August 8, 2011 Social class is more than just how much money you have. It’s also the clothes you wear, the music you like, the school you go to—and has a strong influence on how you interact with others, according to the authors of a new article in Current Directions in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science. People from lower classes have fundamentally different ways of thinking about the
world than people in upper classes—a fact that should figure into debates on public policy, according to the authors. “Americans, although this is shifting a bit, kind of think class is irrelevant,” says Dacher Keltner of the University of California-Berkeley, who cowrote the article with Michael W. Kraus of UC-San Francisco and Paul K. Piff of UC-Berkeley. “I think our studies are saying the opposite: This is a profound part of who we are.” People who come from a lower-class
background have to depend more on other people. “If you don’t have resources and education, you really adapt to the environment, which is more threatening, by turning to other people,” Keltner says. “People who grow up in lower-class neighborhoods, as I did, will say,’ There’s always someone there who will take you somewhere, or watch your kid. You’ve just got to lean on people.’” Wealthier people don’t have to rely on each other as much. This causes differences that show up in
psychological studies. People from lower-class backgrounds are better at reading other people’s emotions. They’re more likely to act altruistically. “They give more and help more. If someone’s in need, they’ll respond,” Keltner says. When poor people see someone else suffering, they have a physiological response that is missing in people with more resources. “What I think is really interesting about that is, it kind of shows there’s all this strength to the lower class identity: greater empathy,
more altruism, and finer attunement to other people,” he says. Of course, there are also costs to being lower-class. Health studies have found that lower-class people have more anxiety and depression and are less physically healthy. Upper-class people are different, Keltner says. “What wealth and education and prestige and a higher station in life gives you is the freedom to focus on the self.” In psychology experiments, wealthier people don’t read other people’s emotions as well. They
hoard resources and are less generous than they could be. One implication of this, Keltner says, is that’s unreasonable to structure a society on the hope that rich people will help those less fortunate. “One clear policy implication is, the idea of nobless oblige or trickle-down economics, certain versions of it, is bull,” Keltner says. “Our data say you cannot rely on the wealthy to give back. The ‘thousand points of light’—this rise of compassion in the wealthy to fix all the
problems of society—is improbable, psychologically.” The ability to rise in class is the great promise of the American Dream. But studies have found that, as people rise in the classes, they become less empathetic. Studies have also found that as people rise in wealth, they become happier—but not as much as you’d expect. “I think one of the reasons why is the human psyche stops feeling the need to connect and be closer to others, and we know that’s one of the greatest sources of happiness
science can study,” Keltner says.
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Quartbr 1 „ Wbbk > „ @oducb # > Ea`b8 _________________________________________ ^nmooc Jraenm8 _________________________ ^ujhbnt8 Redbrstaedieg Nucturb, ^onibty aed Vocitinac ^nibenb Tbanmbr8 ^ir. Tbddy J. Nati`jaeg Vost Assbss`bet8 Dirbntioe8 Zbad narbluccy banm itb`. Benirncb tmb cbttbr ol tmb norrbnt aeswbr. 1. Wmat nucturac tbr` rblbrs to tmb pbrspbntivb tmat pro`otbs ae iedividuac’s nucturb as tmb `ost bllinibet aed supbrior? A. Nucturac Zbcativis` N. Nucturb ^monk J. Nucturac \ariatioe D. Btmeonbetris` :. Wminm ol tmb loccowieg statb`bet is EOT ae aspbnt ol nucturb? A. Air N. Nuisieb J. Arts D. @usin >. Wmat nucturac noenbpt uedbrsnorbs tmb idba tmat nucturb ie bvbry sonibty smoucd jb uedbrstood aed rbgardbd oe its owe? A. Nucturac Zbcativis` N. Nucturb ^monk J. Nucturac \ariatioe D. Btmeonbetris` 4. Wmat nucturac tbr` rblbrs to ae bxpbribenb ol a pbrsoe wmbe mb `ovbs to a nucturac beviroe`bet wminm is dillbrbet lro` mis owe? A. Nucturac Zbcativis` N. Nucturb ^monk J. Nucturac \ariatioe D. Btmeonbetris` 2. Wminm ol tmb loccowieg statb`bets is EOT TZRB ajout nucturac rbcativis`? A. It is a projcb`atin lor` ol ncassilinatioe ol mu`ae groups J. It is a pbrspbntivb tmat pro`otbs nucturbs ie tmb noetbxt ol conacity N. It is a nucturaccy rbcativb approanm to uedbrstaed mu`ae groups D. Redbrstaedieg tmb sonibty usieg nucturac rbcativity pro`otbs rbspbnt aed bquacity <. Wmat nucturac tbr` rblbrs to tmb rinm divbrsity ol traditioes aed pattbres tmb dillbrbet mu`ae groups bxmijit aroued tmb worcd? A. Nucturac Zbcativis` N. Nucturb ^monk J. Nucturac \ariatioe D. Btmeonbetris` 7. Wminm ol tmb loccowieg tbr`s is EOT ae bxa`pcb ol Nouetbr Nucturb? A. I^I^ Group N. EVA J. CGJT Group D. Tbrrorist =. Wmat variatioe ol nucturb is jbieg patroeizbd jy `iddcb ncassbs ol tmb sonibty? A. Nouetbr Nucturb N. Vopucar Nucturb J. Migm Nucturb D. ^ujnucturb 9. Wmat variatioe ol nucturb is jbieg patroeizbd jy tmb uppbr ncassbs ol tmb sonibty? A. Nouetbr Nucturb N. Vopucar Nucturb J. Migm Nucturb D. ^ujnucturb 16. Wmat variatioe ol nucturb is jbieg prantinbd wmbe s`acc sbg`bet ol tmb sonibty dbviatbs lro` tmb do`ieaet sonibty? A. Nouetbr Nucturb N. Vopucar Nucturb J. Migm Nucturb D. ^ujnucturb What variation of culture is being patronized by the upper classes of society?High Culture is a culture practiced and patronized by the upper classes of the society.
What variation of culture is being practiced when small segment of the society deviates from the dominant society?Counterculture-A group whose values and norms deviate from or are at odds with those of dominant culture: –Usually viewed as negative/dangerous, but not always.
What cultural term refers to the rich diversity of traditions?Cultural variation refers to the rich diversity in social practices that different cultures exhibit around the world.
What cultural term refers to the perspective that promotes an individual's culture as the?Ethnocentrism is the tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own culture. Part of ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own race, ethnic or cultural group is the most important or that some or all aspects of its culture are superior to those of other groups.
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