Terms in this set (85)Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience. "growth" "learning" Cabe pulls a muscle in his leg. His doctor asks him to apply ice on the injury. Even though he does not like to apply cold packs, Cabe does it because he feels instant relief from the pain. In the given scenario, the relief from pain is a positive punishment. negative reinforcer. When people start learning to drive a car, they already know the basic elements of driving from previous experience as passengers. It is likely that they have already noticed how the key is inserted into the ignition, the car is put in drive, and the gas pedal is pressed to make the car move forward. Acquiring knowledge of the basic elements of driving illustrates latent learning. latent learning. Which of the following scenarios exemplifies stimulus generalization? Margie learns to draw by watching her older brother draw. Ethan does not eat any kind of mushroom, because as a child he ate a mushroom growing in his yard and fell sick. The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called reinforcement. reinforcement. Which of the following is NOT associated with Skinner? Skinner
box Conditioned stimulus Little Henry knows that when he goes shopping with Mommy and throws a tantrum, he never gets a treat. However, he also knows that if he throws a tantrum when Dad takes him, Dad always gives in. Little Henry is demonstrating renewal. discrimination. Melvin is a new fifth-grade teacher. Unfortunately, many of his new students have a history of failing to complete their assignments. He wants to encourage his students to complete all of their assignments and to do well on them. From a behavioral perspective, Melvin should punish all the students if some do not complete their work. reinforce gradual approximations to the desired goal of completing 100% of the assignments. "Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of reward. effect. Kevin used to cry, whine, throw temper tantrums, and eventually start screaming in the department store whenever he wanted a toy. His mother would resist initially but when he would start screaming she would give in. Eventually, Kevin started with the screaming to get his toy. Kevin is demonstrating the law of effect. the law of effect. June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, which she has learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served. The cat does not run when a blender is used, although it sounds similar. June's cat is demonstrating stimulus discrimination. discrimination. Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? getting a speeding ticket getting a speeding ticket According to classical conditioning, learning occurs on the presentation of
punishments. is the unthinking, mechanical, and automatic acquisition of associations between stimuli and responses. A(n) ________ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions. algorithm cognitive map Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be picked up if he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Simon whenever he cries is a ________ for the baby. positive punisher positive reinforcer Cecil turns off all the lights in his house to avoid a huge electric bill. Cecil's behavior is an example of positive reinforcement. negative reinforcement. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? A new toy Candy The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was Freud. Skinner. In operant conditioning the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior. the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior. ________ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest. Neutral Neutral Fred's parents are very inconsistent. Most of the time Fred climbs on the furniture without receiving any reprimands; however, sometimes he is punished for this behavior. Fred's parents cannot understand why he is not a better behaved child. Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a ________ schedule. fixed ratio partial reinforcement Which process determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated? Motor reproduction Reinforcement Gary takes his car to the auto shop for routine maintenance every 3,000 miles. He is trying to avoid a major repair bill in the future. His behavior demonstrates avoidant punishment. negative reinforcement. Which of the following statements is true of variable-interval schedules? Responding occurs at a high, but unsteady rate. Responding occurs at a steady rate. Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. From your study of psychology, you quickly surmise that the bears have undergone an extensive ________ program. secondary
reinforcement shaping On the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you have passed on several occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway. Several weeks later, there is a major accident on your usual travel route so you take this alternate route home. This is an example of ________ learning. latent latent ________ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. Conditioned Unconditioned Emma is a video-game programmer. She writes the code for a game in which players are awarded five points every time they complete three tasks in the game. The players are also awarded five points at midnight every day. In the context of operant conditioning, the award of five points follows the ________ of reinforcement. fixed-interval and variable-interval schedules fixed-ratio and fixed-interval schedules For the past month, Larry has been grounded each time he hits his little brother. Lately, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother has decreased. Grounding Larry is an example of negative punishment. negative punishment. David earns $1,000 every time his sales reach $100,000. For David, the bonus is an example of ________ reinforcement.
