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This has desires and interests, and all our actions are geared toward satisfying these interests.

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This has desires and interests, and all our actions are geared toward satisfying these interests.

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Edited by Joshua May (University of Alabama, Birmingham)

Summary Psychological egoism is the thesis that all of our (intentional) actions are ultimately motivated by what we take to be in our own self-interest. This is distinct from ethical egoism, which makes a similar claim that is normative rather than merely descriptive. Many treat altruism as a motivational state that is ultimately other-regarding. (This is importantly different from more technical uses of the term, such as the merely behavioral sense often used in evolutionary theory.) Psychological altruism is the main opposing view, stating that some of our actions are ultimately motivated by genuine altruism (ultimately other-regarding motivations). Importantly, the motivations here must be ultimate or intrinsic. Psychological egoists admit that we can desire to help another, but they will maintain that this is merely instrumental to an ultimate desire that is self-interested. Such a theory is important to ethics in part because it can potentially lead to challenging morality: If altruism is psychologically impossible, then it can't be our duty to be altruistic.
Key works Egoism was a dominant topic among the British Moralists. The selections from Hobbes, Shaftesbury, Mandeville, Hutcheson, Butler, Hume, Smith, and Bentham in Raphael 1969 are key. However, Butler 1726 (esp. Sermon XI) is one of the most important. Broad 1949 provides a more recent starting point, reflecting the popular view that Butler thoroughly "killed" egoism. In fact, most philosophers seem to think the theory has been long dead. Yet Sober & Wilson 1998 (esp. Ch. 9) argue that this is too fast, although evolutionary theory can better resolve the debate (Ch. 10). 
Introductions Feinberg 1978 provides a classic, but increasingly dated, summary. More recent overviews are in May 2011 and Shaver 2021, which include discussion of empirical work on egoism. For a more detailed review of the empirical literature, see Stich et al 2010.

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What is the example of psychological egoism?

Consider the following example of how this comes about: Suppose a soldier falls on a grenade in order to save the lives of his tactical unit. The psychological egoist would have to say that this action must have been in the dead soldier's interest, or, otherwise, the soldier would not sacrificed his life.

Which theory states that the motive for all our actions is self

Psychological egoism suggests that all behaviors are motivated by self-interest. In other words, it suggests that every action or behavior or decision of every person is motivated by self interest.

What is the satisfaction of egoism?

desire satisfaction psychological egoism. A natural idea is that our actions are not aimed at the satisfaction of some desire in the sense that the desire which moves us to action is always a desire about some other desire, but rather the simpler fact that we are always moved to action by our own desires.

What are the three types of egoism?

Egoism comes in different forms as there are a number of reasons as to why someone may act in their own self-interest, such as ethics or rationality. The three main types of egoism are physical egoism, ethical egoism and rational egoism.

desires interests actions geared satisfying Rational egoism Egoism Ethical egoism Examples of egoism

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