What is the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage?

1. Fletcher D., Sarkar M. Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. Eur. Psychol. 2013;18:12. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000124. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

2. Grinker R.R., Spiegal J.P. Under Stress. Blakiston; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 1963. [Google Scholar]

3. Jackson D., Firtko A., Edenborough M. Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. J. Adv. Nurs. 2007;60:1–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

4. Luthar S.S., Cicchetti D. The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Dev. Psychopathol. 2000;12:857–885. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400004156. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

5. Vanistendael S., Lecomte J. Le Bonheur est Toujours Possible: Construire La Resilience. Bayard; Paris, France: 2000. [Google Scholar]

6. Richardson G.E., Neiger B.L., Jensen S., Kumpfer K.L. The resiliency model. Health Educ. 1990;21:33–39. doi: 10.1080/00970050.1990.10614589. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

7. Richardson G.E., Waite P.J. Mental health promotion through resilience and resiliency education. Int. J. Emerg. Ment. Health. 2002;4:65–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

8. Rutter M. Resilience: Some conceptual considerations. J. Adolesc. Health. 1993;12:626–631. doi: 10.1016/1054-139X(93)90196-V. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

9. Werner E.E., Smith R.S. Overcoming the Odds: High Risk Children from Birth to Adulthood. Cornell University Press; Ithaca, NY, USA: 1992. [Google Scholar]

10. Masten A.S. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. Am. Psychol. 2001;56:227. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

11. Antonovsky A. The salutogenic perspective: Toward a new view of health and illness. Advances. 1987;4:47–55. [Google Scholar]

12. Miller T.W. Advances in understanding the impact of stressful life events on health. Psychiatr. Serv. 1988;39:615–622. doi: 10.1176/ps.39.6.615. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

13. Connor K.M., Davidson J.R. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) Depress. Anxiety. 2003;18:76–82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

14. Flach F. Resilience: Discovering a New Strength at Times of Stress. Ballantine Books; New York, NY, USA: 1988. [Google Scholar]

15. Luthar S.S., Cicchetti D., Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child. Dev. 2000;71:543–562. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

16. Block J., Block J.H. Development of Cognition, Affect, and Social Relations. Psychology Press; New York， NY, USA: 2014. The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior; pp. 49–112. [Google Scholar]

17. Caldeira S., Timmins F. Resilience: Synthesis of concept analyses and contribution to nursing classifications. Int. Nurs. Rev. 2016;63:191–199. doi: 10.1111/inr.12268. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

18. Patel S.S., Rogers M.B., Amlôt R., Rubin G.J. What do we mean by ‘community resilience’? A systematic literature review of how it is defined in the literature. PLoS Curr. 2017;9 doi: 10.1371/currents.dis.db775aff25efc5ac4f0660ad9c9f7db2. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

19. Davydov D.M., Stewart R., Ritchie K., Chaudieu I. Resilience and mental health. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2010;30:479–495. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

20. Luthar S.S. Developmental Psychopathology: Volume Three: Risk, Disorder, and Adaptation. Dante Cicchetti; Mahwah, NJ, USA: 2015. Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades; pp. 739–795. [Google Scholar]

21. Garmezy N. Children in poverty: Resilience despite risk. Psychiatry. 1993;56:127–136. doi: 10.1080/00332747.1993.11024627. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

22. Rutter M.E. Studies of Psychosocial Risk: The Power of Longitudinal Data. Cambridge University Press; Cambridge, UK: 1988. [Google Scholar]

23. Stephens T.M. Nursing student resilience: A concept clarification. Nurs. Forum. 2013;48:125–133. doi: 10.1111/nuf.12015. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

24. Atkinson P.A., Martin C.R., Rankin J. Resilience revisited. J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs. 2009;16:137–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01341.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

25. Barber B.K. Annual research review: The experience of youth with political conflict–challenging notions of resilience and encouraging research refinement. J. Child. Psychol. Psychiatry. 2013;54:461–473. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12056. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

26. Bonanno G.A. The human capacity to thrive in the face of potential trauma. Pediatrics. 2008;121:369–375. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1648. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

27. Whitson H.E., Duan-Porter W., Schmader K.E., Morey M.C., Cohen H.J., Colón-Emeric C.S. Physical resilience in older adults: Systematic review and development of an emerging construct. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci. 2015;71:489–495. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv202. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

28. Hardy S.E., Concato J., Gill T.M. Resilience of community-dwelling older persons. J. Gerontol. Med. Sci. 2004;52:257–262. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52065.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

29. Okvat H.A., Zautra A.J. Community gardening: A parsimonious path to individual, community, and environmental resilience. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2011;47:374–387. doi: 10.1007/s10464-010-9404-z. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

