Which of the following best describes community-based nursing? a. A philosophy that guides family-centered illness care b. providing care with a focus on the groups needs c. giving care with a focus on the aggregates needs d. a value system in which all clients receive optimal care Show ANS: ABy definition, community-based nursing is nursing that focuses on family-centered illness care to individuals and families in the community Which of the following best describes community-oriented nursing? a. Focusing on the provision of care to individuals and families b. Providing care to manage acute or chronic conditions c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their
family setting d. Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention ANS: D By definition, community-oriented nursing has the goal of preserving, protecting, or maintaining health to promote the quality of life. All nurses may focus on individuals and families, give direct care to ill persons within their family setting, and help manage acute or chronic conditions. Which of the following is the primary focus of public health nursing? a. Families and groups b. Illness-oriented care c. Individuals within the family unit d. Promotion of quality of life ANS: D The key difference between community-based and community-oriented nursing is that community-based nurses deal primarily with illness-oriented care, whereas community-oriented nursesor public health
nursesprovide health care to promote quality of life. Which of the following is responsible for the dramatic increase in life expectancy during the twentieth century? a. Technology increases in the field of medical laboratory research b. Advances in surgical techniques and procedures c. Sanitation and other public health activities d. Use of antibiotics to fight infections ANS: C Improvement in control of infectious diseases through immunizations, sanitation, and other public health activities led to the increase in life expectancy from less than 50 years in 1900 to more than 77 years in 2002. A nurse is developing a plan to decrease the number of premature deaths in the community. Which of the following interventions would most
likely be implemented by the nurse? a. Increase the communitys knowledge about hospice care. b. Promote healthy lifestyle behavior choices among the community members. c. Encourage employers to have wellness centers at each industrial site. d. Ensure timely and effective medical intervention and treatment for community members. ANS: B Public health approaches could help prevent about 70% of early deaths by influencing the way people
eat, drink, drive, engage in exercise, and treat the environment. Which of the following is a basic assumption of public health efforts? a. Health disparities among any groups are morally and legally wrong. b. Health care is the most important priority in government planning and funding. c. The health of individuals cannot be separated from the health of the community. d. The government is
responsible for lengthening the life span of Americans. ANS: C Public health can be described as what society collectively does to ensure that conditions exist in which people can be healthy. Which of the following actions would most likely be performed by a public health nurse? a. Asking community leaders what interventions should be
chosen b. Assessing the community and deciding on appropriate interventions c. Using data from the main health care institutions in the community to determine needed health services d. Working with community groups to create policies to improve the environment ANS: D Although the public health nurse might engage in any of the tasks listed, he or she works primarily with members of the community to carry out core public health functions, including assessment of the population as a whole and engaging in promoting health and improving the environment. Which of the following public health nurses most clearly fulfills the responsibilities of this role? a. The nurse who met with several groups to discuss community recreation issues b. The nurse who spent the day attending meetings of various health agencies c. The nurse who talked
to several people about their particular health concerns d. The nurse who watched the city council meeting on local cable television ANS: B Any of these descriptions might represent a nurse communicating, cooperating, or collaborating with community residents or groups about health concerns. However, the nurse who spent the day attending meetings of various health agencies is the most representative, because in public health, concerns
are broader than recreation, individual concerns are not as important as aggregate priorities, and watching television (a one-way form of communication) is less effective than interacting with others. Which of the following best defines aggregate? a. A large group of persons b. A collection of individuals and families c. A group of persons who share one or more characteristics d. Another name for
demographic group ANS: C An aggregate is defined as a collection of people who share one or more personal or environmental characteristics, such as geography or special interest. A registered nurse was just employed as a public health nurse. Which question would be the most relevant for the nurse to ask? a. Which groups are at the greatest
risk for problems? b. Which patients should I see first as I begin my day? c. With which physicians will I be most closely collaborating? d. With which nursing assistants will I partner the most? ANS: A Asking which groups are at greatest risk reflects a community-oriented perspective. The other possible responses reflect a focus on individuals. Making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available defines which of the core public health functions? a. Policy development b. Assessment c. Assurance d. Scientific knowledge-based care ANS: C Public health is based on scientific knowledge but is not a core function. The definition does not fit the terms assessment or policy development. When talking to a womens group at the senior citizens center, the nurse reminded them that the only way the center would be able to afford to provide transportation services for them would be for them to continue to write letters to their local city council representatives requesting funding for such a service. What was the nurse trying to accomplish through this action? a. Ensure that the women did not expect the nurse to solve their problem b.
