Which of the following statements is true about the ethnic groups of the united states?

October 2019 Report 1082

In 2018, the overall unemployment rate (jobless rate) for the United States was 3.9 percent; however, the rate varied across race and ethnicity groups. Among the race groups, jobless rates were higher than the national rate for American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent), Blacks or African Americans (6.5 percent), people categorized as being of Two or More Races (5.5 percent), and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (5.3 percent). Jobless rates were lower than the national rate for Asians (3.0 percent) and Whites (3.5 percent). The rate for people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at 4.7 percent, was higher than the rate of 3.7 percent for non-Hispanics.

Labor market differences among the race and ethnicity groups are associated with many factors, not all of which are measurable. These factors include variations in educational attainment across the groups; the occupations and industries in which the groups work; the geographic areas of the country in which the groups are concentrated, including whether they tend to reside in urban or rural settings; and the degree of discrimination encountered in the workplace.

This report describes the labor force characteristics and earnings patterns among the largest race and ethnicity groups living in the United States—Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics—and provides detailed data through a set of supporting tables. The report also contains a limited amount of data on American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, people who are of Two or More Races, detailed Asian groups, and detailed Hispanic groups. Estimates of these additional groups are not included in all tables because of their relatively small sample sizes.

The data were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly survey of about 60,000 households that is a rich source of information on the labor force. For definitions of terms and concepts used in this report, see the technical notes. Additional information about the CPS can be found at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.

The sections that follow highlight some of the major findings on the labor force characteristics of race and ethnicity groups in 2018.

Composition of the labor force

By race, Whites made up the majority of the labor force (78 percent). Blacks and Asians constituted an additional 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively. American Indians and Alaska Natives made up 1 percent of the labor force, while Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders accounted for less than 1 percent. People of Two or More Races made up 2 percent of the labor force (as computed from table 1).

Among Asians participating in the labor force, the largest group was Asian Indian, making up 24 percent of all Asians. Chinese made up 22 percent, followed by Filipinos (15 percent), Vietnamese (11 percent), Koreans (7 percent), and Japanese (5 percent). The remainder (16 percent) were classified as Other Asians, a category that includes individuals in an Asian group not listed above—such as Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups (as computed from table 2). Seventeen percent of the labor force were people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, who may be of any race. The majority of Hispanics in the labor force were White (89 percent), 4 percent were Black, and 1 percent were Asian. (See table 2.) By detailed ethnicity, the majority of Hispanics in the labor force were Mexican (61 percent). Central Americans made up another 10 percent. Eight percent of Hispanics were Puerto Rican, 7 percent were South American, and 4 percent were Cuban. An additional 9 percent were classified as Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino.

Labor force participation

Among the race and ethnicity groups, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders (68.5 percent), people of Two or More Races (66.6 percent), and Hispanics (66.3 percent) had the highest labor force participation rates. American Indians and Alaska Natives (59.6 percent) had the lowest rate. The participation rate for Asians was 63.5 percent; Whites, 62.8 percent; and Blacks, 62.3 percent. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 4, and 4A, and chart 1.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (80.2 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were the other groups, while Blacks (68.0 percent) were the least likely. The labor force participation rate for Asian men (74.9 percent) was higher than the rate for White men (71.8 percent). Among adult women (20 years and older), Blacks (62.4 percent) were more likely to participate in the labor force than were Hispanics (59.4 percent), Asians (58.6 percent), and Whites (57.6 percent). Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Asians (19.6 percent) were less likely to participate in the labor force than were Whites (37.2 percent), Hispanics (32.5 percent), and Blacks (30.5 percent). (See table 3.)

Employment

The employment–population ratio (the proportion of the population that is employed) ranged from 55.6 percent for American Indians and Alaska Natives to 64.9 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders. The employment–population ratio was 58.3 percent for Blacks, 60.7 percent for Whites, 61.6 percent for Asians, 62.9 percent for individuals of Two or More Races, and 63.2 percent for Hispanics. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 5, and 5A.)

