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Thorax and Abdomen
| In which of the following examinations is exposure on full expiration required? | Below diaphragm ribs |
| Fluoroscopic imaging of the ileocecal valve is generally part of a(n) | Small bowel series |
| Which of the following is a vessel that does not carry oxygenated blood? | Pulmonary artery |
| Ingestion of barium sulfate is contraindicated in which of the following situations? | Suspected perforation of a hollow viscus. Suspected large bowel obstruction. Preoperative patients. |
| The usual patient preparation for an upper GI examination is | nothing by mouth (NPO) 8 hours before the examination. |
| During an upper gastrointestinal (GI) examination, the AP recumbent projection of a stomach of average shape will usually demonstrate | barium-filled fundus. double-contrast body and antral portions. |
| Gas-producing powder or crystals usually are ingested for which of the following examinations? | Double-contrast gastrointestinal (GI) series |
| Demonstration of which anatomic structures require(s) ingestion of barium sulfate suspension? | Duodenum. Pylorus. |
| Which of the anatomic structures listed below is seen most anteriorly in a lateral projection of the chest? | Cardiac apex. |
| Which of the following positions is obtained with the patient lying supine on the radiographic table with the CR directed horizontally to the iliac crest? | Dorsal decubitus position. |
| The AP axial projection of the chest for pulmonary apices | requires 15 to 20 degrees of cephalad angulation. should demonstrate the medial ends of the clavicles equidistant from the vertebral column. |
| Which of the following positions may be used to effectively demonstrate the hepatic flexure during radiographic examination of the large bowel? | RAO. LPO. |
| Which of the following positions can be used to effectively demonstrate the left colic flexure during radiographic examination of the large bowel? | LAO. RPO. |
| Compared with that of the hypersthenic and sthenic body types, the gallbladder of an asthenic patient is most likely to be located | lower and more medial |
| The AP Trendelenburg position is often used during an upper GI examination to demonstrate | hiatal hernia |
| The esophagus commences at about the level of | C6 |
| Particulate matter entering the respiratory bronchi can cause | pneumoconiosis |
| During an air-contrast BE, in what part of the colon is air most likely to be visualized with the body in the AP recumbent position? | Transverse colon |
| Abnormal accumulation of air in pulmonary tissues, resulting in overdistention of the alveolar spaces, is | emphysema |
| Esophageal varices are best demonstrated in which of the following positions? | Recumbent |
| Which of the following statements is (are) correct with respect to postoperative cholangiography? | A T-tube is in place in the common bile duct. Water-soluble contrast material is injected. The patency of biliary ducts is evaluated. |
| To demonstrate esophageal varices, the patient must be examined in | The recumbent position |
| During an intravenous urogram (IVU), the RPO position is used to demonstrate the | left kidney parallel to the IR. right kidney parallel to the IR. right kidney perpendicular to the IR. |
| Which of the following projections of the abdomen may be used to demonstrate air or fluid levels? | Dorsal decubitus. Lateral decubitus. |
| Which of the following will best demonstrate the size and shape of the liver and kidneys? | AP Abdomen |
| High-kilovoltage exposure factors are usually required for radiographic examinations using | Barium Sulfate |
| Double-contrast examinations of the stomach or large bowel are performed to better visualize the | gastric or bowel mucosa. |
| All of the following statements regarding respiratory structures are true except | the right lung has two lobes. |
| The pain experienced by an individual whose coronary arteries are not conveying sufficient blood to the heart is called | angina pectoris. |
| During an upper gastrointestinal (GI) examination, a stomach of average shape demonstrates a barium-filled fundus and double contrast of the pylorus and duodenal bulb. The position used is most likely | LPO |
| Which of the following examinations might require the use of 120 kVp? | Chest radiograph. Barium-filled stomach. |
| Correct preparation for a patient scheduled for a lower GI series is most likely to be | cathartics and cleansing enemas. |
| The condition that allows blood to shunt between the right and left ventricles is called | ventricular septal defect. |
| The patient usually is required to drink barium sulfate suspension in order to demonstrate which of the following structures? | Descending duodenum |