Demonstrate that the nurse understood the womens concerns and needs c. Express empathy, support, and concern d. Help the women engage in political action ANS: D Public health nurses engage themselves and others in policy development and encourage and assist persons to communicate their needs to those with the power to take action. The
public health nurse has a clear vision of what needs to be done and where to begin to improve the health of the community. Why would the nurse spend time meeting with community groups to discuss the most important task to be addressed first? a. To increase the groups self-esteem b. To maintain communication links with the groups c. To make the groups feel good about their contribution d. To work with the groups, not for the groups ANS:
D Historically, health care providers have been accused of providing care for or to people without actually involving the recipients in the decisions. Public health nursing is a with the peoplenot a to the people or for the peopleapproach to planning. The nurse often has to make resource allocation decisions. Which of the following best describes the criterion the nurse should use in such cases? a.
The specific moral or ethical principle related to the situation b. The cheapest, most economical approach c. The most rational probable outcome d. The needs of the aggregate rather than a few individuals ANS: D Although all of the choices represent components of a decision that the nurse might consider, the dominant needs of the population outweigh the expressed needs of one or a few people. Which of the following actions best represents public health nursing? a. Assessing the effectiveness of the large high school health clinic b. Caring for clients in their home following their outpatient surgeries c. Providing care to children and their families at the school clinic d. Administering follow-up care for pediatric clients at an outpatient clinic ANS:
A A public health or population-focused approach would look at the entire group of children being served to determine whether available services are effective in achieving the goal of improving the health of the school population. Two nurses plan to walk under a huge downtown bridge where various homeless persons live. Why would the nurses go to such an unsafe area? a. To assess the needs of the
homeless who live there b. To demonstrate their courage and commitment c. To distribute some of their own surplus clothes to those who can use them d. To share with various churches and other charities what is needed ANS: A In most nursing practices, the client seeks out and requests assistance. In public health nursing, the nurse often reaches out to those who might benefit from a service or intervention, beginning with assessment
of needs. Which of the following variables have led to a stronger commitment to population-focused services? (Select all that apply.) a. Economic turmoil and demand for high-technology care b. Emergence of new or drug-resistant infectious diseases c. Emphasis on overall health care needs rather than only on acute care treatment d. Threat of bioterrorism ANS: B, C, D As overall health needs become the focus of care in the United States, a stronger commitment to population-focused services is emerging. Threats of bioterrorism, anthrax scares, and the emergence of modern-day epidemics have drawn attention to population-focused safety and services. Which of the following actions demonstrate(s) effective
public health nursing practice in the community? (Select all that apply.) a. Epidemiologic investigations examine the environment for health hazards. b. New services are organized where particular vulnerable populations live. c. Partnerships are established with community coalitions. d. Staff members at the public health agency continue to increase in number. ANS: A, B, C Evidence that public health nurses are practicing effectively
in the community would include these: organizing services where people live, work, play, and learn; working in partnerships and with coalitions; and participating in epidemiologic studies. Why are nurses increasingly providing care in clients homes rather than in hospitals? (Select all that apply.) a. Home care is less expensive. b. It is much more efficient to give care in the home. c. Nurses
prefer to give home care with individual attention. d. People prefer to receive care in their homes rather than in hospitals. ANS: A, D An increasing number of clients are receiving care in the home because it is less expensive and clients prefer to receive care in familiar and comfortable settings. It is not more efficient nor more convenient, since travel time has to be considered. Nurses differ as to their preferred employment
