Show Terms in this set (52)Forms of religious organizations: 1. Christianity: largest single faith in the world, even though church and state are legally separate, many social and political matters reference God,
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Operations Management13th EditionWilliam Stevenson 980 solutions a lot of ppl report themselves as middle class but thats not true, families a big predictor of lvls of health, education, income designed study to look at class, 2 hr interviews w 88 families of all classes white and black then did the 12 observations- everyday 3 weeks haircuts, bedtimes, extended families 15% of americans are fxally illiterate middle class- children challenge parental authority, whine, parents direct edu communication and intervention- insisting their children should be in gifted class, often lots of organized activities adults direct time, have values that schools like: follow rules, organize time, negotiate, use appropriate language, get SAT prep and tutors conclusion: American -suggests that social capitals positive influences are derived from enhanced self-esteem, sense of support, access to group and org resources and its buffering qualities in stressful situations -ppl who are socially disconnected are bw 2 and 5 times more likely to die from all causes when compared to ? -can think of social media as a different type of civic engagement today social capital in the form of civic associations has significantly eroded over the last generation. Americans' direct engagement in politics and government has fallen steadily and sharply over the last generation, despite the fact that average levels of education—the best individual-level predictor of political participation—have risen sharply throughout this period "trust the government in Washington" only "some of the time" or "almost never" has risen steadily from 30 percent in 1966 to 75 percent in 1992. Church-related groups constitute the most common type of organization joined by Americans; they are especially popular with women. Other types of organizations frequently joined by women include school-service groups (mostly parent-teacher associations), sports groups, professional societies, and literary societies. Among men, sports clubs, labor unions, professional societies, fraternal groups, veterans' groups, and service clubs are all relatively popular. but overall less ppl in religious orgs, labor unions, pta represent an important form of social capital, and they need to be accounted for in any serious reckoning of trends in social connectedness less ppl are friends/social w their neighbors and less trusting why? re-potting a lot of ppl dont stay in the same place for v long to make meaningful connections/socialize; fewer marriages, more divorces, fewer children, lower real wages; how entertainment alongside technology has lead to a more individual approach kaepernick started visible take a knee movement, but when they were tracking who was protesting on what teams it becomes obvious that the media was exaggerating how freq/how many of these protests were happening. "Player protest" was classified as any player doing any of the following before, during, or after the national anthem as an act of protest: sitting on a bench, kneeling, raising a fist in the air, choosing to stay in the locker room (stated as a protest), or staying in the "tunnel" (stated as a protest) no more than 2.5% of players protested in any given week during the 2016 season when trump made a comment to get Kap fired, protest surged from 15/32 teams having players that protest to 26/32 for a week and then immediately dropped the week after (personally, i think players were being reprimanded) owner of the Houston Texans, had told other owners in a meeting "we can't have the inmates running the prison." This infuriated many players for two reasons. First, because the players were protesting inequality in the criminal justice system, and second, these racist comments were coming from a White owner talking about the NFL's predominantly African-American player pool. past May, the NFL owners passed a new rule that will require all players on the field during the national anthem to stand. However, players can choose to stay in the locker room rather than be on the field. Players can not take a knee, or perform any sort of visible protest anymore players stopped b/c agreement between the Players Coalition and NFL owners to spend $90 million toward social justice issues at the local level, showing that the protests were nominally effective. may also b b/c Kaep and fellow protester Eric reid remain unsigned and they have filed lawsuits bc they were "blackballed" as early protestors from abstract: Health social movements (HSMs) are centrally organised around health, and address: (a) access to or provision of health care services; (b) health inequality and inequity based on race, ethnicity, gender, class and/or sexuality; and/or (c) disease, illness experience, disability and contested illness. HSMs can be subdivided into three categories: health access movements seek equitable access to health care and improved provision of health care services; constituencybased health