Which media type is consumed at a higher rate than all the others in Texas quizlet?

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CONSULTANT: Next, I would focus on raising a lot of money as quickly as possible. The filing deadline is fast approaching. Without a lot of money in the bank, you won't be viewed as a serious contender. Besides, you'll need the money. This is going to be an expensive election. Most likely, you won't avoid a runoff. And, if you survive the runoff, the general election campaign is sure to be pretty nasty. I would suggest airing positive ads as early as the summer.

CANDIDATE: Ads in the summer! In my experience, people don't even begin paying attention to politics until after Labor Day.

CONSULTANT: The time between Labor Day and Election Day will fly by, and you'll probably have to go negative by then—or at least defend yourself against attacks. You won't have any time to define yourself positively. Besides, with so many voters taking advantage of early voting , this race may be decided well before Election Day.

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How have elections changed in Texas over the last 100 years?

They use to rely on newspapers, then radio, and then television. Now they rely more on social media and promote name recognition

What are the two roles of the Media?

Follow candidates and report on their activities
Hold rallies to gain media exposure

What is overexposure?

media can hurt the candidates rather than help

What are the functions of the Political Consultants?

They are used for polling, focus groups, design ads, opposition research

At best what does the money from political consultants do?

buy access to the candidates

At worst what does the money from political consultants do?

Buy candidates vote

What limits does Texas have on political contributions?

If it is 50 dollars or more they must be reported to the TX Ethics Commission, but there is no limit on contributions.

What are the rules on how much a candidate can receive from others for their campaign?

There is no limit from others, but there is a limit on how much a candidate can loan themselves

To be in the next election, what percentage of the vote MUST a party get in the general election?

They must get 5% of the vote from the previous election

If they do NOT get on the ballot, what percentage of signatures does an independent candidate have to get from independent voters in order to get on the ballot in November?

1% of the vote from independent voters

In order to have a Write-In vote count, who do you have to register with?

You have to file with the Secretary of State and pay a fee or get signatures to avoid paying

We vote for lots of positions and to change our Constitution, but low turn out and a one party system has allowed who to have more say than anyone else?

Those who show up and interest groups with influence

When are Primary Elections held?

On the first Tuesday of March in even numbered years

What kind of Primary Elections are there?

Open

Closed

Semiclosed

Blanket

Open Primary Election

Primary election at which voters are free to choose which party they wish to select the candidate for.

closed primary election

only voters registered for a party vote for that party

Semi-closed Primary Election

Allows voters to declare a party when you show up to vote

Blanket Primary Election

Primary places every candidate from any party on the ballot and the top two go through

What is Crossover Voting?

Members of one party vote in another's party to vote for the weaker candidate

What is a Run-Off Election?

When no one wins outright in a primary, they have an election between the two candidates who received the most votes

When is a run off election held?

Second tuesday in may

What kind of win do you need in Texas to succeed in a general election?

Just a plurality of the votes

Why do we need special elections in Texas?

Called to fill vacancies caused by death, impeachment, or resign or approve bond issues

What do you need to win a special election?

must win with simple majority

Who uses Early Voting the most; Republicans or Democrats?

Republicans

What are the 3 biggest changes we have seen over the last few decades in Texas Elections?

Labor unions have lost their power (especially in Texas)

Catholic and male votes have migrated to Republican Party

Media now influences candidates and campaigns including social media and email

Define a Political Party

Organization acting as an intermediary between the people and government with the goal of getting themselves elected

What kind of candidates is Texas known for having?

They are known for having strong candidates

How would politics be described from 1790's to 1970's?

Until 1970, politics was party-centered

Parties selected candidates, raise money for them, organize rallies, printed their own ballets, hired pollsters, and ran gov through candidates

Describe politics today?

Now politics are candidate centered

They do not belong to parties, organize their own rallies, make their own decisions, hire own pollsters, and the government prints ballots

What modern methods do candidates use today?

Now they use online market rather than door to door

Use social media and less radio/television

Promote name recognition

What did the Australian Ballot do for elections?

Gave everyone uniformity and security with secrecy

What did the Greenback Party stand for?

Texas farmers who wanted an expansion of paper money, income tax, and secret balloting

People's party?

An anti-elite and wanted income tax, direct election of US senators, 8 hour work day, and government ownership of railroads

Progressives Party?

Took over the after populist, fought for women's right to vote, and ratified prohibition

What is Realignment?

Switching to another party because it looks better

What is a "Blue Dog" Democrat?

A nickname for a conservative democrat

What was the Republican Sweep?

In 2002 Republicans win the House and initiated redistricting

Social Conservative Republican

Concentrate on issues such as abortion, gay rights, prayer in schools, and alternative to teaching evolution

Although Democrats are trying to turn Texas Blue, what three things might delay that?