setting. A nurse is considering applying for a position as a public health nurse. Which of the following would be a reason this position would be appealing? a. Its autonomy and independence b. Its focus on acute care and immediately visible outcomes c. Its collaboration with other health care professionals d. Its flexibility and higher wages ANS: A In-patient acute care nurses (not public health nurses) focus on acute care with outcomes known fairly quickly. Unlike in-patient nursing, in which there are other health care professionals and staff with whom to interact, public health nursing is known for its autonomy and independence. The Elizabeth Poor Law of 1601 is similar to which current law? a. Welfare b. Food stamps
c. Medicaid d. Medicare The Poor Law guaranteed medical care for poor, blind, and lame individuals, similar to Medicaid. How did the Industrial Revolution result in previous caregiving approaches, such as care by families, friends, and neighbors, becoming inadequate? a. Economic and political wars resulted in frequent death and
injuries. b. Incredible plagues consistently and constantly swept the European continent. c. Migration and urbanization resulted in increased demand for care. d. Caregivers could easily find other employment, so they demanded to be paid. ANS: C Care became inadequate because of the social changes in Europe, with great advances in transportation, communication, and other technologies. The increased mobility led to migration and
urbanization, which in turn led to increased need for care. A colonist is working in the public health sector in early colonial America. Which of the following activities would have likely been completed? a. Establishing schools of nursing b. Developing vaccines to administer to large numbers of people c. Collecting vital statistics and improving sanitation d. Developing public housing and
almshouses ANS: C The other choices are events that happened after the colonial period. Why did American citizens become interested in establishing government-controlled boards of health? a. They were afraid of infectious diseases such as yellow fever. b. The government could force the poverty-stricken to accept care. c. Such boards could
tax and thereby ensure adequate funds to pay for care. d. Such a system would allow for accurate records of births and deaths. ANS: A Threat of disease, especially yellow fever, led to public interest in establishing government-sponsored, or official, boards of health. A nurse was employed by the Marine Hospital Service in 1800. Which
of the following interventions would the nurse most likely have completed? a. Setting policy on quarantine legislation for immigrants b. Establishing hospital-based programs to care for the sick at home c. Identifying and improving environmental conditions d. Providing health care for merchant seamen ANS: D Providing health care to seamen was an early effort by the federal government to improve public health. The purpose of the
Marine Hospital Service was to secure its maritime trade and seacoast cities. What was the outcome of the Shattuck Report? ANS: C It took 19 years for the first of Shattucks recommendations to be implemented, but his report was the first effort to create a modern public health organization. Which of the following nurses is famous for creating public health nursing in the United States? a. Florence
Nightingale b. Frances Root c. Lillian Wald d. Mrs. Solomon Loeb ANS: C Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement and later emerged as the established leader of public health nursing during its early decades. Which of the following would have been the focus of a school nurse in the early 20th century? a. Investigating causes
of absenteeism b. Teaching school as well as being a nurse c. Promoting nursing as an autonomous practice d. Providing medical treatment to enable children to return to school ANS: A Early school nursing focused on investigating causes of absenteeism, not providing medical treatment. That was the responsibility of physicians. 10. A
nurse is reviewing the original work of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. Which of the following accomplishments of today was started within this organization? a. Requiring that public health nurses have a baccalaureate degree in nursing b. Standardizing public health nursing education c. Developing nursing cooperatives d. Opening the Henry Street Settlement ANS: B The National Organization for Public Health
Nursing sought to standardize public health nursing. The Henry Street Settlement was already in existence. The baccalaureate degree in nursing was not developed yet. Why were nurses so unprepared for public health nursing in the early twentieth century? a. Community health nursing had not yet been created as a field. b. No one would teach the nurses how to engage in public health activities. c.