movements address health inequality and health inequity based on race, ethnicity, gender, class and/or sexuality differences; and embodied health movements (EHMs) address disease, disability or illness experience by challenging science on etiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. These groups address disproportionate outcomes and oversight by the scientific community and/or weak science. This article focuses on embodied health movements, primarily in the US. These are unique in three ways: 1) they introduce the biological body to social movements, especially with regard to the embodied experience of people with the disease; 2) they typically include challenges to existing medical/ scientific knowledge and practice; and 3) they often involve activists collaborating with scientists and health professionals in pursuing treatment, prevention, research and expanded funding. physicians have fought for health care to be done in underserved communities and to get a national health care plan. they studied 3 conditions: asthma, breast cancer and Gulf War illness when looking at this u analyze personal experience of illness, challenges to science, and collaboration with science. B EHMs characteristics: introduce the biological body to social movements in central ways, include challenges to existing medical/scientific knowledge and practice and involve activists collaborating with scientists and health New approaches to social movements in health professionals in pursuing treatment, prevention, research and expanded funding 4 approaches used: resource mobilisation, political opportunities, cultural framing and new social movement theory EHM's are boundary movements- breast cancer perfect embodied health movement - fundraising walks and runs, involve tens of thousands of people every year. The movement's other successes include the production of a breast cancer stamp, whose additional cost above normal postage is given to governmental research institutions to sponsor breast cancer research, and the Shop for the Cure campaign, where merchants and credit card companies give a portion of the proceeds to breast cancer foundations. Black babies die 2x as much as white, in some places like cleveland 3x ; black women 3-4x likely to die; infant mortality crisis is driven by black babies dying. It's about systemic racism and the lack of power sharing,; a lot of white medical students and residents falsely believe Black ppl have less sensitive nerve endings and that Black skin is tougher. To qualify for BBC help, there are some non-negotiable rules: smokers must stop smoking (which may contribute to their good outcomes), and are obligated to take anxiety management classes, known as Sisters Offering Support toxic stress is American racism, and that is the principal social determinant of infant mortality disparity leads to hypertension and pre-eclampsia premature birth rate for Black babies 50% higher than for WW BBC receives financial support from the state government and the Cleveland Clinic, a world-class medical system with health centres and hospitals across north-east Ohio where health and wealth inequalities are stark racism is institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized uses analogy of boxes and flowers with different soil nutrient rich vs poor 10 yrs l8r gardener says ""I was right to prefer red over pink! Look how vibrant and beautiful the red flowers look, and see how pitiful and scrawny the pink ones are." shows the initial historical insult of separating the seed into the 2 different types of soil; the contemporary structural factors of the flower boxes, which keep the soils separate; and the acts of omission in not addressing the differences between the soils over the years, but nothing will improve unless we equalize things (soil), gardener=govt w/power to act, decide and ctrl resources institutionalized racism is defined as differential access to the goods, services, and opportunities of society by race normative, sometimes legalized, and often manifests as inherited disadvantage. It is structural, having been codified in our institutions of custom, practice, and law, so there need not be an identifiable perpetrator; can be differential access to quality education, sound housing, gainful employment, appropriate medical facilities, and a clean environment. Personally mediated racism is defined as prejudice and discrimination, where prejudice means differential assumptions about the abilities, motives, and intentions of others according to their race, and discrimination means differential actions toward others according to their race.can be intentional as well as unintentional, and it includes acts of commission as well as acts of omission. It manifests as lack of respect (poor or no service, failure to communicate options), suspicion (shopkeepers' vigilance; everyday avoidance, including street crossing, purse clutching, and standing when there are empty seats on public transportation), devaluation (surprise at competence, stifling of aspirations), scapegoating and dehumanization internalized racism is defined as acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth, characterized as r not