Among adult men (20 years and older) in the largest race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics (77.1 percent) continued to have the highest employment–population ratio. Black men (63.7 percent) had the lowest, also continuing a longstanding pattern. The employment–population ratios for Asian men and White men were 72.8 percent and 69.5 percent, respectively. Among adult women, the ratios showed less variation across the major race and ethnicity groups: 59.0 percent for Blacks, 56.9 percent for Asians, 56.6 percent for Hispanics, and 55.8 percent for Whites. (See table 3.)

The employment–population ratio among teenagers (16 to 19 years) continued to be higher for Whites than for Hispanics, Asians, or Blacks. The ratio for White teens (33.0 percent) was about 15 percentage points higher than the ratio for Asian teens (17.9 percent), about 9 percentage points higher than for Black teens (23.8 percent), and about 5 percentage points higher than for Hispanic teens (27.8 percent).

Educational attainment

Among people 25 years and older, the share of the labor force with at least a high school diploma was more than 90 percent each for Whites, Blacks, and Asians. Seventy-six percent of Hispanics in the labor force had attained at least a high school diploma. Asians were the most likely of the groups to have graduated from college: 63 percent of Asians in the labor force had a bachelor’s degree and higher, compared with 41 percent of Whites, 31 percent of Blacks, and 21 percent of Hispanics (computed from table 6 and chart 2).

Higher levels of education are generally associated with a greater likelihood of employment, and a lower likelihood of unemployment. For almost all major race and ethnicity groups, jobless rates for people with a bachelor’s degree and higher were generally lower than for other levels of educational attainment. (See table 6.)

Individuals with higher levels of education are more likely to be employed in higher paying jobs—such as those in management, professional, and related occupations—than are individuals with less education. Median earnings of people 25 years and older increased with educational attainment across all major race and ethnicity groups. Among full-time wage and salary workers, median usual weekly earnings for Blacks ($1,065) and Hispanics ($1,101) with a bachelor’s degree and higher were lower than Asians ($1,465) and Whites ($1,342). (See table 17.)

Occupation

Fifty-four percent of employed Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations—the highest paying major occupational category—compared with 41 percent of employed Whites, 31 percent of employed Blacks, and 22 percent of employed Hispanics. (See table 7 and chart 3.)

Among employed men, 55 percent of Asians worked in management, professional, and related occupations, compared with 37 percent of Whites, 26 percent of Blacks, and 19 percent of Hispanics. About 20 percent of employed Black and Hispanic men were employed in service occupations, whereas 13 percent of both employed Asian and White men worked in these occupations. Employed Black and Hispanic men also were more likely than White and Asian men to work in production, transportation, and material moving occupations. Twenty-eight percent of employed Hispanic men worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations, compared with 18 percent of White men, 12 percent of Black men, and 6 percent of Asian men. (See table 7.)

Employed Asian women were more likely than other employed women to work in management, professional, and related occupations: 53 percent of Asian women, compared with 45 percent of White women, 36 percent of Black women, and 27 percent of Hispanic women. Among employed women, 61 percent of Hispanics worked in two occupational groups—service occupations and sales and office occupations—compared with 55 percent of Blacks, 48 percent of Whites, and 41 percent of Asians.

Hispanics accounted for 17 percent of total employment but were substantially overrepresented in several detailed occupational categories, including painters, construction and maintenance (55 percent); miscellaneous agricultural workers (53 percent); and maids and housekeeping cleaners (49 percent). Blacks made up 12 percent of all employed workers, but accounted for more than one-quarter of those in several specific occupations, including nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides (36 percent); security guards and gaming surveillance officers (31 percent); and licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses (30 percent). Asians accounted for 6 percent of all employed workers, but made up a much larger share of workers in several occupation categories, including miscellaneous personal appearance workers (57 percent); software developers, applications and system software (35 percent); and physicians and surgeons (20 percent). Whites made up 78 percent of all employed people, but accounted for 96 percent of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers; 92 percent of construction managers; and 90 percent of chief executives. (See table 8.)

