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Health behavior change is a cyclic phenomenon in which people progress through several stages. By the time the person reaches the final stage, they are successfully maintaining the change in behavior. If the person does not succeed in changing behavior, relapse occurs
Precontemplation - the person does not think about changing their behavior in the next 6 months. May be uninformed or under informed about the consequences of the risky behavior. The person who has tried changing previously and was unsuccessful may now see the behavior as his or her "fate" or believe that change is hopeless. Individuals tend to avoid reading, talking, or thinking about their high-risk behavior
Contemplation - the person acknowledges having a problem, seriously considers changing a specific behavior, actively gather information, and verbalizes plans to change the behavior in the near future (next 6 months). The person however, may not be ready to commit to action. Some people may stay in the contemplative stage for months or years before taking action
Preparation - occurs when the person intends to take action in the immediate future (within the next month). Some people in this stage may have already started making small behavior changes, such as buying a self-help book. At this stage, the person makes the final specific plans to accomplish the change
Action - occurs when the person actively implements behavioral and cognitive strategies of the action plan to interrupt previous health risk behaviors and adopt new ones. This stage requires the greatest commitment of time and energy
Maintenance - the person strives to prevent relapse by integrating newly adopted behaviors into his or her lifestyle. This stage lasts until the person no longer experiences temptation to return to previous unhealthy behavior. It is estimated that maintenance lasts from 6 months to 5 years. The relapse is usually to the precontemplation or contemplation stage
Termination - the ultimate goal where the individual has complete confidence that the problem is no longer a temptation or threat. It is as if they never acquired the habit in the first place or the new behavior has become automatic. Experts debate whether some behaviors can be terminated versus requiring continual maintenance. For example: adults who automatically buckle their seat belts when getting in their vehicle may reach the termination stage. Other behaviors, such as smoking or overeating, may never reach the termination stage because relapse temptations are too strong. The goal of maintenance may be more appropriate for those individuals.