Nightingales textbook did not include content on public health nursing. d. Nurses were educated in diploma schools, which focused on hospital nursing. ANS: D Nursing school courses taught in diploma schools of nursing emphasized hospital care of patients; thus, nurses were unprepared for home visiting. A nurse is considering joining the
American Public Health Association. What information about this organization should be considered when making this decision? a. APHA focuses on the public health concerns of the medical profession. b. APHA represents concerns of nursing specialty practices. c. APHA provides a forum for nurses to discuss their public health concerns. d. APHA focuses on providing health promotion education to the public. ANS: C APHA was formed to
facilitate interprofessional efforts and promote the practical application of public hygiene. The Public Health Section within APHA provides nurses with a forum to discuss their concerns and strategies. It also serves as a focus of leadership and policy development for community/public health nursing. Why did the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company establish and retain for several years the first
community nursing health program for policyholders? a. Creating such a service was the morally correct thing to do. b. Employing nurses directly was less expensive than paying taxes to the city for the same purpose. c. Having the companys nurses make home visits increased worker morale. d. Having public health nurses visit policyholders and their families led to a decline in policyholder deaths, thus lowering costs for the insurance company. ANS: D Metropolitan Life saw an average decline of 7% in the mortality rate of policyholders and almost a 20% decline in the deaths of children. The insurance company attributed this improvement and the associated reduced costs to the visiting nurses. Which client would have been most likely to receive care from the Frontier Nursing Service? a. An injured soldier b. A homebound,
elderly male c. A woman in labor d. A child with measles ANS: C The Frontier Nursing Service nurses were trained in nursing public health and midwifery and provided care to rural and inaccessible areas, which led to reduced mortality. A public health nurse is determining what type of programming should be developed for the community.
Which of the following is the most crucial factor that will influence program development? a. Comprehensive assessment and planning done in the community b. Documented needs of the local community c. Federal funding for priority diseases or groups d. Nursing staffs expertise and skills ANS: C Programs are designed to fit funding priorities; thus, the areas supported by Congress determine the categories in which most effort is focused
locally. A nursing student during World War II would likely join which group? a. The Public Health Service of New York City b. The Marine Nurse Corps c. The Frontier Nursing Service d. The Cadet Nurse Corps ANS: D The Bolton Act of 1943 established the Cadet Nurse Corps during World War II, which increased enrollment in schools of
nursing at undergraduate and graduate levels. A public health nurse is compiling information about how to promote early detection of breast cancer in women. Which document would most likely provide useful information about this topic? a. The Future of Public Health b. Healthy People 2020 c. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act d. Scope and Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice ANS: B The Healthy People documents propose a national strategy to improve significantly the health of Americans by preventing or delaying the onset of major chronic illnesses, injuries, and infectious diseases. A public health nurse is involved in health care reform. Which of the following best explains why the nurse is involved in these
efforts? a. To promote the nursing profession b. To increase funding for public health nursing c. To address the concerns of nurses d. To help improve health care access ANS: D Public health nurses have been involved in health care reform for several years. An emphasis of reform is that health promotion and disease prevention appear to yield reduction in costs and illness/injury incidence while increasing years of healthy life.
How did Florence Nightingale help bring about community health nursing? (Select all that apply.) a. She convinced socially prominent wealthy women to volunteer to give care. b. She focused on all soldiers and their environment. c. She interacted with each individual person, assessing his or her needs and acting to meet those needs. d. She kept careful records on what was done and what were the results.