30. Zautra A.J., Hall J.S., Murray K.E. Resilience: A new integrative approach to health and mental health research. Health Psychol. Rev. 2008;2:41–64. doi: 10.1080/17437190802298568. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

31. De Terte I., Stephens C., Huddleston L. The development of a three part model of psychological resilience. Stress Health. 2014;30:416–424. doi: 10.1002/smi.2625. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

32. Leipold B., Greve W. Resilience. Eur. Psychol. 2009;14:40–50. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.40. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

33. Bonanno G.A., Brewin C.R., Kaniasty K., La Greca A.M. Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest. 2010;11:1–49. doi: 10.1177/1529100610387086. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

34. Kokufu H. Conflict accompanying the choice of initial treatment in breast cancer patients. Jpn. J. Nurs. Sci. 2012;9:177–184. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7924.2011.00200.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

35. Vahia I.V., Chattillion E., Kavirajan H., Depp C.A. Psychological protective factors across the lifespan: Implications for psychiatry. Psychiatr. Clin. 2011;34:231–248. doi: 10.1016/j.psc.2010.11.011. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

36. Rutter M. Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained. Blackwell Publishing; Oxford, UK: 2006. [Google Scholar]

37. Stainton A., Chisholm K., Kaiser N., Rosen M., Upthegrove R., Ruhrmann S., Wood S.J. Resilience as a multimodal dynamic process. Early Interv. Psychiatry. 2018;13:725–732. doi: 10.1111/eip.12726. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

38. Rutten B.P., Hammels C., Geschwind N., Menne-Lothmann C., Pishva E., Schruers K., Van Den Hove D., Kenis G., Van Os G., Wichers M., et al. Resilience in mental health: Linking psychological and neurobiological perspectives. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2013;128:3–20. doi: 10.1111/acps.12095. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

39. Harris M.A., Brett C.E., Starr J.M., Deary I.J., McIntosh A.M. Early-life predictors of resilience and related outcomes up to 66 years later in the 6-day sample of the 1947 Scottish mental survey. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2016;51:659–668. doi: 10.1007/s00127-016-1189-4. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

40. Johnston M.C., Porteous T., Crilly M.A., Burton C.D., Elliott A., Iversen L., Black C. Physical disease and resilient outcomes: A systematic review of resilience definitions and study methods. Psychosomatics. 2015;56:168–180. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2014.10.005. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

41. Lundman B., Aléx L., Jonsén E., Lövheim H., Nygren B., Fischer R.S., Strandberg G., Norberg A. Inner strength in relation to functional status, disease, living arrangements, and social relationships among people aged 85 years and older. Geriatr. Nurs. 2012;33:167–176. doi: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2011.11.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

42. Dias R., Santos R.L., Sousa M.F.B.D., Nogueira M.M.L., Torres B., Belfort T., Dourado M.C.N. Resilience of caregivers of people with dementia: A systematic review of biological and psychosocial determinants. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2015;37:12–19. doi: 10.1590/2237-6089-2014-0032. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

43. Cowan P.A., Cowan C.P., Schulz M.S. Thinking about risk and resilience in families. Stress, Coping, and Resiliency in Children and Families. Volume 1 Psychology Press; New York, NY, USA: 1996. [Google Scholar]

44. Barber B.K., Doty S.B. Handbook of Resilience in Children of War. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2013. How can a majority be resilient? Critiquing the utility of the construct of resilience through a focus on youth in contexts of political conflict; pp. 233–252. [Google Scholar]

45. Tugade M.M., Fredrickson B.L. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2004;86:320–333. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

46. Dulin A.J., Dale S.K., Earnshaw V.A., Fava J.L., Mugavero M.J., Napravnik S., Howe C.J. Resilience and HIV: A review of the definition and study of resilience. AIDS Care. 2018;30:6–17. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1515470. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

47. Pecoraro A., Pacciolla A., O’Cleirigh C., Mimiaga M., Kwiatek P., Blokhina E., Verbitskaya E., Krupitsky E., Woody G.E. Proactive coping and spirituality among patients who left or remained in antiretroviral treatment in St Petersburg, Russian Federation. AIDS Care. 2016;28:334–338. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1096895. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

48. Hoge E.A., Austin E.D., Pollack M.H. Resilience: Research evidence and conceptual considerations for posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress. Anxiety. 2007;24:139–152. doi: 10.1002/da.20175. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

49. Westphal M., Bonanno G.A. Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma: Different sides of the same coin or different coins? Appl. Psychol. 2007;56:417–427. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00298.x. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

50. Wexler L.M., Di Fluvio G., Burke T.K. Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Soc. Sci. Med. 2009;69:565–570. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.022. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

51. Cuhadar D., Tanriverdi D., Pehlivan M., Kurnaz G., Alkan S. Determination of the psychiatric symptoms and psychological resilience levels of hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients and their relatives. Eur. J. Cancer Care. 2016;25:112–121. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12219. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