| Correct preparation for a patient scheduled for an upper gastrointestinal (GI) series is most likely to be | NPO after midnight |
| When a GI series has been requested on a patient with a suspected perforated ulcer, the type of contrast medium that should be used is | water-soluble iodinated media. |
| A patient in a recumbent position with the head lower than the feet is said to be in which of the following positions? | Trendelenburg |
| Abdominal viscera located in the retroperitoneum include the | kidneys. duodenum. ascending and descending colon. |
| To best visualize the lower ribs, the exposure should be made | On Expiration |
| A near-frontal (AP/PA) view of the sternum is best accomplished in which of the following positions? | RAO |
| An acute infection of the lungs is called | Pneumonia |
| An increase in exposure factors usually is required in which of the following circumstances? | Edema. Ascites. Acromegaly. |
| Which of the following pathologic conditions would require an increase in exposure factors? | Ascites |
| To demonstrate esophageal varices, the patient must be examined in | The recumbent position |
| The uppermost portion of the iliac crest is at approximately the same level as the | Fourth Lumbar Vertebra |
| All the following positions are used frequently to demonstrate the sternoclavicular articulations except | Weight Bearing |
| Which of the following positions is required to demonstrate small amounts of fluid in the pleural cavity? | Lateral decubitus, affected side down |
| The ileocecal valve normally is located in which of the following body regions? | Right iliac |
| The manubrial notch is at approximately the same level as the | T2–3 interspace. |
| Which of the following criteria are used to evaluate a PA projection of the chest? | Ten posterior ribs should be visualized. Sternoclavicular joints should be symmetrical. The scapulae should be lateral to the lung fields. |
| Which of the following positions is most likely to offer the best visualization of the pulmonary apices? | AP Axial Lordotic |
| During endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) examination, contrast medium is injected into the | Common Bile Duct |
| The sternal angle is at approximately the same level as the | T5 |
| Using the PA projection, which of the following tube angle and direction combinations is correct for an axial projection of the clavicle? | 15 to 30 degrees caudad |
| Which of the following procedures requires that the patient be placed in the lithotomy position? | Hysterosalpingography |
| Which of the following positions is required to demonstrate small amounts of air in the pleural cavity? | Lateral decubitus, affected side up |
| Moderate hypertension can produce damage to which of the following organ(s) | Lungs. Kidneys. Brain. |
| Which of the following is a radiologic procedure that functions to dilate a stenotic vessel? | Percutaneous angioplasty. |
| Differences between body habitus types are likely to affect all the following except | the degree of bone porosity. |
| The following instructions should be given to a patient following a barium sulfate contrast examination: | Increase fluid and fiber intake for several days. Changes in stool color will occur until all barium has been evacuated. Contact a physician if no bowel movement occurs in 24 hours. |
| Types of inflammatory bowel disease include | ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease. |
| What is the position of the gallbladder in an asthenic patient? | Inferior and Medial |
| During GI radiography, the position of the stomach may vary depending on | the respiratory phase. body habitus. patient position. |
| Routine excretory urography usually includes a postmicturition radiograph of the bladder. This is done to demonstrate | tumor masses. residual urine. prostatic enlargement. |
| Which of the following positions is most likely to place the right kidney parallel to the IR? | LPO |
| The act of inspiration will cause elevation of the | sternum. ribs. |
| What are the positions most commonly employed for a radiographic examination of the sternum? | RAO. Lateral |
| Which of the following radiographic examinations require(s) the patient to be NPO 8–10 hours prior to examination for proper patient preparation? | Upper GI series. BE. |
| All the following statements regarding respiratory structures are true except | the inferior portion of the lung is the apex. |
| Another name for Hirschsprung's disease, the most common cause of lower GI obstruction in neonates, is | congenital megacolon. |
| Which of the following groups of organs/structures are located in the left upper quadrant? | Left kidney, left suprarenal gland, and gastric fundus |
| How should a chest examination to rule out air–fluid levels be obtained on a patient having traumatic injuries? | Include a lateral chest examination performed in dorsal decubitus position. |