renewal positive Josh has a crush on the girl at the movie rental store. He knows that she works every Thursday afternoon, so he only visits the store on Thursdays. Josh is operating on a ________ schedule. variable interval fixed interval A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid? Fixed ratio Fixed ratio Many people experience hunger pangs at the sight of McDonald's golden arches. In the context of classical conditioning, the golden arches are a(n) ________ and the hunger pangs on seeing the arches are a(n) ________. neutral
stimulus; unconditioned response conditioned stimulus; conditioned response Jamie plays an adventure video game in which a magic sword appears sometimes to help him score more points. The appearance of the sword is not dependent on Jamie's performance in the game. He does not know when the sword will appear, so he is always prepared to grab it. In the context of operant conditioning, the appearance of the magic sword illustrates a ________ of reinforcement. fixed-interval schedule variable-interval schedule Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated the phenomenon of vicarious reinforcement. latent learning. You don't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time you hold a door for the person behind you. It is acknowledged sometimes. Door-holding is reinforced on a(n) ________reinforcement schedule. fixed partial A ________ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. stimulant reinforcer Mary is a teacher in an inner-city school that is considered "at-risk" because of low student achievement scores. She notices that most of the students believe that academic ability or intelligence is a fixed, innate ability. What can Mary expect from students given this mind-set? They will not be active in after-school programs. They will exhibit learned helplessness in academically challenging situations. ________ is a technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. Behavior modification Behavior modification If, through experience, you come to the conclusion that all things are beyond your control and therefore you should not even try, you are exhibiting operant conditioning. learned helplessness. According to the cognitive learning theory, a new behavior cannot be learned until some incentive is provided. people develop an expectation that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response. The schedules of reinforcement that yield the highest response rates are fixed-ratio and variable-interval schedules. variable-ratio and fixed-ratio schedules. Which of the following types of learning explains phenomena such as crying at the sight of a bride walking down the aisle, fearing the dark, and falling in love? cognitive learning classical conditioning Shirley refuses to put her name up for a promotion because she knows she will not get the job anyway. This is an example of learned helplessness. learned helplessness. Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as observational learning. observational learning. What principles of learning do behavior modification programs rely on in order to help people change? Insight Operant Carol gives her dog, Oscar, a treat each time he sits on command. Carol is using a ________ schedule to train her dog to sit on command. fixed interval continuous reinforcement The process of teaching a complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called shaping. shaping. In Sweden, it is illegal for parents to spank their children. Since the laws were passed, youth rates of crime have remained the same. remained the same. Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt first used a ________ schedule, and then a ________ schedule to train Buster. continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example? negative punishment—Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance positive punishment—Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A theorist who studies operant conditioning would term such signals conditioned stimuli. discriminative stimuli. Kayla is selling her Girl Scout cookies in the neighborhood. She never knows how many houses she will have to visit before she sells all of her cookies. Kayla is operating on a ________ schedule. fixed ratio variable ratio A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number. by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number. Which of the following is the response most parents give when asked why they physically punish their children? The child is "bad" and needs to be punished. The parent was spanked as a child and his or her child also needs strong discipline. Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement? Now and then, a café announces a two-for-one deal. A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage. In Pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) was ________; the neutral stimulus was ________; and, finally, the conditioned stimulus (CS) was ________. meat; meat; the bell meat; the bell; the bell Noah's mother gives him a dollar every Friday evening if he finishes his chores for the week without being reminded. He diligently finishes his chores every week, and he uses the money to buy candies over the weekend. In the given scenario, the weekly allowance acts as a(n) neutral stimulus. secondary reinforcer.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of punishment? It is ineffective if an individual is able to leave the setting in which the punishment is being given. It is ineffective if an individual is able to leave the setting in which the punishment is being given. ________ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus. Positive punishment Positive punishment Dr. Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his course site. Which of the following is the most effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed? 1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed 1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in her paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap. The change in your cat's behavior illustrates habituation. habituation. Mrs. Martin, a third-grade teacher, is instructing cursive writing. At first, she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on, though, she reinforces only well-formed letters. By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters, Mrs. Martin is using discrimination training. shaping As a child, Tim loved salami sandwiches but was not particularly fond of dill pickles. However, his mother would always serve the pickles with salami sandwiches. Now, the sight of even an empty dill pickle jar makes his mouth water. In the context of classical conditioning, the pickle jar is a(n) ________ and salami is a(n) ________. neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus In what way does learned taste aversion not seem to follow the basic principles of classical conditioning? Learned taste aversion takes longer to develop than do most classical conditioning processes. Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing. The term reward is associated with negative reinforcement only. positive reinforcement only. Identify a true statement about latent learning. It is directly associated with fulfilling biological needs. It does not require prior reinforcement. In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus becomes a neutral stimulus. elicits a particular response without having been learned. Every time 5-year-old Peter picked up his toys, his mother gave him a penny. After some time, she stopped giving him pennies to pick up his toys. Over the next few weeks, Peter gradually stopped asking for pennies. Three months later, when Peter picked up his toys, he asked his mother for a penny. In the given scenario, Peter asking for a penny after a period of 3 months exemplifies extinction. spontaneous recovery. Identify the type of consequence that is correctly matched with an example.