Industry

Among employed men, Hispanics were more likely to work in the construction industry (21 percent) than were Whites (14 percent), Blacks (7 percent), or Asians (4 percent). Employed Black men were more likely than employed men of other race and ethnicity groups to work in transportation and utilities (13 percent). Twenty-one percent of employed Asian men worked in professional and business services, higher than the shares of White men (13 percent), Hispanic men (11 percent), and Black men (11 percent). A large share of employed women across all race and ethnicity groups worked in education and health services: Blacks (40 percent), Whites (36 percent), Asians (32 percent), and Hispanics (30 percent). (See table 9.)

Families and parents

Eighty-eight percent of both Asian families and Hispanic families had an employed family member. By contrast, White and Black families were less likely to have an employed family member: 80 percent and 79 percent, respectively.

Families maintained by women (no opposite-sex spouse present) accounted for 42 percent of Black families, 25 percent of Hispanic families, 15 percent of White families, and 12 percent of Asian families. Among families maintained by women without a spouse present, Asian families were the most likely to have an employed family member (85 percent). In comparison, 76 percent of Black families, 78 percent of White families, and 80 percent of Hispanic families that were maintained by women had at least one employed family member. In general, families maintained by women were less likely than married-couple families or families maintained by men to have an employed family member. (See table 10.)

Among mothers with children under 18 years old, Black mothers (77.2 percent) were more likely to be in the labor force than White mothers (71.2 percent), Asian mothers (65.0 percent), or Hispanic mothers (63.9 percent). (See table 11.)

Across all race and ethnicity groups, fathers with children under 18 years were much more likely to be in the labor force than were mothers with children under 18 years. Labor force participation rates for these fathers were 93.9 percent for White men, 93.8 percent for Hispanic men, 93.4 percent for Asian men, and 89.0 percent for Black men.

Unemployment

Jobless rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity. American Indians and Alaska Natives (6.6 percent) and Blacks (6.5 percent) had the highest unemployment rates, and the rate was lowest for Asians (3.0 percent). The jobless rates were 3.5 percent for Whites, 4.7 percent for Hispanics, 5.3 percent for Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and 5.5 percent for individuals of Two or More Races. (See tables 1, 2, 3, 12, and 12A, and charts 4 and 5.)

Among adults (20 years and older), the jobless rate for Black men (6.2 percent) was higher than that for Black women (5.6 percent). By contrast, adult Hispanic men (3.8 percent) had a lower rate than adult Hispanic women (4.7 percent). For Asians and Whites, the rates for adult men and women showed little or no difference. Among teenagers (16 to 19 years), Blacks had the highest unemployment rate, at 21.9 percent, compared with 14.5 percent for Hispanics, 11.3 percent for Whites, and 8.9 percent for Asians. (See table 3.)

Unemployed Asians and Blacks experienced longer periods of unemployment than did Whites and Hispanics. The median duration of unemployment for Asians and Blacks was 10.9 weeks and 10.8 weeks, respectively, whereas the figure for Whites was 8.8 weeks and Hispanics, 8.2 weeks. (See table 13.)

Of the 6.3 million unemployed, 47 percent were job losers (workers who lost their jobs or who completed temporary jobs). Reentrants to the labor force (31 percent), job leavers (13 percent), and new entrants (10 percent) accounted for the rest of the unemployed people. Of the total unemployed for each major race and ethnicity group, 49 percent of Whites and 49 percent of Hispanics were job losers, compared with 46 percent of Blacks and 38 percent of Asians. Sixteen percent of unemployed Asians, 12 percent of unemployed Hispanics, 11 percent of unemployed Blacks, and 8 percent of unemployed Whites were new entrants to the labor force. (See table 14.)

Not in the labor force

As computed from table 15, Blacks made up 13 percent of the civilian labor force, and 23 percent of people marginally attached to the labor force. Those marginally attached to the labor force are individuals who

  • were not in the labor force
  • wanted to work and were available to work
  • had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months, but not in the 4 weeks preceding the survey.

Hispanics and Asians were represented among the marginally attached nearly proportionately to their share of the labor force. Whites were underrepresented among the marginally attached relative to their share of the labor force: 78 percent of the labor force versus 67 percent of the marginally attached. Blacks also made up a high proportion of discouraged workers (27 percent) relative to their share of the labor force. Discouraged workers, who represent a subset of the marginally attached, are people not currently looking for work because they believe that no jobs are available for them. (See table 15.)