believing in others who look like them, and not believing in themselves manifests as an embracing of "whiteness"(use of hair straighteners and bleaching creams, stratification by skin tone within communities of color, and "the white man's ice is colder" syndrome); self-devaluation (racial slurs as nicknames, rejection of ancestral culture, and fratricide);and resignation, helplessness, and hopelessness collective challenges to medical policy, public health and politics belief systems, research and practice which include an array of formal and informal organizations, supporters, networks of cooperation and media §address (a) access to, or provision of, health-care services; (b) disease, illness experience, disability and contested illness; and (c) health inequality and inequity based on race, ethnicity, gender, class and/or sexuality excess death- predict the # deaths that happen, some ppl die earlier from other complications- looking at degree of suffering too Brit Whitehall studies- how social influences effect health those who lost their jobs due to company movements resulted in increased health problems, these towns have fast food places, liquor stores, pawn shops, nail salons this isnt natural bruh those on disability have it hard- rationing food to feed kids, pay for the cheapest food that yields greatest amt per amt of ppl in household stress response can results from being poor, job insecurity, racism, occurs when brain percieves a threat so adrenal glands releasing cortisol flooding blood w/glucose, increase HR/BP univ. hospital- stress can lead to headaches but these are distributed on a hierachy and chronic stress can result in negative fx of cells/ blood vessels > lead to heart attack even hospital janitor staff stressed - bounced around doing tasks, reagan slashed social programs to protect rich esp tax laws that allow the richest 1% to get better while poor is getting poorer Sweden fxs differently- wealth/health gradient not so steep use resources to ensure all citizens are okay industrialized nation: gurantee universal health care, 4 weeks paid vacation, france minimum wage 2x ours, some places free education and have 2% child poverty unlike the 20% of poverty look at UK healthcare system when there's not long waiting periods, low cost to pt, controlled by gov't, pay largely thru taxes world leader in preventive medicine for keeping pt healthy Dr get 180k bonus first go to gate keeper then u can get a referral to a specialist now Japan- 2nd richest country and really healthy - not paid by taxes rather everyone has to sign up for health insurance policy thru work or govt then for the poorest the govt picks up the tab called social insurance used by many wealthy countries but 80% hospitals private. Citizens go to dr 3x often as US - health checks 3-5 min, Japan govt ctrls alllll aspects HCP and health ministry are regulated and prices the same everywhere if Dr tries to boost income by increasing how many are done the ministry decreases the price - national price regulation and premium around $300 w/ employers paying most of it Germany- covers all basics plus mental health, dental and optical will even pay to go to a spa, belly dancing lessons. Market affair led by Private Dr/Hospitals , premiums only 1 every 3 mo. if u lose a job, sickness fund is better if growing! still competition bw hospitals, small co-pays, high quality, negotiate standard prices w/lower administrative costs and lower drugs smh stupid big pharma like in Japan dr's feel underpaid and under appreciated; get 1/2 to 2/3 what a Dr would in the US but less of a malpractice premium and medical school didnt cost a penny , some Drs stopped working and took to the streets 18-20K but nothing changed Beveridge (UK, ital, spain, cuba, scandinavia) healthcare provided by and financed by the govt largely by taxes (single-payer), lost costs per capita b/c govt ctrl prics NHI - national health insurance (Canada, Taiwan, Medicare): single govt payer, private provider- Drs not employees of state/govt but are private, payer is govt run insurance programs, negotiates for lower prices Bismarck (Germany, Japan, France, Switzerland): relies on private providers and multuple (private) payers; both HCP and payers are private w/ private health insurance plans, covers everyone w/o profit w/ tight regulation of services and fees OOP - out of pocket (much of developing world, uninsured in US): medical care paid by the patient, rich can pay and poor get sick only 40 countries work like this out of the 200 and the US is one of them... usually the process by which medical definitions and practices are applied to behaviors, psychological phenomena, and somatic experiences not previously within the conceptual or therapeutic scope of medicine a domain where we see the social construction of illness, how a medical ailment counts as a "medical" issue is socially constructed, and we see this because what counts as a medical issue changes in time and place. So homosexuality used to be considered a medical issue: it was a human condition that