Not all hispanics are in favor of abortion

Many hispanics are ineligible to vote or they are too young

Republicans are not going to just sit back, they are already initiated outreach programs

What are some of the major third parties that have/are appear in Texas?

La Raza Unida, Libertarian, and Green Party

La Raza Unida Party

a third party

the united race; hispanic independent group in Zavala County

Libertarian Party:

A minor party that believes in extremely limited government. Libertarians call for a free market system, expanded individual liberties such as drug legalization, and a foreign policy of nonintervention, free trade, and open immigration.

Been very successful in Texas overall but have NOT won any races

Green Party

A minor party dedicated to the environment, social justice, nonviolence, and the foreign policy of nonintervention but they do not make the ballot

What are the 6 challenges that third parties face in Texas?

-US used to be more centrist while third parties tend to be more extreme
-Lack of proportional representation means candidates who get most votes wins
-Many people already identify with republicans and democrats
-Candidates with plurality wins, so that tends to favor major parties
-To major parties have stacked the deck with laws in their favor
-Failure of 3rd party to win means people think voting for them is a waste of a vote

What parts of the party organization is temporary

Every two years Conventions are formed temporarily in order to elect state officials or federal officials.

Voters attend the Precinct Convention, then sends people to the County/District convention, then they go to the state convention

What is the purpose of the precinct convention?

They create a party platform: statement of principles and positions for that party

What parts of the party organization is Permanent?

Each Party has committees and chairpersons that work all year long
-Job is to promote party's interest and make sure convention succeeds

precinct chairperson

lowest ranking permanent party official and their job is staffing during elections

County Exec Committee job

collect fees and puts names on ballot for primary elections

state executive committee members

Composed of a chair, vice chair, and two members from each senatorial district (31 senate districts)

What does the State Executive Committee do?

They certify the results for March primary, arrange for next state convention, raise money and promote party

Define interest group

Organization with shared goals that try to influence public policy through a variety of activities

How does pluralism fit into Interest Groups?

Interest groups come from Pluralism: the theory that public policy derived from groups competing for laws/regulations to benefit their members

What are some well known IG's?

NRA (national rifle association) ,MADD (mothers against drunk driving) , U.S Chambers of Commerce, NEA (national endowment for the arts)

What are the 3 Broad Categories of IG's?

Membership organization

nonmember organization

government organization

Membership Organizations

interest groups that have individuals as members that work together to pursue their collective goals

Examples of Membership Organizations

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), MAAD (mothers against drunk driving), Christian Coalition, and NRA (National Rifle Association)

nonmembership organizations

Interest groups that represent corporations and businesses and do not have broad-based citizen support

Examples of Nonmembership organizations

American Airlines and Halliburton

Government Organizations

Interest groups that represent state and local governments; also called SLIGs, for state and local interest groups

Examples of Government Organizations

Armed Forces, Texas Municipal League, and Bureaucratic Debts

Peak Business Associations

represent a large statewide industry

They try to promote good business industry statewide

Trade Association:

Specific industries in the state

Most powerful trade associations?

Most powerful are Texas Oil and Gas Association and Texas Trucking Association

Professional Associations:

Have members who hold professional licenses and state regulates their practice

Public Sectors interest groups:

has its own interest and own members like school teachers and admin.

What is collective bargaining and why is it important for employees?

The right of employees to bargain with the employer in good faith for wages, working hours, and safety.

Who does not have Bargaining Power?

Teachers do not have collective bargaining power

What kinds of Noneconomic Organizations are there?

Minority/Ethnic Groups:

Religious Groups:

Cops (Communities organized for Public Service)

Public Interest groups:

Minority/Ethnic Groups

push their views on civil rights discrimination and govt services

Examples of Minority/Ethnic Groups

MAD (Mexican American Democrats),
LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens

Religious Groups

promote common goals among religious lines.

Examples of Religious Groups

Fundamental christians have been focusing on abortion, sex-education, evolution

Example of COPS (Communities organized for Public Service):

Catholic church major player in suing feds over obamacare

Public Interest groups

ideas, not economic, or professional ideas

What is lobbying

Using a paid professional to communicate directly with legislators to change public policy

What kinds of techniques does Lobbying use?

- Any contact with legislators or bureaucrats about policies
- Talking to legislators about supporting/opposing legislation
- Working with members to draft legislation
- Providing expert testimony at hearings
- Encouraging members to contact legislators about bills
- Issue press releases and buying advertising space
- Providing written material to legislators about issues

What are 5 types of lobbyists?

Professional

In house

Government

Citizen/volunteer

Private Individual

Professional Lobbyists

hired by a client and paid.

In-House Lobbyists

a professional lobbyist who is a permanent employee of an interest group

employee of a specific client who
ONLY works for the one client, who pays their salary.

government lobbyists

work and lobby for a govt
agency/dept.