| The type of ileus characterized by cessation of peristalsis is termed | Paralytic |
| Which of the following sequences correctly describes the path of blood flow as it leaves the left ventricle? | Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins |
| Which of the following positions may be used to effectively demonstrate the right posterior axillary ribs? | RPO |
| Involuntary motion can be caused by | peristalsis. severe pain. heart muscle contraction. |
| Place the following anatomic structures in order from anterior to posterior: | Apex of heart, trachea, esophagus |
| Which of the following conditions require(s) a decrease in technical factors? | Emphysema. Osteomalacia. |
| Which of the following are characteristics of the hypersthenic body type? | Short, wide, transverse heart. High and peripheral large bowel. |
| An axial projection of the clavicle is often helpful in demonstrating a fracture that is not visualized using a perpendicular CR. When examining the clavicle in the PA axial projection, how should the Central Ray directed? | Caudad |
| All the following procedures demonstrate renal function except | retrograde urography. |
| The act of expiration will cause the | sternum and ribs to move inferiorly. diaphragm to move superiorly. |
| Which of the following statements is (are) correct with respect to evaluation criteria for a PA projection of the chest for lungs? | Sternal extremities of clavicles are equidistant from vertebral borders. Ten posterior ribs are demonstrated above the diaphragm. |
| The patient's chin should be elevated during chest radiography to | avoid its superimposition on the apices |
| Which of the following are characteristics of the hypersthenic body type? | Short, wide, transverse heart. High and peripheral large bowel. |
| Which of the following positions is required to demonstrate small amounts of air in the peritoneal cavity? | Lateral decubitus, affected side up |
| Which of the following structures will be filled with barium in the AP recumbent position of a sthenic patient during an upper GI examination? | Gastric fundus |
| Below-diaphragm ribs are better demonstrated when | the patient is in the recumbent position. |
| In what order should the following examinations be scheduled? | Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) Barium enema (BE) Upper GI |
| Which of the following conditions would require an increase in exposure factors? | |
| Which of the following positions is required to demonstrate small amounts of air in the peritoneal cavity? | Lateral decubitus, affected side up |
| Which of the following structures will be filled with barium in the AP recumbent position of a sthenic patient during an upper GI examination? | Gastric Fundus |
| Below-diaphragm ribs are better demonstrated when | the patient is in the recumbent position. |
| Which of the following conditions would require an increase in exposure factors? | Congestive heart failure. Pleural effusion. |
| When the erect position is requested as part of an IVU, it is used to demonstrate | Kidney Mobility |
| Which of the following is (are) evaluation criteria for a PA chest radiograph of the heart and lungs? | Ten posterior ribs should be seen above the diaphragm. The medial ends of the clavicles should be equidistant from the vertebral column. |
| Examples of COPD include | chronic bronchitis. pulmonary emphysema. asthmatic bronchitis. |
| Moderate hypertension can produce damage to which of the following organs? | Lungs, Kidneys and Brain. |
| Which of the following is (are) part of the bony thorax? | Manubrium, 24 Ribs. |
| Widening of the intercostal spaces is characteristic of which of the following conditions? | Emphysema |
| What is the position of the stomach in a hypersthenic patient? | High and Horizontal. |
| Free air in the abdominal cavity is best demonstrated in which of the following positions? | AP projection, left lateral decubitus position |
| The stomach of an asthenic patient is most likely to be located | low, vertical, and toward the midline. |
| What instructions might a patient be given following an upper GI examination? | Drink plenty of fluids. Take a mild laxative. Increase dietary fiber. |
| During studies of the soft tissue of the neck, the exposure can be made | During phonation before/after opacification. During Valsalva maneuver. At the height of swallowing motion with opacification. |
| Operative cholangiography may be performed to | visualize biliary stones or a neoplasm. determine function of the hepatopancreatic ampulla. examine the patency of the biliary tract. |
| Which of the following structures will usually contain air, in the PA recumbent position on a sthenic patient, during a double-contrast upper GI (UGI) examination? | Gastric Fundus |
