Which of the following is a true statement about measures as they relate to educational research

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Given an if-then statement "if p , then q ," we can create three related statements:

A conditional statement consists of two parts, a hypothesis in the “if” clause and a conclusion in the “then” clause.  For instance, “If it rains, then they cancel school.” 
  "It rains" is the hypothesis.
  "They cancel school" is the conclusion.

To form the converse of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and the conclusion.
      The converse of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they cancel school, then it rains."

To form the inverse of the conditional statement, take the negation of both the hypothesis and the conclusion.
      The inverse of “If it rains, then they cancel school” is “If it does not rain, then they do not cancel school.”

To form the contrapositive of the conditional statement, interchange the hypothesis and the conclusion of the inverse statement. 
      The contrapositive of "If it rains, then they cancel school" is "If they do not cancel school, then it does not rain."

If the statement is true, then the contrapositive is also logically true. If the converse is true, then the inverse is also logically true.

Example 1:

In the above example, since the hypothesis and conclusion are equivalent, all four statements are true. But this will not always be the case!

Example 2:

journal article

Educational Researcher

Vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan. - Feb., 1991)

, pp. 10-16 (7 pages)

Published By: American Educational Research Association

https://doi.org/10.2307/1176156

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1176156

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Abstract

Highly estimable writers have averred that well nigh all of the results of social and educational research are obvious, that is, could have been predicted without doing the research. To examine the justifiability of this allegation, one should examine its accord with actual research results. Thus, is it a "truism" that higher achievement comes about when students spend more time with the subject matter? That smaller groups are easier to control than larger groups? Do judges regard actual results as more obvious and statements of their opposites as nonobvious? Both the century-old research results of Joseph Mayer Rice and recent results throw light on these issues.

Journal Information

Educational Researcher (ER) is published nine times per year and is received by all members of AERA. It contains scholarly articles of general significance to the educational research community from a wide range of disciplines. ER's Features section publishes articles that report, synthesize, or analyze scholarly inquiry, focusing on manuscripts that examine the significance of research in education and developments important to the field of educational research.

Publisher Information

The American Educational Research Association (AERA) is concerned with improving the educational process by encouraging scholarly inquiry related to education and by promoting the dissemination and practical application of research results. AERA is the most prominent international professional organization with the primary goal of advancing educational research and its practical application. Its 20,000 members are educators; administrators; directors of research, testing or evaluation in federal, state and local agencies; counselors; evaluators; graduate students; and behavioral scientists. The broad range of disciplines represented by the membership includes education, psychology, statistics, sociology, history, economics, philosophy, anthropology, and political science.

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