was considered a problem and people believed that medical (mental health professionals) could "cure" it. Now homosexuality is no longer considered a medical issue (at least in official academic and medical literature), even though it used to be considered a medical issue in the past. This example isn't about whether or not there is something inherently "medical" about homosexuality, only about how homosexuality was once socially constructed as a medical issue and now it is not. Characterized by five or more: restlessness, nervousness, insomnia, flushed face, diuresis, gastrointestinal disturbance, muscle twitching, rambling speech, agitation, periods of inexhaustibility, and tachycardia. Differentiated from anxiety disorder by diuresis (excessive urination). There is no use disorder in caffeine-related disorders masterbation or lgbt used to be a medical issue. big pharma "most of the twentieth century the industry has been limited to promoting its wares to physicians through detailing, sponsoring medical events, and advertising in professional journals." FDA reg. in 1997 made it worse tbh "wider usage and promotion of offlabel uses of drugs and facilitated direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising, especially on television... [and internet]" ; "spend nearly as much on DTC advertising as on advertising to physicians in medical journals, especially for "blockbuster drugs that are prescribed for common complaints such as allergy, heart burn, arthritis, 'erectile dysfunction,' depression and anxiety" "Cosmetic surgery is the exemplar of consumerism in medicine" ; "Nonprofit consumer groups like CHADD, the National Alliance for the Mentally I11 (NAMI), and the Human Growth Foundation have become strong supporters for medical treatments for the human problems for which they advocate,,, but drug companies sometimes help too" ; "managed care is both an incentive and a constraint. This is clearly seen in the psychiatric realm. Managed care has severely reduced the amount of insurance coverage for psychotherapy available to individuals with mental and emotional problems" ; "any managed-care organizations have concluded that it is a better financial investment to cover gastric bypass surgery for a "morbidly obese" person than to pay for the treatment of all the potential medical sequelae including diabetes, stroke, heart conditions, and musculoskeletal problems"; some argue that more ppl are being treated for things and possibly over-diagnosed ; "definition of medical norms is in itself a cultural form of social control, in that it creates new expectations for bodies, behavior, and health. This control is manifested in how medical expectations set the boundaries for behavior and wellbeing as well has how medical norms guide behavior, One need only think of how a diagnosis like fetal alcohol syndrome" ; "Surgery can be another form of medical social control... One social implication of increased medical social control is that more forms of behavior are no longer deemed the responsibility of the individual (ADHD).... solve the problem in the individual, not the society: treat the individual with alcoholism or the disruptive child with ADHD rather than intervene in the environment that produces alcohol abuse or the school system that deems the child troublesolne or troubled" ex: deaf community's campaign against cochlear implants in children as the unnecessary medicalization of deafness; "started w physicians and continues to be but primary engines of medicalization now also include consumers, insurers, and the biotechnological industry." rise of internet has allow coalitions like National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance or pro-anorexia sites to be ran childbirth was only medicalized in the 1950s when women started to become more autonomous- could choose their child birth coaches, how they wanted to have the child (natural, at home) or more medical w/ drugs, cesarean sections and NICU staff canadians- universal HCP keeps pt on waiting list but would rather allow many ppl to wait same amt of time than have some ppl get seen asap and some N/A brits- no one should pay; women have babies at home french- pay some fe even if fe is reimbursed partially or fully by health care system france, germany and japan (bismarck), britain -bev, canada- nih are all the best insurance companies, big pharma and hospital chains have blocked restructuring mainly due to industrialized democracy US coverage- black and hispanic less likely than whites to get treatment for srs disease and more likely to die from illness; employers tht provide insurance face a cost disadvantages against their competitors, decisions on who gets care and for what is done in secret US cost- every ohter rich nations health care system is better than ours; choice is limited by diff HCS UK- no premium or co-pay, no fee but far higher taxes w/longer lines - cost efficient ; bev social worker believed in free lunch for starving kids, public work jobs for parents, unemployment compensation allowed formation of NIH; some pt left on gurney for days bc no beds available some die waiting; but less inclined to do tests, x rays or annual physicals but if theres risk, family history they will try to test early and free- colonoscopy in us bw 100-2400 but can result in neglect of treatment when something