52. Reis S.M., Colbert R.D., Hébert T.P. Understanding resilience in diverse, talented students in an urban high school. Roeper Rev. 2004;27:110–120. doi: 10.1080/02783190509554299. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

53. Terzi S. Üniversite ög˘rencilerinin psikolojik dayanikliliklari ile algiladiklari sosyal destek arasindaki ilis¸ki. Türk Psikolojik Danis¸ma ve Rehberlik Dergisi. 2008;3:1–11. [Google Scholar]

54. Öz P.D.F., Yilmaz U.H.E.B. Ruh sağlığının korunmasında önemli bir kavram: Psikolojik sağlamlık. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;16:82–89. [Google Scholar]

55. Basim N., Çetin F. Yetis¸kinleriçin psikolojik dayaniklilik ölçeg˘inin güvenirlik ve geçerlilik çalis¸masi. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2011;22:104–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

56. Wright M.O.D., Masten A.S., Narayan A.J. Handbook of Resilience in Children. Springer; Boston, MA, USA: 2013. Resilience Processes in Development: Four Waves of Research on Positive Adaptation in the Context of Adversity; pp. 15–37. [Google Scholar]

57. Schumacher A., Sauerland C., Silling G., Berdel W.E., Stelljes M. Resilience in patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Support. Care Cancer. 2014;22:487–493. doi: 10.1007/s00520-013-2001-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

58. McAllister S.J., Vincent A., Hassett A.L., Whipple M.O., Oh T.H., Benzo R.P., Toussaint L.L. Psychological resilience, affective mechanisms and symptom burden in a tertiary-care sample of patients with fibromyalgia. Stress Health. 2015;31:299–305. doi: 10.1002/smi.2555. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

59. Evers A.W., Zautra A., Thieme K. Stress and resilience in rheumatic diseases: A review and glimpse into the future. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2011;7:409. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2011.80. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

60. Karoly P.L.S. Psychological “resilience” and its correlates in chronic pain: Findings from a national community sample. Pain. 2006;123:90–97. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.014. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

61. Wu G., Feder A., Cohen H., Kim J.J., Calderon S., Charney D.S., Mathe A.A. Understanding resilience. Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2013;7:10. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00010. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

62. Bonanno G.A. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely avversive events? Am. Psychol. 2004;59:20–28. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

63. Bonanno G.A., Galea S., Bucciarelli A., Vlahov D. What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2007;75:671–682. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.75.5.671. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

64. Bonanno G.A., Ho S.M., Chan J.C., Kwong R.S., Cheung C.K., Wong C.P., Wong V.C. Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: A latent class approach. Health Psychol. 2008;27:659–667. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.659. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

65. Costanzo E.S., Ryff C.D., Singer B.H. Psychosocial adjustment among cancer survivors: Findings from a national survey of health and well-being. Health Psychol. 2009;28:147–156. doi: 10.1037/a0013221. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

66. Scali J., Gandubert C., Ritchie K., Soulier M., Ancelin M.L., Chaudieu I. Measuring resilience in adult women using the 10-items Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Role of trauma exposure and anxiety disorders. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e39879. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039879. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

67. Lam W.W., Bonanno G.A., Mancini A.D., Ho S., Chan M., Hung W.K., Or A., Fielding R. Trajectories of psychological distress among Chinese women diagnosed with breast cancer. Psychooncology. 2010;19:1044–1051. doi: 10.1002/pon.1658. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

68. Taylor J., Jacoby A., Baker G.A., Marson A.G., Ring A. White head M: Factors predictive of resilience and vulnerability in new on set epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2011;52:610–618. doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02775.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

69. Sharpley C.F., Bitsika V., Wootten A.C., Christie D.R. Does resilience ‘buffer’against depression in prostate cancer patients? A multi-site replication study. Eur. J. Cancer Care. 2014;23:545–552. doi: 10.1111/ecc.12170. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

70. Charney D.S. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: Implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2004;161:195–216. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

71. Sudom K.A., Lee J.E., Zamorski M.A. A longitudinal pilot study of resilience in Canadian military personnel. Stress Health. 2014;30:377–385. doi: 10.1002/smi.2614. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

72. Garcia-Dia M.J., DiNapoli J.M., Garcia-Ona L., Jakubowski R., O’flaherty D. Concept analysis: Resilience. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 2013;27:264–270. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2013.07.003. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

73. Ungar M. Resilience, trauma, context, and culture. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2013;14:255–266. doi: 10.1177/1524838013487805. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

74. Rutter M. Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006;1094:1–12. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

75. Earvolino-Ramirez M. Nursing Forum. Volume 42. Blackwell Publishing Inc; Malden, MA, USA: 2007. Resilience: A concept analysis; pp. 73–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