Earnings

Among the major race and ethnicity groups, Hispanics and Blacks continued to have considerably lower earnings than Whites and Asians. The median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in 2018 were $680 for Hispanics, $694 for Blacks, $916 for Whites, and $1,095 for Asians. The earnings for White men ($1,002), Black men ($735), and Hispanic men ($720) were 81 percent, 59 percent, and 58 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian men ($1,241). The median earnings of White women ($817), Black women ($654), and Hispanic women ($617) were 87 percent, 70 percent, and 66 percent, respectively, of the earnings of Asian women ($937). (These earnings comparisons are on a broad level and do not control for many factors that can be significant in explaining earnings differences, such as job skills and responsibilities, work experience, and specialization.) (See table 16.)

The earnings disparity across the major race and ethnicity groups for men holds for nearly all major occupational groups. For example, median usual weekly earnings of Asian men and White men working full time in management, professional, and related occupations (the highest paying major occupational group), at $1,732 and $1,488, respectively, were considerably higher than the earnings of Hispanic men ($1,174) and Black men ($1,164) in the same occupational group. (See table 18.)

Median weekly earnings for women by race and ethnicity groups were relatively close across a number of occupations. For example, among women in service occupations, the earnings were $528 for Asians, $517 for Whites, $490 for Blacks, and $489 for Hispanics. By contrast, in management, professional, and related occupations, the earnings of Asian women were higher than those for women in other race and ethnicity groups.

Statistical Tables

Table 1. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by gender and race, 2018 annual averages(Numbers in thousands)Gender and raceCivilian
noninsti-
tutional
populationCivilian labor forceNot
in
labor
forceTotalPercent of
populationEmployedUnemployedTotalPercent of
populationTotalPercent of
labor force

Total

Men

Women

White

Men

Women

Black

Men

Women

Asian

Men

Women

American Indian and Alaska Native

Men

Women

Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander

Men

Women

Two or More Races

Men

Women

257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716
124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582
133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134
200,221 125,815 62.8 121,461 60.7 4,354 3.5 74,407
97,933 68,082 69.5 65,702 67.1 2,380 3.5 29,850
102,289 57,732 56.4 55,759 54.5 1,973 3.4 44,556
32,761 20,414 62.3 19,091 58.3 1,322 6.5 12,347
14,964 9,694 64.8 9,018 60.3 676 7.0 5,270
17,797 10,720 60.2 10,073 56.6 646 6.0 7,077
15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825
7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124
8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700
2,881 1,716 59.6 1,603 55.6 113 6.6 1,165
1,415 901 63.7 840 59.3 62 6.9 513
1,466 815 55.6 763 52.1 52 6.3 651
960 657 68.5 622 64.9 35 5.3 302
468 347 74.1 329 70.3 18 5.2 121
491 310 63.1 293 59.7 17 5.4 181
5,006 3,336 66.6 3,151 62.9 185 5.5 1,670
2,427 1,725 71.1 1,622 66.8 103 6.0 702
2,579 1,611 62.5 1,529 59.3 82 5.1 968

Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 2. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population 16 years and older by detailed Asian group, and Hispanic or Latino and non-Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, gender, and race, 2018 annual averages(Numbers in thousands)CharacteristicCivilian
noninsti-
tutional
populationCivilian labor forceNot
in
labor
forceTotalPercent of
populationEmployedUnemployedTotalPercent of
populationTotalPercent of
labor force

Total

Men

Women

Asian

Men

Women

Asian Indian

Chinese

Filipino

Japanese

Korean

Vietnamese

Other Asian

Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Mexican

Men

Women

Puerto Rican

Men

Women

Cuban

Men

Women

Central American

Men

Women

Salvadoran

Men

Women

Other Central American

Men

Women

South American

Men

Women

Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Dominican

Men

Women

Other Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

White Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Black Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Asian Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Non-Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

White non-Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Black non-Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