isn't indicated by typical guidelines; dr's paid not by how much they treat/prescribe bc big pharma rather judged based on quality indicators & get bonuses on best practices - usual stuff but also 6$ per vaxx only pays $4200 a year plus no loans whereas American GP pay that in a month Embeddedness,1 for Polanyi, means that the economy is immersed in social relations, i.e., it cannot be a separate, autonomous sphere vis-a-vis society as a whole. distinction he makes between the substantive and the formal meaning of economy. The formalist approach is based on an ontological scarcity of the means for providing to human needs, and takes as its object of analysis the discrete ("rational") individual who seeks to maximize his gains, i.e., it stays within the predicates of homo economicus. According to Polanyi, the formalist schema - based on the neoclassical model of economic theory - can only be applied to the study of modern capitalist economies, where price-making markets play a crucial role; substantivist approach deals with the institutional forms taken by the process of satisfaction of human needs in different societies, both past and present, its main concern being sufficiency rather than efficiency- views the economy as an instituted process of interaction between man and his natural and social environment. ongoing supply of material means to satisfy human needs, and is the foundation of the method envisaged by Polanyi: institutional analysis. economy be instituted in different ways from one society to another, Polanyi identifies three major patterns, or so-called forms of integration - reciprocity, redistribution and (market) exchange - which combine to give the economy its unity and stability, that is, the interdependence and recurrence of its parts. primitive or tribal societies are characterized by reciprocity and also, to a certain extent, by redistribution. market economy was indeed disembedded globalization is homogenizing countries of many diff cultural traditions and wealth; social movements encourage standardized social arrangements bc govts are conformists. toqueville and putnam see importantce of informal group pressure in ctrling ppl to behave certain ways- posture as good becoming a proper nation w/ economic efficiency, democracy, human rights- must have constitutions that often copy each other word for word, most govts even if dynasty, religion or tribal mission claim to serve its ppl and promote their welfare. those w/ science program dont have faster growing economies than those w/o rules protecting racial, ethnic and religious discrimination are p low, protecting women/childrn found a lot and now groups for LGBT and handicappeed and
elderly are on the rise, pursuing more education - which is also less cultural and more standardized but w more women and similar curriculum but in some places that claim high enrollment- students dont even show up, places w strong laws to protect women dont have higher rate of women in education ex. saudi arabia has little protection to women w many strict rules but has high rate of education, segregated by gender; ideas of how women should act based on media school and modern life Atlantic charter by roosevelt and churchhill shows modern rights movements but reflected anglo-american ideals even american environmentalism is half assed- wont sign kyoto acccord uni's modeled after princeton but has flaws, sweden fares better models of good country have active citizen participation school curricula emphasize scientific and ecological principles to wide range of issues & that were all similar w universal rights and capacities, explanations of national error described not as evil but as explanations pointing to ignorance or distortion producd by poverty or diff transitions to modernity and tbh focusing on how we're equal when there remains a lot of inequalities is weird... ppl rationalize but society rationalizing us too much can result in an iron cage of rationality such as college admin that tells ppl how to think/ teach McDonaldization- search for max efficiency (optimal means for a given end) in increasingly numerous and diverse social settings; implis contrasting, nonrational systems are less efficient fast food grew in 1950s against home cooked meals bc long and restaurants still long; limited menus and options allowed best cost benefit analysis and fastness such as using the wax papers to slide onto the grills and precut buns allowed them to serve more ppl, cost cuting and invntory ctrl, vital passage of assembly line ; ppl ate quickly then left no need to wash dishes or do much else, lots of ppl in and out, w drive thrus even more so invention of microwave and mw-able foods surged and was gr8 economic revenue, fast food remains more popular bc it still isnt sn as an at hom meal; other electrical appliances also helped efficiency of hohme cooking, even diet books are trying to efficiently loos weight which way is the fastest and laziest; but things like weight watchers and jenny craig profit greatlyyyy and is v efficient servin gmany ppl even have sessions for BP, weight and measurements even gyms and stand sill exercise equipment is efficient w built in music, tv shows