76. Block J.H., Block J. The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In: Collins W.A., Hillsdale N.J., editors. Development of Cognition, Affect and Social Relations: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology. Volume 13. Erlbaum; Hillsdale, NJ, USA: 1980. pp. 39–101. [Google Scholar]

77. Pfefferbaum B., Pfefferbaum R.L., Van Horn R.L. Community resilience interventions: Participatory, assessment-based, action-oriented processes. Am. Behav. Sci. 2015;59:238–253. doi: 10.1177/0002764214550298. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

78. Ong A.D., Bergeman C.S., Bisconti T.L., Wallace K.A. Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2006;91:730–749. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.730. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

79. Wachs T.D. Contributions of temperament to buffering and sensitization processes in children’s development. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006;1094:28–39. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

80. Harvey J., DelFabbro P.H. Psychological resilience in disadvantaged youth: A critical overview. Aust. Psychol. 2004;39:3–13. doi: 10.1080/00050060410001660281. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

81. Rutter M. Resilience: Some conceptual considerations initiatives; Proceedings of the Conference on Fostering Resilience; Washington, DC, USA. December 1991. [Google Scholar]

82. McAllister M Lowe J.B. The Resilient Nurse: Empowering Your Practice. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2011. [Google Scholar]

83. Rutter M. Resilience as a dynamic concept. Dev. Psychopathol. 2012;24:335–344. doi: 10.1017/S0954579412000028. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

84. Brodsky A.E., Cattaneo L.B. A transconceptual model of empowerment and resilience: Divergence, convergence and interactions in kindred community concepts. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2013;52:333–346. doi: 10.1007/s10464-013-9599-x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

85. Cattaneo L.B., Chapman A.R. The process of empowerment: A model for use in research and practice. Am. Psychol. 2010;65:646–659. doi: 10.1037/a0018854. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

86. Kim-Cohen J., Turkewitz R. Resilience and measured gene–environment interactions. Dev. Psychopathol. 2012;24:1297–1306. doi: 10.1017/S0954579412000715. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

87. Cicchetti D., Blender J.A. A multiple-levels-of-analysis perspective on resilience: Implications for the developing brain, neural plasticity, and preventive interventions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006;1094:248–258. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.029. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

88. Luthar S.S., Brown P.J. Maximizing resilience through diverse levels of inquiry: Prevailing paradigms, possibilities, and priorities for the future. Dev. Psychopathol. 2007;19:931–955. doi: 10.1017/S0954579407000454. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

89. Masten A.S. Developmental Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies. SAGE Publications; London, UK: 2012. Resilience in children; p. 204. [Google Scholar]

90. Southwick S.M., Vythilingam M., Charney D.S. The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: Implications for prevention and treatment. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2005;1:255–291. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143948. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

91. Hilliard M.E., McQuaid E.L., Nabors L., Hood K.K. Resilience in youth and families living with pediatric health and developmental conditions: Introduction to the special issue on resilience. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2015;40:835–839. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv072. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

92. Graber R., Turner R., Madill A. Best friends and better coping: Facilitating psychological resilience through boys’ and girls’ closest friendships. Br. J. Psychol. 2016;107:338–358. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12135. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

93. Black C., Ford-Gilboe M. Adolescent mothers: Resilience, family health work and health promoting practices. J. Adv. Nurs. 2004;48:351–360. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03204.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

94. Campbell-Sills L., Cohan S.L., Stein M.B. Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behav. Res. Ther. 2006;44:585–599. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

95. Tan W.S., Beatty L., Kemp E., Koczwara B. What contributes to resilience in cancer patients? A principal component analysis of the Connor—Davidson Resilience Scale. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Oncol. 2019;15:115–119. doi: 10.1111/ajco.13128. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

96. Bonanno G.A., Westphal M., Mancini A.D. Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2011;7:511–535. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

97. Southwick S.M., Bonanno G.A., Masten A.S., Panter-Brick C., Yehuda R. Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2014;5:25338. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

98. Iacoviell B.M., Charney D.S. Psychosocial facets of resilience: Implications for preventing posttrauma psychopathology, treating trauma survivors, and enhancing community resilience. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2014;5:23970. doi: 10.3402/ejpt.v5.23970. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

99. Eshel Y., Kimhi S., Lahad M., Leykin D., Goroshit M. Risk Factors as Major Determinants of Resilience: A Replication Study. Community Ment. Health J. 2018;54:1228–1238. doi: 10.1007/s10597-018-0263-7. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

100. Eshel Y., Kimhi S. Determinants of individual resilience following missile attacks: A new perspective. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2016;95:190–195. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.052. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