ANS: B, D Nightingale progressively improved the soldiers health using a population-based approach that improved both environmental conditions and nursing care. Using simple epidemiology measures, she documented a decreased mortality rate to demonstrate the outcomes. A nurse working with Mary Breckinridge would have likely assisted
with: (Select all that apply.) a. Establishing the Henry Street Settlement b. Developing health programs geared toward improving the health care of the rural populations c. Blazing a nursing trail through the Rockies, providing nursing care to miners and their families d. Ensuring positive outcomes for pregnancies among women in the Appalachian region ANS: B, D Mary Breckinridge developed health programs geared toward improving the
health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations in the Appalachian regions of southern Kentucky. Breckinridge introduced the first nurse-midwives into the United States when she deployed FNS nurses trained in nursing, public health, and midwifery. Their efforts led to reduced pregnancy complications and maternal mortality, and to one-third fewer stillbirths and infant deaths in an area of 700 square miles. Lillian Wald established the Henry Street Settlement. How did nursing education change in the 1950s? (Select all that apply.) a. Baccalaureate nursing programs typically included public health nursing concepts. b. Diploma schools of nursing continued to expand their student numbers. c. Junior and community colleges began offering nursing programs. d. Nurses were strongly encouraged to have a scientific basis for their practice. ANS: A, C In the 1950s public health nursing became a required part of most baccalaureate nursing education programs. In 1952 nursing education programs began in junior and community colleges. How did health care and its delivery change during the 1980s? (Select all that apply.) a. Funding to public health increased as funding for acute hospital care decreased. b. Laws began to be
passed that discouraged the use of alcohol, drugs, and tobacco. c. Nurse practitioners were increasingly used to provide care. d. Public health programs suffered reduced political support, financing, and effectiveness. ANS: B, C, D During the 1980s funding began to shift to meet the costs of acute hospital care, medical procedures, and institutional long-term care. The use of health maintenance organizations was encouraged, and the
use of nurse practitioners increased. Consumer and professional advocacy groups urged the passage of laws to prohibit unhealthy practices such as smoking and driving under the influence of alcohol. By the late 1980s, public health had declined in political support, financing, and effectiveness. Preserve Protect Promote Health Prevent Disease Public health: public health
focuses on health. What we, as a society, do collectively is assure the conditions in which people can be healthy. The mission of public health is to generate organized community effort to address the public interest in health by applying scientific and technical knowledge to prevent disease and promote health. Remember: the health of individuals cannot be separated from the health of the community. Public health nurse: Assessing the
population health needs Diagnose and develop policy in relation to community health needs Plan for the community as a whole in order to prevent disease and disability and preserve the health of the community. Ex: after an illness outbreak, the public health nurse will assess the need and develop a program for an immunization clinic Implementing the plan means the nurse ensures the resources are available to all who need them within the community Evaluate the health status of the whole community
and whether planned goals and objectives were met Community- Oriented Nursing Practice Community- Oriented Nursing Practice is a philosphy of nursing service delivery that involves the generalist or public health specialist and community health nurse. The nurse provides "healthcare" through community diagnosis and investigation of major health and
environmental problems, health surveillance, and monitoring and evaluation of community and population health status with the goal of preventing disease and disability and promoting projecting, and maintaining health. The focus of care is the community. The community is the client. Community oriented nursing practice involves: Active participation of people in the community Consensus building among diverse populations within the community Allocation of resources (money to increase outcomes that
saves money in the long run) Community nurse: Deliver health services to individuals, groups and families Work to promote health and prevent illness in groups and families with the main goal being to increase community health Ex: meeting with a group of young mothers to provide information on immunizations Implementation is based on individual needs. Ex: new diabetic who is kinesthetic learner would be taught how to give injections
by practicing on an orange Evaluate whether health needs were met on the individual, family, or group level Community based nursing is the provision/assurance of personal illness care to individuals and families in the community (illness care). The aim is to manage acute and chronic health conditions in the community. Community Health Nursing/Public Health nursing Community Health Nursing/Public Health nursing has been used interchangeably since the 1980's. It is a synthesis of nursing and public health theory applied to promoting and preserving the health of the populations by the delivery of health services to individuals, families, and groups in order to impact "community health". The practice is general and comprehensive with the dominant responsibility to the
population as a whole. Community health nursing includes the delivery of personal health services to individuals, families, and groups in the areas of school health, home health, hospice, public health, primary health care, occupational health, parish health, etc. To prevent disease and disability, the public health nurse partners with the community to carry out the public health functions. How to