negative punishment—Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints. negative reinforcement—Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following statements is true of reinforcement? A fixed-ratio schedule produces a steady stream of responses. Behavior lasts longer after reinforcement stops when it is learned under a partial reinforcement schedule. Which of the following is a characteristic of people with an analytical learning style? They perceive information as part of the total picture. They have a good memory for abstract ideas. Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete. Which plan below is incorrectly matched with the related schedule? 1 bonus point for every two online practice quizzes completed—fixed-ratio 1 bonus point awarded randomly, either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students who have taken the test within the first week—variable-interval As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if they complete their assigned household chores by the end of the day. Such praise is an example of primary reinforcement positive reinforcement Which of the following statements is true of learned taste aversion? It illustrates the social cognitive approach to learning. It can occur even with a gap of up to 8 hours between exposure to the stimulus and the response. Which of the following statements is true of primary reinforcers? They work only if they can help fulfill needs other than biological needs. They work naturally, regardless of a person's previous experience Caroline is playing in the snow in her yard. Her father calls her to come inside the house as it is getting late. Caroline does not want to go inside and ignores her father. After a while, she starts to feel cold and goes inside the house to keep warm. In the given scenario, the feeling of warmth is a neutral stimulus. primary reinforcer. Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? yelling at your spouse for being irresponsible demoting an employee for poor job performance Recall Tolman and Honzik's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run through a maze. Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. According to cognitive learning theorists, the reduction in errors indicated that the former group of rats had developed a cognitive map of the maze. had developed a cognitive map of the maze. ________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology. Thorndike Pavlov Which of the following types of learning applies to involuntary behavior? classical conditioning classical conditioning Ramona takes her 4-year-old daughter to a park. While her daughter plays in the sand pit, Ramona sits and chats with her friends. When she hears two girls fighting, she does not worry as she recognizes that it's not her daughter's voice. The given scenario illustrates stimulus generalization. stimulus discrimination. Those with an analytical learning style are easily influenced by others' opinions. first analyze the various components underlying an object or situation. A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low. that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low. Mandy has a habit of buying lottery tickets every day. She won her first lottery when she was a freshman in college. Three months after her first win, she won another lottery. She won her third lottery two years later when she was a junior. She wants to stop buying tickets but cannot resist doing so as her winnings act as reinforcement for her buying behavior. In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following reinforcement schedules do the lottery winnings illustrate? a variable-ratio schedule a variable-ratio schedule Other sets by this creatorAntibiotics Relationship5 terms Mekirin_Rumo M11 - Antibiotics52 terms Mekirin_Rumo M10 - Disease Principle and Pathogenicity Pt226 terms Mekirin_Rumo Histology of Osseous Tissue6 terms Mekirin_Rumo Verified questionsquestion How can a hostile acquirer get around a poison pill? Verified answer
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HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions
Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, Being13th EditionMichael R Solomon 449 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions What is true about taste aversion learning?Taste-aversion learning is widespread among animals. It is a learned pattern of aversion to a specific food. The ability to learn food aversion has been favored by natural selection and helps animals avoid poisonous foods.
Which of the following is true about conditioned taste aversion?Which of the following statements regarding conditioned taste aversions is true? Repeated pairings between the CS and UCS are needed in order to establish a conditioned taste aversion. Conditioned taste aversions can be induced in human beings, but not in lower animals.
Which of the following statements is true of associative learning quizlet?Which of the following statements is true of associative learning? It occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.
What is a conditioned taste aversion quizlet?A conditioned taste aversion involves the avoidance of a certain food following a period of illness after consuming that food.
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Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true Quizlet
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