101. Eshel Y., Kimhi S., Lahad M., Leykin D. Individual, community, and national resiliencies and age: Are older people less resilient than younger individuals? Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2016;24:644–647. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2016.03.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

102. Masten A.S. Resilience in children threatened by extreme adversity: Frameworks for research, practice, and translational synergy. Dev. Psychopathol. 2011;23:493–506. doi: 10.1017/S0954579411000198. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

103. Ungar M. Community resilience for youth and families: Facilitative physical and social capital in contexts of adversity. Child. Youth Soc. Serv. Rev. 2011;33:1742–1748. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.027. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

104. Howe A., Smajdor A., Stöckl A. Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training. Med. Educ. 2012;46:349–356. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04188.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

105. O’cleirigh C., Ironson G., Weiss A., Costa P.T., Jr. Conscientiousness predicts disease progression (CD4 number and viral load) in people living with HIV. Health Psychol. 2007;26:473. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.26.4.473. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

106. Dale S., Cohen M., Weber K., Cruise R., Kelso G., Brody L. Abuse and resilience in relation to HAART medication adherence and HIV viral load among women with HIV in the United States. AIDS Patient Care Stds. 2014;28:136–143. doi: 10.1089/apc.2013.0329. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

107. Casale R., Sarzi-Puttini P., Botto R., Alciati A., Batticciotto A., Marotto D., Torta R. Fibromyalgia Concept Resilience. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 2019;37(Suppl. 116):105–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

108. Ayed N., Toner S., Priebe S. Conceptualizing resilience in adult mental health literature: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract. 2018 doi: 10.1111/papt.12185. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

109. Li Y., Cao F., Cao D., Liu J. Nursing students’ post-traumatic growth, emotional intelligence and psychological resilience. J. Psychiatr. Ment. Health Nurs. 2015;22:326–332. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12192. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

110. Bonanno G.A., Papa A., O’Neill K. Loss and human resilience. Appl. Prev. Psychol. 2001;10:193–206. doi: 10.1016/S0962-1849(01)80014-7. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

111. Von Ammon Cavanagh S., Furlanetto L., Creech S., Powell L. Medical illness, past depression, and present depression: A predictive triad for in hospital mortality. Am. J. Psychiatry. 2001;158:43–48. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.43. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

112. Bitsika V., Sharpley C., Aroutzidis A., Smith D. The impact of students ‘internally-’ versus ‘externally-oriented’ coping strategies upon anxiety and depression: Implications for counselling processes. Asia-Pac. J. Couns. Psychother. 2011;2:71–81. doi: 10.1080/21507686.2010.539240. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

113. Sharpley C., Bitsika V., Christie D. How prostate cancer patients cope: Evaluation and refinement of the Prostate Cancer Patients’ Coping Strategies Scale. J. Men Health. 2012;9:70–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jomh.2012.01.003. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

114. De Terte I., Stephens C. Psychological resilience of workers in high-risk occupations. Stress Health. 2014;30:353–355. doi: 10.1002/smi.2627. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

115. Silverman A.M., Verrall A.M., Alschuler K.N., Smith A.E., Ehde D.M. Bouncing back again, and again: A qualitative study of resilience in people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil. Rehabil. 2017;39:14–22. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2016.1138556. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

116. Chen X., Wang Y., Yan Y. The Essential Resilience Scale: Instrument Development and Prediction of Perceived Health and Behaviour. Stress Health. 2016;32:533–542. doi: 10.1002/smi.2659. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

117. Davidson J.R.T., Payne V.M., Connor K.M., Foa E.B., Rothbaum B.O., Hertzberg M.A., Weisler R.H. Trauma, resilience and saliostasis: Effects of treatment in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2005;20:43–48. doi: 10.1097/00004850-200501000-00009. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

118. Prince-Embury S., Saklofske D.H. Resilience in Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Translating Research into Practice. Springer Science Business Media; New York, NY, USA: 2013. [Google Scholar]

119. Brush B.L., Kirk K., Gultekin L., Baiardi J.M. Nursing Forum. Volume 46. Blackwell Publishing Inc.; Malden, MA, USA: 2011. Overcoming: A concept analysis; pp. 160–168. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

120. Netuveli G., Wiggins R.D., Montgomery S.M., Hildon Z., Blane D. Mental health and resilience at older ages: Bouncing back after adversity in the British Household Panel Survey. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 2008;62:987–991. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

121. Violanti J.M., Paton D., Johnston P., Burke K.J., Clarke J., Keenan D. Stress shield: A model of police resiliency. Emerg. Mental Health. 2008;10:95–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

122. Klein R., Nicholls R.J., Thomalla F. Resilience to natural hazards: How useful is this concept? Glob. Environ. Chang. Part B Environ. Hazards. 2003;5:35–45. doi: 10.1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