Distinguish the Specialty of Public Health Nursing Specialist Public health nursing is a synthesis of nursing and public health to promote, preserve and maintain the health of populations through disease and disability prevention and health protection of the community as a “whole” (regardless of whether they do or do not have access to health care) Core competencies are: Assessment of the health of populations Development of policies
to support the health of populations and Ensuring that essential health services are available to all persons. Public health nursing is considered a subspecialty of community health nursing Public health nurses are considered specialists and usually have a graduate or doctorate degree. Public health nurse specialists include directors of nursing in health departments or directors of health departments Public Health Nurse Specialist focus: Population focused: primary emphasis is on Populations that live in the community, as opposed to those that are institutionalized. Problems or needs are defined and implemented for aggregates. Community-oriented: Concern for the connection between health status of the population and the environment in which the population lives (physical, biological, sociocultural) An imperative
to work with members of the community to carry out core public health functions. Public health nurse specialist focus: Health and preventive focus: predominant emphasis on strategies for health promotion, health maintenance, and disease prevention, particularly primary and secondary prevention. Interventions at the community and/or
population level: The use of political processes to affect public policy is a major intervention strategy for achieving goals. Concern for the health of all members of the population or community, particular vulnerable sub-populations: attention is given to the population as a whole, regardless of whether those within the population do or do not access the health care system. Areas of study to Prepare the Public Health Staff Nurse epidemiology skills to effect organizational change measurement of health status and organizational change how people connect to organizations environmental health policy negotiation, collaboration, communication advocacy data analysis, statistics health economics interdisciplinary teams program evaluation coalition building population-based principles, interventions politics of health how to build on differences, diversity quality-improvement approach Eight Principles of Public Health Nursing The client or “unit of care” is the population The primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people or the population as a whole Working with the clients as an equal partner primary prevention is the priority in
selecting appropriate activities… Selecting strategies that create health environmental, social, and economic conditions in which populations may thrive in the focus. There is an obligation to actively reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity or service optimal use of available resources to assure the best overall improvement in the health of the population is a key element of the practice. collaboration with a variety of other professions, organizations and entities is the
most effective way to promote and protect the health of people public health nurses work with community members to carry out public health functions Wellness-Illness Continuum. The goal is to move closer to the wellness end of the continuum through individual, group, community, national, and worldwide efforts to improve personal and
environmental health. Squares= illness Circles= wellness Wellness is a process, never a static state. The Illness-Wellness Continuum illustrates the relationship of the treatment paradigm to the wellness paradigm. On the illness-wellness continuum, the level of illness increases as one moves toward disability or death; the level of wellness increases as one moves toward optimal health. This continuum shows the relative nature of health. At any given time a person can be placed at some point
along the continuum. Created by Dr. John Travis: high level wellness involves giving good care to your physical self, using your mind constructively, expressing your emotions effectively, being creatively involved with those around you, and being concerned about your physical, psychological and spiritual environments. Promotion: includes all efforts and services designed to move people closer to an optimal level of well-being or to
higher levels of wellness increase span of a healthy life for all people reduce disparities in health among population groups offer preventive services for all people Prevention: anticipates and averts problems or discovers them as early as possible to minimize possible disability and impairment primary (health teaching and preventing illness or injuries from occurring) secondary (early diagnosis and treatment or intervention) tertiary
(initiated to minimize disability and help restore function in existing health problems) Treatment focuses on the illness end of the wellness-illness continuum provides direct services to people with health problems (e.g., a neighborhood health center that provides health screening, education, and referral services) offers indirect services that help people obtain treatment (e.g.c the advocacy role of all health team members and
information and referral services develops programs to correct unhealthy conditions (e.g., initiate a substance abuse treatment center, develop new regulations to eliminate water pollution in a community lake) Rehabilitation: seeks to reduce disability and if possible, restore function individuals (e.g., physical and occupational therapy for people with chronic and debilitative disease, and for an aging population [rehabilitative and