| In myelography, the contrast medium generally is injected into the | subarachnoid space between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae |
| Which of the following will be demonstrated best in the 45-degree right anterior oblique (RAO) position? | Left axillary ribs |
| All the following positions are likely to be employed for both single- and double-contrast examinations of the large bowel except | right and left lateral decubitus abdomen. |
| The AP axial projection of the pulmonary apices requires the CR to be directed | 15 degrees cephalad |
| To obtain an exact axial projection of the clavicle, place the patient | in a lordotic position and direct the central ray at right angles to the coronal plane of the clavicle. |
| Which of the following pathologic conditions probably will require a decrease in exposure factors? | Osteoporosis |
| Which of the following positions will demonstrate the right axillary ribs? | LAO RPO |
| Which of the following examinations most likely would be performed to diagnose Wilm's tumor? | IVU |
| Which of the following is the preferred scheduling sequence? | Abdomen ultrasound, lower GI series, upper GI series |
| Which of the following positions can be used to demonstrate the axillary ribs of the right thorax? | LAO RPO |
| Which of the following positions will most effectively move the gallbladder away from the vertebrae in an asthenic patient? | LAO |
| Free air in the abdominal cavity is demonstrated in which of the following? | Erect AP abdomen. Left lateral decubitus abdomen. |
| Double-contrast examinations of the stomach or large bowel are performed to better visualize the | gastric or bowel mucosa |
| Which of the following structures is (are) located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)? | Hepatic flexure. Gallbladder. |
| Deoxygenated blood from the head and thorax is returned to the heart by the | Superior Vena Cava |
| Dorsal decubitus projections of the chest are used to evaluate small amounts of | fluid in the posterior chest. |
| The body habitus characterized by a long and narrow thoracic cavity and low midline stomach and gallbladder is the | asthenic |
| A patient suffering from orthopnea would experience the least discomfort in which body position? | Erect |
| During chest radiography, the act of inspiration | raises the ribs. depresses the abdominal viscera. |
| During IV urography, the prone position generally is recommended to demonstrate | the filling of the ureters. the renal pelvis. |
| Which of the following procedures will best demonstrate the cephalic, basilic, and subclavian veins? | Upper-limb venogram |
| A lesion with a stalk projecting from the intestinal mucosa into the lumen is a(n) | Polyp |
| Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) usually involves | cannulation of the hepatopancreatic ampulla. introduction of contrast medium into the common bile duct. |
| Which of the following radiologic examinations can demonstrate ureteral reflux? | Voiding cystourethrogram |
| Inspiration and expiration projections of the chest are performed to demonstrate | partial or complete collapse of pulmonary lobe(s) air in the pleural cavity foreign body |
| Which of the following is a major cause of bowel obstruction in children? | Intussusception |
| An esophagram would most likely be requested for patients with which of the following esophageal disorders/symptoms? | Varices. Achalasia. |
| Which of the following techniques would provide a posteroanterior (PA) projection of the gastroduodenal surfaces of a barium-filled high and transverse stomach? | Angle the CR 35 to 45 degrees cephalad. |
| Which of the following is the most likely site for a lumbar puncture? | L3-4 |
| The condition in which pulmonary alveoli lose their elasticity and become permanently inflated, causing the patient to consciously exhale, is | Emphysema |
| For the average patient, the CR for a lateral projection of a barium-filled stomach should enter | midway between the midcoronal line and the anterior abdominal surface. |
| The pyloric canal and duodenal bulb are best demonstrated during an upper GI series in which of the following positions? | RAO |
| Which of the following are mediastinal structures? | Heart. Trachea. Esophagus. |
| To radiograph an infant for suspected free air within the abdominal cavity, which of the following projections of the abdomen will demonstrate the condition with the least patient exposure? | Left lateral decubitus without grid |
| An aspirated foreign body is more likely to enter the lower respiratory tract via the | Right main stem bronchus. |
| Which of the following equipment is necessary for ERCP? | A fluoroscopic unit with imaging device and tilt-table capabilities. A fiberoptic endoscope. Polyethylene catheters. |