123. Kalisch R., Müller M.B., Tüscher O. A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behav. Brain Sci. 2015;38:92. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X1400082X. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

124. Windle G. What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Rev. Clin. Gerontol. 2011;21:152–169. doi: 10.1017/S0959259810000420. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

125. Xing C., Sun J.M. The role of psychological resilience and positive affect in risky decision-making. Int. J. Psychol. 2013;48:935–943. doi: 10.1080/00207594.2012.729840. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

126. Lazarus R.S. From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1993;44:1–21. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

127. Brooks R. The power of parenting. In: Brooks R., Goldstein S., editors. Handbook of Resilience in Children. Kluwer Academic/Plenum; New York, NY, USA: 2005. pp. 443–458. [Google Scholar]

128. Tedeschi R Kilmer R. Assessing strengths, resilience, and growth to guide clinical interventions. Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract. 2005;36:230–237. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.230. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

129. Alvord M., Grados J. Enhancing resilience in children: A proactive approach. Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract. 2005;36:238–245. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.238. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

130. Brandão J.M., Mahfoud M., Gianordoli-Nascimento I.F. The construction of the concept of resilience in psychology: Discussing the origins of resilience. Paid (Ribeirão Preto) 2011;21:263–271. doi: 10.1590/S0103-863X2011000200014. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

131. Yunes M.A.M. Psicologia positiva e resiliência: O foco no indivíduo e na família. Psicologia em Estudo Maringá 2003;8:75–84. doi: 10.1590/S1413-73722003000300010. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

132. Gillespie B.M., Chaboyer W., Wallis M. Development of a theoretically derived model of resilience through concept analysis. Contemp. Nurse. 2007;25:124–135. doi: 10.5172/conu.2007.25.1-2.124. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

133. Haase J.E., Peterson S.J. Resilience. In: Peterson S.J., Bredow T.S., editors. Middle Range Theories: Application to Nursing Theories. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA, USA: 2013. pp. 278–279. [Google Scholar]

134. Jacelon C.S. The trait and process of resilience. J. Adv. Nurs. 1997;25:123–129. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.1997025123.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

135. Richardson G.E. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. J. Clin. Psychol. 2002;58:307–321. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10020. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

136. Lemyre L., Clément M., Corneil W., Craig L., Boutette P., Tyshenko M., Karyakina N., Clarke R., Krewski D., GAP-Santé Research Team A psychosocial risk assessment and management framework to enhance response to CBRN terrorism threats and attacks. Biosecur. Bioterror. Biodef. Strategy Pract. Sci. 2005;3:316–330. doi: 10.1089/bsp.2005.3.316. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

137. Masten A.S., Narayan A.J. Child development, disaster, and war. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2012;63:227–257. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

138. Norris F.H., Stevens S.P., Pfefferbaum B., Wyche K.F., Pfefferbaum R.L. Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. Am. J. Community Psychol. 2008;41:127–150. doi: 10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

139. Levine K.A. Against all odds: Resilience in single mothers of children with disabilities. Soc. Work Health Care. 2009;48:402–419. doi: 10.1080/00981380802605781. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

140. Patterson J. Understanding family resilience. J. Clin. Psychol. 2002;58:233–246. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10019. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

141. Rutter M. The Social Ecology of Resilience. Springer; New York, NY, USA: 2012. Resilience: Causal pathways and social ecology; pp. 33–42. Unique. [Google Scholar]

142. Tusaie K., Puskar K., Sereika S.M. A predictive and moderating model of psychosocial resilience in adolescents. J. Nurs. Scholarsh. 2007;39:54–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00143.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

143. Hernandez P., Gangsei D., Engstrom D. Vicarious resilience: A new concept in work with those who survive trauma. Fam. Process. 2007;46:229–241. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00206.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

144. Lee I., Lee E.O., Kim H.S., Park Y.S., Song M., Park Y.H. Concept development of family resilience: A study of Korean families with a chronically ill child. J. Clin. Nurs. 2004;13:636–645. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.00845.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

145. Woodgate R.L. A review of the literature on resilience in the adolescent with cancer: Part, II. J. Pediatr. Oncol. Nurs. 1999;16:78–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

146. Masten A.S. Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Dev. Psychopathol. 2007:921–930. doi: 10.1017/S0954579407000442. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

147. Olson C.A., Bond L., Burns J.M., Vella-Brodrick D.A., Sawyer S.M. Adolescent resilience: A conceptual analysis. J. Adolesc. 2003;26:1–11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00118-5. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

148. Takahashi K., Kato A., Igari T., Sase E., Shibanuma A., Kikuchi K., Nanishi K., Jimba M., Yasuoka J. Sense of coherence as a key to improve homebound status among older adults with urinary incontinence. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2015;15:910–917. doi: 10.1111/ggi.12353. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

