking hold

    Decision making

    The process of identifying and selecting a course of action out of the alternatives for achieving the given objectives or solving a problem
    is a choice from among variety of alternatives.

    Steps in Decision-making

    Step I: Problem, Situation or a Scenario - Identifying a problem
    Step II: What are the criteria that you will use for decision making
    Step III: Assign Weights to the criteria
    Step IV: Arrive at Alternatives
    Step V: Analyze the Alternatives
    Quantitative Analysis:
    B. Qualitative Analysis:
    Step VI: Selection from among Alternatives:
    1. Past experience
    2. Experimentation
    3. Research and Analysis:
    Step VII: Implementation of the alternative
    Step VIII : Evaluation of the Decision effectiveness

    Programmed Decisions

    A decision that is a fairly structured decision or recurs with some frequency or both.
    Example: What quantities of vegetables should be ordered on a Sunday in a grocery store
    Managers have made the same or similar type of decision many times in the past and are the easiest to make
    Rules or guidelines to follow while making programmed decisions

    Non-programmed decisions

    A decision that is relatively unstructured and occurs much less often a programmed decision.
    Example: Where in India should DisneyLand Open a park
    No specific procedures are available for making this decision
    Clear Cut & specific information with regard to all variables is not available
    Based on manager intuition and judgement

    Strategic Decisions

    Provide a direction to an organization by establishing its mission, vision, long term goals
    Critical and can prove expensive and fatal for the organization
    High managerial competence is essential for taking strategic decisions because these decisions are unstructured, programmed and most inventive
    Unlikely to have complete or accurate information about key variables
    Only top management is involved

    Routine/Tactical Decisions

    Supportive rather than central to the company's operations
    All levels of management may be involved in decision making

    Decision Making Under Certainty

    A condition in which the decision maker knows with reasonable certainty what the alternatives are and what conditions are associated with each alternative.

    Decision Making Under Risk

    A condition in which the availability of each alternative and its potential payoffs and costs are all associated with risks.

    Decision Making Under Uncertainty

    A condition in which the decision maker does not know all the alternatives, the risks associated with each, or the consequences of each alternative.

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    In the following exercises, V denotes the vertex of a parabola, F the focus, and D the directrix. Two of these are given. Find the third. F(-2, 5), V(-2, 1)

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    Write the equation of the circle in standard form. Then sketch its graph. $$ x^2+y^2-6 x+10 y+25=0 $$

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    Decide which of the following functions are $\mathcal{C}^1$, which are just differentiable. (a) $f (x, y) = \frac{2xy}{(x^2 + y^2)^2}$ (b) $f (x, y) = \frac{x}{y}+ \frac{y}{x}$ (c) $f (r, \theta) = \frac{1}{2} r \sin 2\theta, r > 0$ (d) $f (x, y) = \frac{x y}{\sqrt{x^2 + y^2}}$ (e) $f (x, y) = \frac{x^2 y}{x^4 + y^2}$

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    algebra

    How do the two formulas in Exercise earlier compare to the basic percentage formula $P=R B$ ?

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