Citizen/Volunteer Lobbyist

Unpaid amateur trying to do
what they think is best and influence policy on their own time.

Private Individual Lobbyist

Called "hobbyist" acting on their own
behalf and for their own interests.

What is Electioneering?

Interest Groups supporting candidates that will help their cause

Activities associated with Electioneering?

- Candidate recruitment is another tool for IG's.
- Public endorsement of candidates.
- Newspaper & television ads for or against candidates.
- Voter registration drives.
- Assist with organizing rallies, speech-writing and fund-raisers.
- giving money

What is grassroots lobbying?

An organization using their members to advocate for their organization for free

What is it you should know about Litigation?

Process of taking legal action; It is the most expensive and most time consuming, but can be the MOST effective if you get the end result

What 3 factors influence a Resource Base?

Type of group
How many members
Type of Members

What other factors influence the Strength of IG's?

Leadership

Geographic Distribution

Money

Economic Diversity

Political Party Competition

How does Leadership Influence the Strength of IG?

How are they organized and who is leading them? Effective and big impact?

How does Geographic Distribution Influence the Strength of IG?

Having representation statewide, but having a strong presence in a small area can also be advantageous

How does money influence Strength of IG?

always helps but does not guarantee success

How does Economic Diversity influence the Strength of IG's?

Having people from all backgrounds means your issue appeals to all people and all levels of society

How does Political Party Competition influence the Strength of IG's?

Use to be only republicans had a say in texas, but democrats have created a viable two party state

What is an iron triangle?

the legislature, interest groups, and bureaucracy. The triangle is used to show how the three entities work in creating public policy.

How does the iron triangle work?

-The politicians give bureaucracies funding and political support while they give
politicians policy options and execution
-The bureaucracies give IG low regulation and special favors for political support
-The IG give electoral support higher paying jobs after public service while gaining
favorable legislation and limited oversight

What is "rent seeking"

Politicians are lenient with IG on laws and regulations so that they get future benefits

What does "capture" mean in Interest Groups?

When politicians become very close to work hand in hand with certain IG they are referred to as "captured" and could change their election

Define Public Policy

An officially expressed intention backed by sanctions that can be a reward or a punishment

How does Public Policy change?

Incremental change

Punctuated
Equilibrum

Multiple Theory

Policy FeedBack Theory

Incremental change in public policy

small, gradual change.

Punctuated Equilibrum in public policy

gradual change, with sudden change due to some catastrophic event.

Multiple Theory in public policy

Several solutions running at the same time to correct problems.Problems - Proposed solutions - Politics

Policy Feedback Theory in Public Policy

Politicians make choices from limited list based on current political climate

Steps of Public Policy

Problem identification

policy formulation

policy adoption

policy implementation

policy evaluation

Problem identification in PPP

Trying to ID the problem can be a problem. Often referred to as Garbage-Can theory as all problems are thrown on a pile and MOST important goes to the top and stays there, so it can be addressed.

Policy Formulation in PPP

IG's, bureaucrats and even private citizens make suggestions on how to solve the problem, then politicians decide. Most solutions die in committee. Only a few make it into a bill.

Policy Adoption in PPP

Politicians wrestle with exact wording and legal authority, then comes the maneuvering, compromising and negotiating.

Policy Implementation PPP?

Once passed into law, the bureaucracy must now enact the law, which could have very vague wording. Bureaucrats make thier own judgement as to what the law means, at least until the AG or the judiciary makes their own official rulings.

Policy evaluation in PPP

A review of the law and how it is affecting society to see if it needs to be left alone, changed or killed.

What is the atmosphere for businesses in Texas?

Texas is very pro business and has been the best state for business in the last 14 years in a row
-Anti union
-Pro employer
-Discourages collective bargaining

Differentiate between Medicaid & Medicare.

Medicare pays for healthcare for those 65 and older and some disabilities
Medicaid pays for the healthcare of those who are too poor to pay

What are key provisions for Obamacare?

No lifetime maximum limits

Coverage to 26 parents policies

Coverage for pre-existing conditions

And the "individual mandate" that everyone be covered

What did Texas do to help Texans get signed up for Obamacare?

They actually did not participate in the government created federal marketplace for individuals to buy policies at lower rates. They did nothing to inform texans about obamacare options and did not expand medicaid options either.

What excuse did Texas use as an excuse for NOT expanding Medicaid? What was the result?

There were too few doctors to accept it. In 2000 67% doctors accepted in but in 2015 only 32% did

-Texas continues to have the largest population without healthcare

What 1949 law helped standardize education in Texas?

Gilmer-akins law passed to established the Texas Education Association (TEA) and provided more funding and equality throughout the state.

What did Edgewood v Kirby do for Texas in 1989?