| In a posteroanterior (PA) projection of the chest being used for cardiac evaluation, the heart measures 14.7 cm between its widest points. If the magnification factor is known to be 1.2, what is the actual diameter of the heart? | 12.25 cm |
| Which of the following equipment is mandatory for performance of a myelogram? | Tilting X-Ray Table |
| The sternoclavicular joints will be best demonstrated in which of the following positions? | Anterior Oblique |
| Which of the following is (are) essential to high-quality mammographic examinations? | Small-focal-spot x-ray tube. Short-scale contrast. Use of a compression device. |
| A patient is usually required to drink barium sulfate suspension to demonstrate which of the following structures? | Esophagus. Pylorus. |
| Which of the following radiologic procedures requires that a contrast medium be injected into the renal pelvis via a catheter placed within the ureter? | Retrograde urography |
| All of the following statements regarding the RAO position of the sternum are true, except | a thin thorax requires a lesser degree of obliquity than a thicker thorax. |
| Which projection(s) of the abdomen would be used to demonstrate pneumoperitoneum? | Left lateral decubitus. Upright. |
| The ridge that marks the bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left primary bronchi is the | Carina |
| Which of the following examinations require(s) restriction of a patient's diet? | Barium enema. Pyelogram. |
| To demonstrate the pulmonary apices with the patient in the AP position, the | Central ray is directed 15° to 20° cephalad. |
| Which of the following radiologic examinations requires preparation consisting of a low-residue diet, cathartics, and enemas? | Barium Enema (BE) |
| With the patient recumbent on the x-ray table with the head lower than the feet, the patient is said to be in the | Trendelenburg position |
| In which of the following conditions is a double-contrast BE essential for demonstration of the condition? | Polyps. Colitis. |
| The thoracic cavity is lined by | parietal pleura. |
| Following the ingestion of a fatty meal, what hormone is secreted by the duodenal mucosa to stimulate contraction of the gallbladder? | Cholecystokinin |
| In which of the following procedures is quiet, shallow breathing recommended during the exposure to obliterate prominent pulmonary vascular markings? | RAO sternum. Lateral thoracic spine. AP scapula. |
| Characteristics of a patient with pulmonary emphysema include | shoulder girdle elevation. increased AP diameter of the chest. |
| Which of the following statements is (are) correct, with respect to a left lateral projection of the chest? | The MSP must be perfectly vertical and parallel to the IR. The right posterior ribs will be projected slightly posterior to the left posterior ribs. Arms must be raised high to prevent upper-arm soft-tissue superimposition on lung field. |
| Which cholangiographic procedure uses an indwelling drainage tube for contrast medium administration? | T-tube cholangiography |
| Which of the following anatomic structures is best demonstrated in the LPO position, in a positive-contrast exam? | Hepatic flexure |
| A dorsal decubitus position of the chest may be used to evaluate small amounts of | fluid in the posterior chest. |
| All the following statements regarding large bowel radiography are true except | single-contrast studies help to demonstrate intraluminal lesions. |
| The plane that passes vertically through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior halves, is termed the | Midcoronal Plane |
| The zygapophyseal articulations of the thoracic spine are demonstrated with the | coronal plane 70° to the IR. |
| Blood is returned to the left atrium, from the lungs, via the | pulmonary veins. |
| Which of the following conditions require(s) a decrease in technical factors? | Emphysema. Osteomalacia. |
Which position would best demonstrate fluid in the left pleural cavity?
Chest x-ray lateral decubitus positioning techniques
The primary goal of performing the lateral decubitus projection is to demonstrate fluid in the pleural cavity (a pleural effusion), which is otherwise not clearly visible on a supine or upright chest radiograph.
Which of the following positions demonstrates Air fluid levels?
The upright position demonstrates air-fluid levels.
Which of the following radiographs would be the best to demonstrate pleural effusion?
Chest X-ray. Standard posteroanterior and lateral chest radiography remains the most important technique for initial diagnosis of pleural effusion.
What procedure is used to demonstrate the pulmonary apices in the AP position?
The AP lordotic chest radiograph (or AP axial chest radiograph) demonstrates areas of the lung apices that appear obscured on the PA/AP chest radiographic views.