long-term services]) Groups and communities (e.g., groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous, ostomy clubs, or the creation of a park in a vacant inner city lot) Evaluation: analyzes, judges, evaluates, and improves community health practice according to established goals and standards individual: are client outcomes being reached? program: are goals meeting the needs of the target population? Community health nursing is population-focused approach to planning, delivering, and evaluating nursing care. Research: systematically explores the effects of community health and practice through scientific investigations and epidemiology Professional Nursing Practice
Professional Nursing Practice: A direct service, goal directed and adaptable to the needs of the individual, family, and community during illness and health. Humans are both its focus and the recipient of its activities. Concern of nursing is the identification of health-related needs of people, whether it be individuals, family, or larger groups. This is regardless of age or setting. Goals: The promotion of health Maintenance and restoration of wellness Prevention of illness Care and support
through illness and/or the dying process Public Health The science and art of applying knowledge and skills from medicine and allied sciences in an organized community effort to maintain and improve the health of groups and individuals. Intent is clearly to reduce the prevalence, incidence, mortality and debility from diseases and disabilities, and to promote the general health of people. Focus: community as an entity with emphasis
on prevention and health promotion. Populations or aggregates is a collection of individuals who have one or more personal or environmental characteristics in common. Community health is primarily focused on populations and moves beyond the provision of direct care to individuals and families. Concerned with distinct and overlapping subpopulations
(e.g., teenagers, teenagers who are pregnant, teenagers in gangs, pregnant teenagers in gangs) Provided to those who seek out health services as well as for those who do not Considered a unified whole when solving problems or promoting health Frequently receive care in community health practice (the students in a school, elderly in a senior center, workers in a factory, and families in a housing development) Services determined by a needs assessment, collaborative plan, implementation, and
scientific evaluation The focus of population-focused practice is that problems or needs are defined and solutions are implemented to aggregates a group of people integrated, interacting, and interdependent. Families may be the unit of service in the community because of certain high-risk behaviors or for individualized care giving that focuses on family growth, health promotion, or health maintenance. High-risk lifestyle behaviors
that jeopardize individual health chronic illnesses communicable diseases environmental issues needing investigation and/or resolution Individual:one member of a family or a group. Although the individual may be the focus of care, his/her level of health influences others, and affects the extent of nursing care. founded the American Statistical Society and in 1850 called for the gov't to improve sanitary and social conditions to reduce disease and death. Focused on keeping vital statistics, providing environmental, food, and communicable disease info. As a result of his recommendations guidelines for modern public health organizations were eventually developed. How many hours required for Community Health Nurses? 1500 hours of practice in the community health filed in the past 3 years primary caregiver or clinician provides health services to individuals, families, groups, and populations with a distinct difference from basic nursing wrote a report on the unsanitary conditions among poor persons in England considers a broad range of interacting needs that affect the collective health of the "client" as a larger system or provides services for uninsured woman 1855: Florence Nightingale a trained nurse, the founder of modern nursing; returned from her nursing leadership in the Crimean War and became influential in the development of nursing and nursing education, in addition to her role as nurse researcher and author. Used a population based approach which led to improvements in environmental conditions. In the US the first nursing schools opened based on Nightingale's successes. focuses on health promotion and the prevention of illness, especially in high risk groups and those interested in achieving a higher level of wellness expansion of nursing skills involves skills, such as observation, assessment, listening, communication, counseling, environmental awareness, collaboration, epidemiology and bio statistics, research, program evaluation, administration, leadership, and being an effective change agent. 1859: William Rathbone: member of house of Reps. He brought whatever Nightingale to parliament in order to make change. wealthy englishman, was so pleased with the home care of his dying wife, promoted the establishment of a district nursing service. He corresponded regularly with Nightingale and implemented her ideas in the services provided. acts on behalf of clients to help them achieve their rights, plead their cause, understand expected services, and partake in a complex health care delivery system. discusses with a client which services are appropriate to meet his/her needs. works jointly with others in a common endeavor and cooperate as partners. Success depends on multi-professional and interdisciplinary collegiality exercises administrative direction toward the accomplishment of specified goals by using steps in the management process: planning, organizing, leading, case manager represents a shift in health care delivery form institutions to the community level founder of the Henry Street Settlement and the Visiting Nurse Service of NYC, first coined the term public health nurse.