Made Legislature come up with the Robin Hood Plan

What did the Robin Hood Plan do

Meant to equalize school funding

-ISD could give certain amount of excess money to the state for redistribution
-Adopt a poor school

Although Higher Education is still cheaper than other states in Texas, why is it still a problem for Texans to pay for it?

The school is lower and the texas cost of living is lower, but the people have cheaper wages

What are the current restrictions for abortions in Texas?

- require that abortions be performed by a licensed doctor.
- Banned late term abortions, except when life of mother at risk.
- Requires women under 18 to get parental consent.
- Requires a 24 hour waiting period after ultrasound.
- Prohibits public funding towards abortions, except in cases of rape, incest or life endangerment.

What percent of the Texas population is foreign born (legal & illegal)?

17% of texas population is foreign born

By 2060 Texas' population will be about how many?

50 million

What will be a MJOR problem for the rise in population?

Will there be enough water for everyone?

-59% ground water while 41% is surface water
-Right of capture: ground water so who ever pumps it gets it

What is the #1 monetary priority for the state?

The Texas Education system

MOST of the state's revenue comes from what tax?

58.8% from sales tax

When compared to other states, Texas' revenue is ___ out of 50.

45

Texas taxes are designed get something for what we pay, which means we call them what?

Benefit Based

Compared to the rest of the US, Texas' regressive system is what out of 50?

Texas has the third most regressive Tax system in the US (behind washington and florida)

Why don't we use a proportional system to tax people? (3 reasons)

1- kill thousands of tax preparation jobs
2- can't help in a faltering economy
3- hits the poor rather harshly

proportional system to tax people?

everyone pays the same rate

Why don't we want to tax businesses more? (Tax Shifting - 3 reasons)

They would push the taxes to someone else
1- shift the cost to consumers
2- higher cost to workers in the form of lower wages or fewer hours
3- companies will just eat the cost

Towns & Cities use property taxes and what percent of sales taxes automatically go to every town and city?

1%

What percentage of the Texas budget comes from Federal Funding?

65%

Most of the Federal Funding goes to pay for what?

64%-Health and Human Services
16%-Business and Economic Development
15%-Education
5%- other

How much of the Texas budget is "restricted/dedicated" for a specific purpose?

81% which means they are specifically for certain things

What is the Constitutional Mandate of EVERY Texas Budget?

Needs to be balanced (project outlays do NOT exceed projected revenue)

What are the five categories of the Texas Funding?

General Revenue Fund Budget:

General Revenue Dedicated Funds Budget

Federal Funds Budget

Other Funds Budget

All Funds Budget

General Revenue Fund Budget

not dedicated and can be used for any purpose

-Available school fund
-Available Textbook fund
-Foundation school fun

General Revenue Dedicated Funds Budget:

money that must be paid for specific purposes

State parks
Roads
College accounts

Federal Funds Budget

all grants, payments, and reimbursements from the federal government

-Dedicated for medical accounts

Other Funds Budget

any payments coming to state not included in the first three

State highways
Trust funds
Local education

All Funds Budget:

the aggregate of the first four accounts

5% of the Texas budget can go for debt, but the debt MUST do what?

They must be paid for themselves

What is the structural defect that Texas has?

The Business Franchise Tax/Fee is chronically underperforming. Revenue is not meeting projections.

And what is the problem with Texas' education budget?

It has increased spending in Education every year, but it has not been enough to cover the growth in education

For extra credit: Know Texas Court of Criminal Appeals Justices

Keller
Keasler
Hervey
Richardson
Yeary
Newell
Keel
Walker
Slaughter

What do you call candidates where you have to physically write in their names on the ballot?

a) Write in candidate

What does it take to win the general Election in Texas?

Plurality of votes

Which is not a public interest group?

NRA

How much of Texas' total annual budget is paid for by Federal Funding?

1/3

By law, state sponsored welfare cannot exceed what percent of the Texas budget? (Medicaid NOT included)

1%

Although Party labels may change, Texas' ideology has remained relatively what?

Conservative

With Democratic Dominance of the General Election, what was the ONLY election that really mattered?

Democratic Primary

Denton County Judge:

Andy Eads

Denton County Commissioners

Hugh Coleman
Ron Marchant
Bobbie Mitchell
Dianne Edmondson

Denton County Treasurer

Cindy Brown

Denton County Sheriff

Tracey Murphree

Denton County Clerk

Juli Luke

Denton Tax Assessor

Michelle French

Denton District Attorney

Paul Johnson

Denton District Clerk

David Trantham

Denton Elections Administrator

Lannie Noble

Dallas Mayor

Eric Johnson

Denton Mayor

Chris Watts

Flower Mound Mayor

Steve Dixon

Fort Worth Mayor

Betsy Price

Lewisville Mayor

Rudy Durham

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