Which of the following positions will best demonstrate an open the hepatic flexure of the large bowel during a air contrast barium enema?

Oblique-AP Axial -Lateral
The distal ureters enter the posterolateral aspect of the superior part of the base of the urinary bladder and pass obliquely through the wall to their respective internal orifices. A retrograde cystogram is performed by filling the bladder with an iodinated water-soluble contrast agent in a retrograde fashion by injection or infusion through a urinary (Foley) catheter. Various overhead radiographs may be performed, including an RPO and LPO, AP axial (or PA axial), and a lateral. An RPO position will free the left distal ureter from superimposition of the bladder and will therefore be demonstrated in the presence of vesicoureteral contrast agent reflux. Similarly, an LPO position will free the right distal ureter from superimposition of the bladder and will therefore be demonstrated in the presence of reflux. An AP axial projection with a 15-degree caudal angulation demonstrates the distal ureters in the presence of contrast reflux. A lateral position will demonstrate the distal ureters behind the posterior bladder wall in the presence of reflux (B, E, and F). The recumbent AP, recumbent PA, and upright AP projections will superimpose the bladder over the distal ureters (A, C, and D)

122:
Which of the following, in order, are vascular structures included in the blood pathway through the pulmonary circulation in a healthy adult beginning in the right ventricle?
1. Ascending aorta
2. Inferior vena cava
3. Pulmonary arteries
4. Coronary arteries
5. Right semilunar valve
6. Left semilunar valve
7. Pulmonary veins
8. Right atrium
9. Left atrium
A
5, 7, 3, 8
B
6, 4, 8, 7
C. 5, 3, 7, 9
D
1, 3, 6, 2

C. 5, 3, 7, 9
Deoxygenated blood returning from the systemic circulation enters the right atrium of the heart via the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC). From the right atrium, the blood flows through the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve into the right ventricle. From the right ventricle, blood moves through the right semilunar valve (5), or pulmonary valve, into the pulmonary arteries (3). The blood then passes through the pulmonary capillary beds and returns as oxygenated blood to the pulmonary veins (7), which empty into the left atrium (9). The oxygenated blood then passes through the left atrioventricular (bicuspid or mitral) valve and enters the left ventricle, where it then passes through the left semilunar valve, or aortic valve, to the ascending aorta, coronary arteries, and the remainder of the systemic circulation (C). The remainder of the choices are incorrect, as the anatomical order in which the deoxygenated and oxygenated blood pass through the normal cardiac, pulmonary, and systemic circulation in a healthy adult is not reflected in these selections (A, B, D)

D. 1 and 4 only.
During ventricular systole, both the right and left ventricles contract, forcing blood out. From the right ventricle, the blood moves through thepulmonary semilunar valveinto the pulmonary arteries. From the left ventricle, the blood flows through theaortic semilunar valveto the ascending aorta, coronary arteries, and the remainder of the systemic circulation (D). The remainder of the choices are incorrect, as the anatomical order in which the blood flows during ventricular systole is not accurately reflected in these selections. Duringatrialsystole, blood flows from the right atrium through theright atrioventricular valve, or tricuspid valve, and from the left atrium through themitral valve, or bicuspid valve

The Correct Answer is: D
The stomach is normally angled with the fundus lying posteriorly and the body, pylorus, and duodenum inferior to the fundus and angling anteriorly. Therefore, when the patient ingests barium and lies AP recumbent, the heavy barium gravitates easily to the fundus and fills it. With the patient PA recumbent, barium gravitates inferiorly to the body, pylorus, and duodenum, displacing air into the fundus. (Frank, Long, and Smith, 11th ed., vol. 2, pp. 144-145)

D. gallbladder
Image B is an axial CT section of the abdomen with contrast. Structures demonstrated include the barium-filled stomach (number 1), the gallbladder (number 2), duodenum (number 3), pancreas (number 4), IVC (number 5), left adrenal gland (number 6), aorta (number 7), spleen (number 8), left kidney (number 9), right kidney (number 10), and liver (number 11).

D. Gastric fundus
The stomach is normally angled with the fundus lying posteriorly and the body, pylorus, and duodenum inferior to the fundus and angling anteriorly. Therefore, when the patient ingests barium and lies AP recumbent, the heavy barium gravitates easily to the fundus and fills it. With the patient PA recumbent, barium gravitates inferiorly to the body, pylorus, and duodenum, displacing air into the fundus. (Frank, Long, and Smith, 11th ed., vol. 2, pp. 144-145)

Sets with similar terms

Which position best demonstrate the hepatic flexure of the colon?

Which position should the patient be placed in to insert the enema tip for a barium enema?

Which flexure is open in the RPO position?

Where is the hepatic flexure of the large intestine situated?