14. The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above were most directly a result of which thefollowing?a. The end of the second party systemb. The election of Lincoln in 1860c. The secession of the Southern states from the Uniond. The highly visible campaign of abolitionists against slavery
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A History of Modern Psychology
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P5-30ANS: BFeedbacka.The end of the second party system led indirectly to the situation that resulted in thisdocument. The sentiments expressed here did not result directly from that event,however.b.The sentiments expressed in this document were a direct result of the RepublicanAbraham Lincoln’s election to the presidency in 1860. The document’s assertion that“A sectional party has found within…the Executive Department, the means ofsubverting the Constitution itself” refers specifically to Abraham Lincoln’s election.c.The sentiments expressed in this document were the cause of the South’s secessionfrom the Union, not its result.d.The sentiments expressed in this excerpt resulted indirectly from abolitionism. Butabolitionists’ campaign against slavery did not lead directly to secession.
OBJ: POL-2|POL-6TOP: Historical Thinking Skills: Causation|Use of EvidenceMSC: Key Concepts: 5.2.II.CNAR: South Carolina SecessionNARRBEGIN:Nast CartoonThis question refers to the following 1874 political cartoon by Thomas Nast.[INSERT P05.02: The Union As It Was here]Library of Congress.NARREND15. The controversy highlighted in the cartoon above was most directly a result of
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P5-31d.The state of affairs Thomas Nast depicted in this cartoon resulted most directly fromSouthern whites’ determined resistance to Reconstruction. Organizations like theKKK and the paramilitary White League worked to challenge Reconstruction andmaintain black subordination in the South in the 1860s and 1870s.OBJ: ID-5|POL-6TOP: Historical Thinking Skills: Causation|Use of EvidenceMSC: Key Concepts: 5.3.II.CNAR: Nast CartoonNARRBEGIN:Nast CartoonThis question refers to the following 1874 political cartoon by Thomas Nast.
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Questions 1-3 refer to the following information.
"Your sentiments, that our affairs are drawing rapidly to a crisis, accord with my own. What the event will be is also beyond the reach of my foresight. We have errors to correct. We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation. Experience has taught us that men will not adopt and carry into execution measures the best calculated for their own good without the intervention of a coercive power. I do not conceive that we can exist long as a nation without having lodged somewhere a power which will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner as the authority of the state governments extends over the several states. . . .
"What astonishing changes a few years are capable of producing. I am told that even respectable characters speak of a monarchical form of government without horror. . . . What a triumph for our enemies to verify their predictions! What a triumph for the advocates of despotism to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves, and that systems founded on the basis of equal liberty are merely ideal and fallacious. . . ."
—George Washington, letter to John Jay, August 1, 1786
1. The sentiments in the letter by George Washington, above, reflect which of the following continuities in American history?
A. Debates about the proper balance between liberty and order.
B. Debates about reconciling republicanism with the institution of slavery.
C. Debates about the relationship among the three branches of government.
D. Debates about the use of the military in subduing domestic disturbances.
2. Based on the context of the letter, which of the following most closely describes the meaning of Washington's phrase, "We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature"?
A. Contemporary Deist spiritual beliefs were misguided in that they abandoned the Calvinist notions of "original sin."
B. The United States had overestimated the good will and honor of Great Britain in terms of following the stipulations of the Treaty of Paris (1783).
C. The U.S. Army misread the willingness of American Indians in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes regions to live side-by-side with white settlers.
D. The framers of the Articles of Confederation made a mistake in allowing for too great a degree of democracy in the new republic.
3. In subsequent U.S. history, those who shared the sentiments George Washington expressed in the letter, above, would most likely have taken which of the following positions?
A. Support for joining France in its war with Great Britain in 1793 in honor of the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France.
B. Opposition to the chartering of a national bank in 1791.
C. Support for ratification of the Constitution in 1789.
D. Opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.
Questions 4-5 refer to the following information.
"As our late Conduct at the Conestoga Manor and Lancaster have occasioned much Speculation & a great diversity of Sentiments in this and neighboring Governments; some vindicating & others condemning it; some charitably alleviating the Crime, & others maliciously painting it in the most odious & detestable Colours, we think it our duty to lay before the Publick, the whole Matter as it appeared, & still appears, to us. . . .
"If these things are not sufficient to prove an unjustifiable Attachment in the Quakers to the Indians Savages, a fixed Resolution to befriend them & an utter insensibility to human Distresses, let us consider a few more recent Facts. When we found the last Summer that we were likely to get no Assistance from the Government, some Volunteers went out at our own Expense, determined to drive our Enemies from our Borders; & when we came near to the great Island, we understood that a Number of their Warriors had gone out against our Frontiers. Upon this we returned and came up with them and fought with them at the Munfey Hill where we lost some of our Men & killed some of their Warriors & thereby saved our Frontiers from this Story in another Expedition. But no sooner had we destroyed their Provisions on the great Island, & ruined their trade with the good People at Bethlehem, but these very Indians, who were justly suspected of having murdered our Friends in Northampton County, were by the Influence of some Quakers taken under the Protection of the Government to screen them from the Resentments of the Friends and Relations of the Murdered, & to support them thro the Winter."
—"Apology of the Paxton Boys" (pamphlet), 1764 (Note: "apology" in this context should be read as an explanation, not an admission of guilt or regret.)
4. The sentiments expressed in the explanation above reflect which of the ongoing tensions during the colonial period of American history?
A. Tensions between British policies and the aspirations of North American colonists.
B. Tensions between American Indians allied with the French and those allied with the British.
C. Tensions between freed African Americans and white planters.
D. Tensions between backcountry settlers and elites within colonial America.
5. Which of the following events from either earlier or later in the colonial period can best be seen as being part of a continuity with the events described in the passage above?
A. The expulsion of Anne Hutchinson from Massachusetts Bay Colony.
B. Bacon's Rebellion in colonial Virginia.
C. The Boston Tea Party.
D. The trial of John Peter Zenger.
Questions 6-9 refer to the following information.
"When we were kids the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world; the only one with the atom bomb, the least scarred by modern war, an initiator of the United Nations that we thought would distribute Western influence throughout the world. Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people—these American values we found good, principles by which we could live as men. Many of us began maturing in complacency.
"As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss. First, the permeating and victimizing fact of human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from silence to activism. Second, the enclosing fact of the Cold War, symbolized by the presence of the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of abstract 'others' we knew more directly because of our common peril, might die at any time. . . ."
—Port Huron Statement, 1962
6. The Port Huron Statement, excerpted above, can most clearly be seen as an important document in which of the following movements?
A. The labor union movement.
B. The civil rights movement.
C. The New Right.
D. The New Left.
7. The language of this document can be seen as a repudiation of which of the following policies or actions from the Eisenhower years?
A. The "New Look" foreign policy.
B. Increases in funding for the United Nations.
C. Intervention in the Little Rock, Arkansas crisis.
D. Renewed focus on education.
8. The primary intended audience for the Port Huron Statement was
A. African Americans in the South.
B. government officials.
C. middle-class college students.
D. factory workers.
9. Through the remainder of the 1960s, the growth of the organization that published the Port Huron Statement can best be understood in the context of
A. rapid industrialization, urban growth and congestion, and corporate consolidation.
B. the baby boom, economic growth, and a rapid expansion of higher education.
C. economic polarization, supply-side economic policies, and the disappearance of the middle class.
D. the proliferation of personal computer technologies, the rise of Christian fundamentalism, and an increase in student apathy.