149. De Alfieri W., Costanzo S., Borgogni T. Biological resilience of older adults versus frailty. Med. Hypotheses. 2011;76:304–305. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.11.028. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

150. Paletti R. Recovery in context: Bereavement, culture, and the transformation of the therapeutic self. Death Stud. 2007;32:17–26. doi: 10.1080/07481180701741236. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

152. Luthar S.S. Resilience: A construct of value?; Presented at the 104th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association; Toronto, ON, Canada. 15 August 1996. [Google Scholar]

153. Pangallo A., Zibarras L., Lewis R., Flaxman P. Resilience through the lens of interactionism: A systematic review. Psychol. Assess. 2014;27:1–20. doi: 10.1037/pas0000024. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

154. Masten A.S., Hubbard J., Gest S., Tellegen A., Garmezy N., Ramirez M. Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from childhood to late adolescence. Dev. Psychopathol. 1999;11:143–169. doi: 10.1017/S0954579499001996. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

155. Werner E. Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai Longitudinal Study. Dev. Psychopathol. 1993;5:503–515. doi: 10.1017/S095457940000612X. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

156. Ungar M. The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. Am. J. Orthopsychiatr. 2011;81:17. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01067.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

157. Dale S.K., Grimes T., Miller L., Ursillo A., Drainoni M.L. “In our stories”: The perspectives of women living with HIV on an evidence-based group intervention. J. Health Psychol. 2017;22:1035–1045. doi: 10.1177/1359105315622558. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

158. De Santis J.P., Florom-Smith A., Vermeesch A., Barroso S., DeLeon D.A. Motivation, management, and mastery: A theory of resilience in the context of HIV infection. J. Am. Psychiatr. Nurses Assoc. 2013;19:36–46. doi: 10.1177/1078390312474096. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

159. Kent M., Davis M.C., Stark S.L., Stewart L.A. A resilience-oriented treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results of a preliminary randomized clinical trial. J. Trauma. Stress. 2011;24:591–595. doi: 10.1002/jts.20685. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

160. Steinhardt M., Dolbier C. Evaluation of a resilience intervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. J. Am. Coll. Health. 2008;56:445–453. doi: 10.3200/JACH.56.44.445-454. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

161. Bekhet A.K. Effects of positive cognitions and resourcefulness on caregiver burden among caregivers of persons with dementia. Int. J. Mental Health Nurs. 2013;22:340–346. doi: 10.1111/j.1447-0349.2012.00877.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

162. Fernández-Lansac V., Crespo L.M., Cáceres R., Rodríguez-Poyo M. Resilience in caregivers of patients with dementia: A preliminary study. Rev. Esp. De Geriatr. Y Gerontol. 2012;47:102–109. doi: 10.1016/j.regg.2011.11.004. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

163. O’Rourke N., Kupferschmidt A.L., Claxton A., Smith J.Z., Chappell N., Beattie B.L. Psychological resilience predicts depressive symptoms among spouses of persons with Alzheimer disease over time. Aging Ment. Health. 2010;14:984–993. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2010.501063. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

164. Bull M.J. Strategies for sustaining self used by family caregivers for older adults with dementia. J. Holist. Nurs. 2014;32:127–135. doi: 10.1177/0898010113509724. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

165. Fitzpatrick K.E., Vacha-Haase T. Marital satisfaction and resilience in caregivers of spouses with dementia. Clin. Gerontol. 2012;33:165–180. doi: 10.1080/07317111003776547. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

166. Garces S.B.B., De Rosso Krug M., Hansen Brunelli A.V., da Costa F.T.L., Rosa C.B., Seibel R. Avaliação da resiliência do cuidador de idosos com Alzheimer. Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia. 2012;15:335–352. doi: 10.1590/S1809-98232012000200016. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

167. Wilks S.E., Croom B. Perceived stress and resilience in Alzheimer’s disease caregivers: Testing moderation and mediation models of social support. Aging Ment. Health. 2008;12:357–365. doi: 10.1080/13607860801933323. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

168. Hilliard M.E., Harris M.A., Weissberg-Benchell J. Diabetes resilience: A model of risk and protection in type 1 diabetes. Curr. Diabetes Rep. 2012;12:739–748. doi: 10.1007/s11892-012-0314-3. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

169. Hofer M.A. Evolutionary basis of adaptation in resilience and vulnerability: Response to Cicchetti and Blender. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2006;1094:259–262. doi: 10.1196/annals.1376.030. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

170. Schneiderman N., Ironson G., Siegel S.D. Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 2005;1:607–628. doi: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

171. Lee T.Y., Cheung C.K., Kwong W.M. Resilience as a positive youth development construct: A conceptual review. Sci. World J. 2012;2012:390450. doi: 10.1100/2012/390450. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