or books; efficiency of shopping too w/ malls that put many stores under one roof, even catalogue sales, tv shopping and their ads, video rentals - buyown tv and movies utilizing blockbuster where u can even pick up snacks (now replacd by netflix/hulu/tc) travelling also has packages for diffp places and activitiees w goal to see as many sights as possible in shortest amt of time- bus tours machine graded muultiple choice exams, zoom uni, textbooks coming w pre made q's, audiobooks, can drive or exercise while learning; can even see religion on tv food w less tase and nutritional value less diverse food options too in ethnic foods 400 people in one room on the uncomfortable floor working for 13 hours in incrdible heat, very uncomfortable, and a bunch of 12-13 y/o who will most likely work there their whole time going from sowing girl to sowing operator, really hard week there cieling fans dont always work; non Bengali speakers dont work often bc suspicios since a plaza collapse and 1200 ppl lost their lives - after this what are survivors to do? go back to work at another factory many ppl dont want to bc they remember what happened, ppl trapped for hours but they need money ; trying to find work elsewhere is difficult , some broke many bills and may never be able to walk again but he cant even work now; some walk w limps and now theyre homeless and traumatized there were more security and screenings - no fire extinguishers no exit other than the main door w a rickty staircase, 1 washroom used by everyone w puddles of dirty water and a hole in the ground as a toilet, many rats; many repeated relentless tasks back breaking and fingernumbing- kids hunched over for hours squinting at threads and making piles of clothes, cant chat or hum too loudly for only $26 a day w no weekends, sick leave or holiday how kids leave school to work: parent can no longer work from injury, pregnancy, fired, older siblings chose to leave and take care of himself facory workers prefer younger sewers better eyesight, small fingers trim threads and complain less about backaches and neck pain even if Meem 9 y/o would rub her neck and claimed to be happy many come from rural places where school isnt an option, some sleep on the floors, in 12 hr shift manages thousands of shirts cheap fashion has given women more economic freedom and some power to buy stuff and have food and cleaner clothes but rich children in the same area are allowed to have big dreams traditional society- developed enuff but not fully, limit to the amount of productivity due to lack of modern science, freq changing and succss dependdint on war, plague and crops; family and clan connections in social org; long-run fatalism; that is, the assumption that the range of possibilities open to one's grandchildren would be just about what it had been for one's grandparents but this isnt end all be all can still get misfortunee, preNewtonian world: the dynasties in China; the civilization of the Middle East and the Mediterranean; the world of medieval Europe. And to them we add the post-Newtonian societies which, for a time, remained untouched or unmoved by man's new capability for regularly manipulating his environment to his economic advantage. preconditions for take off: embraces societies in the process of transition by exploitiing modern sci, new production functions in both agriculture and industry; Banks and other institutions for mobilizing capital appear. Investment increases, notably in transport, communications, and in raw materials in which other nations may have an economic interest; mainly characterized by traditional low-productivity methods, by the old social structure and values, and by the regionally based political institutions that developed in conjunction with them. sometimes traditional society can persist alongside modern economic activities; Politically, the building of an effective centralized national state--on the basis of coalitions touched with a· new nationalism, in opposition to the traditional landed regional interests, the colonial power, or both, was a decisive aspect of the preconditions period take off: build-up of social overhead capital and a surge of technological development in industry and agriculture, but also the emergence to political power of a group prepared to regard the modernization of the economy as serious, high-order political business. industries expand rapidly, yielding profits a large proportion of which are reinvested in new plant; and these new industries, in turn, stimulate, through their rapidly expanding requirement for factory workers, the services to support them, and for other manufactured goods, a further expansion in urban areas. agriculture is commercialized, and increasing numbers of farmers are prepared to accept the new methods (essential) drive to maturity: ab sixty years after take-off begins, 10-20% of the national income is steadily invested, international economy: goods formerly imported are produced at home; new import requirements develop, and new export commodities to match them. economy more refined and technologically often more complex processes; for example, there may be a shift in focus from the coal, iron, and