What is the importance of evaluation of training Programmes What are the problems in evaluation?

Executive Summary

The main purpose of evaluating a training program is to gain knowledge about whether it has achieved or failed its objectives. Analysing the training event by using appropriate evaluation tools can improve the outcome of future trainings to a considerable extend. Even if the evaluation process of training is essential, it must always be incorporated within the available framework of time and cost. Defining the appropriate questions is the key starting point of every evaluation.

Advantages

Reflection about the training among participants and lecturers

Identification of new and different perspectives on the training

Gaining insight in the weaknesses of the training

Improvement and optimisation of the training

Enhanced legitimation and rationality of the training

Disadvantages

Enhanced legitimation and rationality of the training

Requirement of considerable time and cost efforts for valid evaluation

Difficulty of analysing the subjective perspectives

Difficulty of analysing the subjective perspectives

No definite and closed action but continuous process

Introduction

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Evaluation is considered as being an important process of a training event in order to reflect, analyse and improve its effectiveness and efficiency. Evaluation can be defined as the following:

"Evaluation is the collection, analysis and interpretation of information about any aspect of a program of education or training as part of a recognised process of judging its effectiveness, its efficiency and any other outcomes it may have" (ELLINGTON et al. 1993).

Neglecting to make any attempt of evaluation reflects disinterest and lack of professionalism. Evaluation is a must and therefore an integral part of effective training (FAO 1998) (see also planning a training). The effort that is put into the design of any evaluation will pay rich dividends, but defining the right questions is always the key starting point. There are degrees of correctness of definition but this should always be something that is measurable and possible within the time and cost frame you actually have (adapted from CROMPTON 1999).

Evaluation Levels

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The following key questions should be covered within the evaluation process (adapted from THOMAS 1999):

• Have the participants achieved the course objectives?
• Have the participants learned what they were supposed to learn?
• What unexpected positive outcomes have occurred that can be incorporated in future courses?
• What are the courses strengths and weaknesses?
• Has the job performance improved after training?

Evaluation is often considered as taking place at four different levels (the "Kirkpatrick levels") which are listed below (KIRKPATRICK 1998). The further down you go in the evaluation process, the more valid the evaluation.

1. Reaction: What does the learner feel about the training? (Oral/written feed-back, open ended questions/close ended questions)
2. Learning: What facts, knowledge and experiences did the learner gain? (Observation/reviewing data from simulated reports, plans, exercises etc.)
3. Behaviours: What skills did the learner develop and what new information can the learner use on the job? 
4. Results or effectiveness: What results occurred; did the learner apply the new skills to the necessary tasks and what results were achieved?

Even though reaching level 4 is the most desired result from an evaluation process, it is usually the most difficult to accomplish. Evaluating effectiveness often involves the use of key performance measures.

Evaluation Advice

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(Adapted from GREENAWAY 1999)

Be selective! Do not hand out the learner a huge list of questions. Work out what you really want to know and the best way of finding this out.

Be realistic! Form-filling is never fun. So do not expect people to conscientiously work their way through a long and complex evaluation form.

Be creative! Why not evaluating with an activity that is itself engaging and enjoyable! Create evaluative processes that will engage participants and provide you at the same time with a valid feedback.

Be balanced! You may develop a standardised evaluation process in order to monitor results over time. However, by asking the same questions, you are always looking at courses from the same perspective. Try to combine a standardised element that allows you to make comparisons over time, with a random/changing element which shows you a new perspective.

Be holistic! After a course in which people have gained a whole range of experiences, it is not realistic to expect anyone to express their true evaluation of a course on a piece of paper. Paper exercises can be very useful but it should be seen as part of a much wider evaluation process that includes dimensions of learning that are less easy to capture on paper.

Applicability

Training should always incorporate an evaluation process in order to analyse and to learn which elements have successfully achieved their objectives and which have failed their purpose. The process can cover only the first level of evaluation, when time and costs are restricted for conducting a comprehensive evaluation (means including all the 4 levels). Regarding the applicability of the evaluation, you should consider which techniques and methods are the most appropriate for the intended purpose. It is important to keep in mind the advantages and challenges of the chosen tools, before applying them in the evaluation process.