172. Masten A., Best K., Garmezy N. Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Dev. Psychopathol. 1990;2:425–444. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400005812. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

173. Thomas L.J., Revell S.H. Resilience in nursing students: An integrative review. Nurse Educ. Today. 2016;36:457–462. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2015.10.016. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

174. McAllister M., McKinnon J. The importance of teaching and learning resilience in the health disciplines: A critical review of the literature. Nurse Educ. Today. 2009;29:371–379. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2008.10.011. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

175. Thompson K.A., Bulls H.W., Sibille K.T., Bartley E.J., Glover T.L., Terry E.L., Vaughn I.A., Cardoso J.S., Sotolongo A., Staud R., et al. Optimism and psychological resilience are beneficially associated with measures of clinical and experimental pain in adults with or at risk for knee osteoarthritis. Clin. J. Pain. 2018;34:1164–1172. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

176. Norman E. Resiliency Enhancement: Putting the Strength Perspective into Social Work Practice. Columbia University Press; New York, NY, USA: 2012. [Google Scholar]

177. Rabkin J.G., Remien R., Katoff L. Williams JBW. Resilience in adversity among long-term survivors of AIDS. Hosp. Community Psychiatry. 1993;44:162–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

178. Hart P., Brannan J., Chesma M. Resilience in nurses: An integrative review. J. Nurs. Manag. 2014;22:720–734. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01485.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

179. Eisenach J.H., Sprung J., Clark M.M., Shanafelt T.D., Johnson B.D., Kruse T.N., Long T.R. The Psychological and Physiological Effects of Acute Occupational Stress in New Anesthesiology Residents. A Pilot Trial. J. Am. Soc. Anesthesiol. 2014;121:878–893. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000397. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

180. Vaishnavi S., Connor K., Davidson J.R. An abbreviated version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the CD-RISC2: Psychometric properties and applications in psychopharmacological trials. Psychiatry Res. 2007;152:293–297. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2007.01.006. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

181. Catalano R.F., Berglund M.L., Ryan J.A.M., Lonczak H.S., Hawkins J.D. Positive youth development in the United States: Research findings on evaluations of positive youth development programs. Ann. Am. Acad. Political Soc. Sci. 2004;591:98–124. doi: 10.1177/0002716203260102. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

182. Wagnild G.M., Collins J.A. Assessing resilience. J. Psychosoc. Nurs. Ment. Health Serv. 2009;47:28–33. doi: 10.3928/02793695-20091103-01. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

183. Wang L., Shi Z., Zhang Y., Zhang Z. Psychometric properties of the 10-item Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale in Chinese earthquake victims. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2010;64:499–504. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02130.x. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

184. Miller A.M., Chandler P.J. Acculturation, resilience, and depression in midlife women from the former Soviet Union. Nurs. Res. 2002;51:26–32. doi: 10.1097/00006199-200201000-00005. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

185. Wagnild G.M.H.M. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Resilience Scale. J. Nurs. Meas. 1993;1:165–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

186. Gibson C.A. An integrated approach to managing disruption-related risk: Life and death in a model community. J. Bus. Contin. Emerg. Plan. 2010;4:246–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

187. Horn S.R., Charney D.S., Feder A. Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Exp. Neurol. 2016;284:119–132. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

188. Cosco T.D., Kaushal A., Hardy R., Richards M., Kuh D., Stafford M. Operationalising resilience in longitudinal studies: A systematic review of methodological approaches. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 2017;71:98–104. doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-206980. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

189. Luthar S.S., Doernberger C.H., Zigler E. Resilience is not a unidimensional construct: Insights from a prospective study of inner-city adolescents. Dev. Psychopathol. 1993;5:703–717. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400006246. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

190. Masten A.S., Coatsworth J.D. The development of competence in favourable and unfavourable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. Am. Psychol. 1998;53:205–220. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

191. Waugh C.E., Fredrickson B.L., Taylor S.F. Adapting to life’s slings and arrows: Individual differences in resilience when recovering from an anticipated threat. J. Res. Personal. 2008;42:1031–1046. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.005. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

192. Masten A.S. Pathways to integrated resilience science. Psychol. Inq. Int. J. Adv. Psychol. Theory. 2015;26:187–196. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2015.1012041. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

193. Earnshaw V.A., Bogart L.M., Dovidio J.F., Williams D.R. Stigma and racial/ethnic HIV disparities: Moving toward resilience. Am. Psychol. 2013;68:225–236. doi: 10.1037/a0032705. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

194. Unger M. Resilience across cultures. Br. J. Soc. Work. 2008;38:218–235. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcl343. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Is the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage?

What is the most frequent major illnesses in preschoolers?

Why does providing free breakfast and lunch to low income children in preschool make sense?

How does the brain weight of an average five year old child compared to the brain weight of an adult?