heavy engineering industries of the railway phase to machine-tools, chemicals, and electrical equipment. high mass consumption: durable customer goods/services; real income per head rose to a point where a large number of persons gained a command over consumption. which transcended basic food, shelter, and clothing; and the structure of the working force changed in ways which increased not only the proportion of urban to total population, but also the proportion of the population working in offices or in skilled factory jobs-aware of and anxious to acquire the consumption fruits of a mature economy. Western societies have chosen to allocate increased resources to social welfare and security. assembly line beyond consumption: unk summary: the transitional period when the preconditions for take-off are created generally in response to the intrusion of a foreign power, converging with certain domestic forces making for modernization; the take-off itself; the sweep into maturity generally taking up the life of about two further generations; and then, finally, ifthe rise of income has matched the spread of technological viltuosity (which, as we shall see, it need not immediately do) the diversion of the fully mature economy to the provision of durable consumers' goods and services (as well as the welfare state) for its increasingly urbanand then suburban-population We require a dynamic theory of production which isolates not only the distribution of income between consumption, saving, and investment (and the balance of production between consumers and capital goods) but which focuses directly and in some detail on the composition of investment and on developments within particular sectors of the economy cultures are distinct and unchanging so remain largely unaffected by globalization and argues that cultures become more distinct to the point of clashing Huntington writing post cold-war says while u think of globalization as a melting pot of economics but we should gocus on cutural (civilizational) diff. are of greater importance bc cultures have affect on thoughts, morals, he said there's 9 civilizations that are emphasizing cultures: Sinic, Japan, Hindu, Islamic, Orthodox, Western Europe, NA, LA, and Africa he said w. civ (n. america and europe) are fundamentally diff than islam world and that putting these ppl together would result in violence- assumes dichotomy and conflict bw these two Edward Said's important critique on Clash- huntington believes civilizations and identities are too similar, assumption that these are bounded "shut down, sealed off entitites that have been purged of th myriad currents and countercurrents that animate human history from years of history, wars and imperial contexts" he thinks small ideas and oversizd labels such as huntingtons mislead and confuse rather than clarify events and lead to poor policy major regional and global aid hub, 60 international NGO's operating- addressing needs of syrians since 2011 methodology : interviews of 75 local staff 95 total, Ethnographic Observations- UN-NGO Meetings localization should result in sustainability but her findings were challenging and perpetuating a lot of global inequalities thru cultural and social assumptions of who local workers are and how they can provide value of their orgs, New articulations of exclusion and precarity for local populations examples- employers hold conflicting cultural and social
assumptions of jordanian workers perform the ideal local but not too local worker traditional non western local think personal connections, corruption, social/emotional affinities maybe tailoring local knowledge to make aid fx well: finding targeting numbers of beneficiaries but under localization workers are changing their knowledge so aids work is successful and look good on paper ex. workers had to find aid recipients like 50 families in need of intervention so ppl will find families before a deadline rather than those who REALLY need it, some may strategically plan home visits so they can get most poor ppl but will end up giving aid to those that dont even need it to reach a target number (if not reached their work will be cancelled) perceptions of social value in the workplace - employers were described as having no investment in peoples capacities to explain why thy want not just the basics but also the data and analysis, localization commodifies and transforms power of workers from their local status (form of mcdonaldization trying to reach certain targets) embracing local status- workers still proud even if not valued or promoted so to make more money would need to leave jordan, as a result of theese dynamics it distinguishes the local worker as subordinate, immobile labor market in aid hirachy, this reinforces their identitites as local and different from w aid employers 19th c max weber rationality- acceptance of rules, efficiency and practical results to move things fwd and ensure bureacracy ritzer- he said fast food restaurants are a better example for Webers model, how the way these places can be applied to many diff sectors such as exercize, shopping, reading, education and church services model the 4 principles of mcD- efficiency, predictability, calculability (quantity not quality), nonhuman technology ritzer- critics say that rather than homogeneity some say it can lead to heterogeneity- can lead to taco bell or pizza hut in a lot of diff places wh is true i guess bc diff ethnic food but these places have MCDONALDIZED the taco w/ so many ppl living on $2 a day and ppl dying from aids, hunger, warfare and the evils of inequality - this still isn't a fix bro to eat some unhealthy and shit food argues this process encages us in an iron cage of rationalization- has only gotten stronger since he wrote it 25+ yrs ago new edits brings up starbucks concerned w movment from traditional to modern, many version- economic, political, psychological, underpinning modernization is a belief that it is the result of rationalization and differentiation, most famous version by WW Rostrow (1950s) a non communist manifesto about how capitalist countries occur: five stages of growth 1. traditional society- shard a ceiling on productivity of ecnonmic techniques, due to characteristics of society- social structure, values, economy such as feudalism, dynasties in china, 2. preconditions for takeoff: insights from science begin to be translated into higher productivity in agriculture and industry. developed in late 17th and 18th c in w europe- britain led pack, countries didnt develop them endogenously but from some xternal intrusion by more advanced societies, idea spreads that economic progress not just possble but necessary, education changes, banks appear and investment/commerce increases 3. slide 4. drive to maturity- long interval of sustained if fluctuated progress 10-20% national income invested economy finds it place. international economy- slide 5. age of mass consumption- leading sectors shift towards durable consumers' goods and services transceending basic needs, urbanization - office life and factory jobs, allocation of increased resources to social welfare and security criticisms and limitations- evolutionary suggests all countries are on same path but this isnt rlly true bc some 3rd world countries dont fx this way, also suggests its unidirectional but its not for instance berma was most developed but then in 70/80s fell back due to dictatorship, dualistic, internally focused, where are the poor, economy macro focused radical theory rooted in marxisms in 70s/80? that the world consists of two poles: the wealth core and the satellite or peripheral countries periphery- produce and export raw materials, low wages enforced by coercive regimes that undermine labor unions and social movements, depend on core to import their products bc small local market core- exploit wealth, class conflicts within them are resolved by ability to exploit periphery foreign capital (MNCs), periphery elites and national governments are key agents, hightlights global nature of capitalism where poor and wealthy are part of the same system, not similar entitites at different stages of development, underdevelopment is a permanent, inescapable condition only remedied by escaping capitalist system radical version: capitalism is monopolistic and not competitive (fixed), moderate version: envisions possibility for some degree of development within this relationship criticisms: this theory was born out of latin american experience that didnt promote capitalism and exploitative process they tried to make it so that goods were produced at a higher cost thru tariffs w/o being exploited , lacked solutions and mechanisms for analyzing change even tho it focused on international relations, do not recognize variation in peripheral countries nor vulnerability of core countries esp since poor countries sometimes exploited other ppl or depended on markets or goods of core countries. dependency: externally focused, emphasis on power relations, countries fixed, potentially reversible, dualistic Which of the following is a manifest function of the healthcare system?The manifest functions of medicine and healthcare are the prevention and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health in society. For the most part the system has been competent in doing these tasks.
Which one of the following is a manifest function of schools?Explanation: Socialization, social control, and social placement are all manifest functions of education. Socialization refers to learning how to become an adult.
What is the main goal of the healthcare industry quizlet?The two main objectives of a health delivery system are: to enable all citizens receive health care when needed, and to deliver health services that are cost-effective and meet pre-established standards of quality.
What manifest and latent functions might exist for a health club?The manifest function of a health club is to improve the physical wel being of those working out there. It is intended to be a place where people can come to wor out. The latent function of a health club would be a decrease in health care costs and the resulting increased profits for the insurance industry.
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Which of the following is a manifest function of the healthcare institution quizlet?
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