Instrumental in creating community Health Nursing in the U.S. founder and first president of the national organization of public health nursing 1912 and standardized public health nursing education. Community-oriented nursing began with the recognition that organizations needed to be formed to meet urban health needs. founder of Henry Street Settlement house: lived in an impoverished area and worked with families. She first coined "public health nursing". First president and she standardized
public health nursing. Certification for community health nurses through the american Nurses Credentialing Center. It requires (1500 hrs of practice in the community health filed in the past 3 years). The purpose of certification is to assure the public that nurses have had their credentials verified through examination. Entry-level community health nurses must have BSN. What would increase life expectancy in the 20th century? Three public health core functions are: assessment, policy development, and assurance systematic data collection on the population, monitoring the population's health status, and making info available about the health of the community refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population, including using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions. making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available. These services might include providing essential personal health services for those who would otherwise not receive them. Assurance also includes making sure that a competent public health and personal health care workforce is available. Assessment questions to ask What are the major health problems in this community? Which population groups are at greatest risk? How are risks distributed geographically? What services need to be provided but are unavailable? What is the level of quality of the available and needed services? What do citizens think their most pressing health needs are? Are the most pressing health needs considered to be the same by both providers and citizens? What is the history of agency collaboration and cooperation in this community? primary prevention: the public health nurse develops a health education program for a population of school-age children that teaches them about the effects of smoking on health. the public health nurse provides toxin screenings for migrant workers who may be exposed to pesticides the public health nurse provides a diabetic clinic for a defined population of adults in a low-income housing unit of the community Metropolitan Life Insurance Company in 1909, Lee Frankel and Lillian Wald established the first public health nursing program for life insurance policyholders at the Metropolitan Life Insurance company. She advocated that nurses at agencies such as the Henry St Settlement provide complex nursing care. Wald convinced the company that it would be more economical to use the services of public health nurses than to employ their own nurses. She also convinced them that svs could be available to anyone desiring them, with fees graduated according to the ability to pay. This nursing service designed by Wald continued for 44 yrs and contributed several significant accomplishments to public health nursing. 1. providing home nursing care on a fee-for-service basis 2. establishing an effective cost-accounting system for visiting nurses 3. using advertisements in newspapers and on radio to recruit nurses 4. reducing mortality from infectious diseases Nurses influencing public policy by advocating for the Children's Bureau and the Sheppard-Towner Program. This addressed national problems of maternal and child welfare. greatest good for the most amount of people for the least amt of money. Which of the following best describes primary prevention?Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.
Which health care service represents a primary level of prevention?Infant car seats and immunizations are examples of primary prevention.
Which one is the best example of primary prevention?Primary prevention includes those preventive measures that come before the onset of illness or injury and before the disease process begins. Examples include immunization and taking regular exercise to prevent health problems developing in the future.
What is primary health care in public health?"PHC is a whole-of-society approach to health that aims at ensuring the highest possible level of health and well-being and their equitable distribution by focusing on people's needs and as early as possible along the continuum from health promotion and disease prevention to treatment, rehabilitation and palliative ...
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Which of the following public health service best represents primary health prevention?
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