Asian non-Hispanic or Latino

Men

Women

257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716
124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582
133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134
15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825
7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124
8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700
3,460 2,385 68.9 2,318 67.0 67 2.8 1,075
3,720 2,268 61.0 2,207 59.3 61 2.7 1,452
2,353 1,534 65.2 1,486 63.2 47 3.1 819
917 509 55.5 495 54.0 14 2.7 408
1,182 712 60.2 694 58.8 17 2.4 470
1,699 1,081 63.6 1,056 62.2 25 2.3 618
2,630 1,649 62.7 1,575 59.9 74 4.5 981
42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398
21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174
21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224
26,031 17,312 66.5 16,497 63.4 815 4.7 8,718
13,204 10,107 76.5 9,667 73.2 439 4.3 3,097
12,827 7,205 56.2 6,830 53.2 376 5.2 5,621
3,938 2,408 61.2 2,272 57.7 136 5.7 1,529
1,875 1,266 67.5 1,193 63.6 73 5.8 609
2,063 1,142 55.4 1,080 52.3 63 5.5 920
1,905 1,181 62.0 1,139 59.8 41 3.5 725
940 660 70.3 636 67.7 24 3.6 279
966 520 53.9 503 52.1 17 3.3 446
4,053 2,934 72.4 2,815 69.4 119 4.1 1,119
2,082 1,725 82.9 1,664 80.0 61 3.5 356
1,972 1,209 61.3 1,150 58.3 58 4.8 763
1,610 1,175 73.0 1,131 70.2 44 3.8 435
805 661 82.2 638 79.3 23 3.5 143
806 514 63.7 493 61.1 21 4.1 292
2,443 1,759 72.0 1,684 68.9 75 4.3 684
1,277 1,064 83.3 1,026 80.3 38 3.6 213
1,166 695 59.6 658 56.4 37 5.4 471
2,887 2,022 70.0 1,936 67.0 86 4.2 866
1,352 1,062 78.6 1,025 75.8 37 3.5 290
1,535 959 62.5 910 59.3 49 5.1 576
3,920 2,479 63.2 2,353 60.0 126 5.1 1,441
1,835 1,292 70.4 1,232 67.1 61 4.7 543
2,085 1,187 56.9 1,121 53.8 65 5.5 898
1,592 1,019 64.0 963 60.5 56 5.5 572
705 492 69.7 466 66.1 25 5.2 213
886 528 59.5 497 56.0 31 5.8 359
2,328 1,460 62.7 1,390 59.7 70 4.8 868
1,130 801 70.9 765 67.8 35 4.4 329
1,198 659 55.0 624 52.1 34 5.2 539
42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398
21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174
21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224
37,989 25,147 66.2 23,992 63.2 1,156 4.6 12,841
18,963 14,408 76.0 13,802 72.8 606 4.2 4,554
19,026 10,739 56.4 10,190 53.6 549 5.1 8,287
1,899 1,248 65.8 1,177 62.0 72 5.7 650
874 620 70.9 584 66.8 36 5.8 254
1,025 629 61.4 593 57.9 35 5.6 396
436 293 67.3 280 64.4 13 4.4 142
221 160 72.2 153 69.3 7 4.1 61
214 134 62.3 127 59.3 6 4.7 81
215,057 133,739 62.2 128,749 59.9 4,990 3.7 81,318
103,391 69,983 67.7 67,280 65.1 2,703 3.9 33,408
111,666 63,756 57.1 61,468 55.0 2,288 3.6 47,910
162,232 100,667 62.1 97,469 60.1 3,198 3.2 61,565
78,970 53,674 68.0 51,900 65.7 1,774 3.3 25,296
83,262 46,993 56.4 45,569 54.7 1,424 3.0 36,269
30,862 19,166 62.1 17,915 58.0 1,251 6.5 11,696
14,090 9,075 64.4 8,435 59.9 640 7.1 5,016
16,772 10,091 60.2 9,480 56.5 611 6.1 6,681
15,526 9,843 63.4 9,552 61.5 292 3.0 5,682
7,250 5,187 71.5 5,035 69.4 152 2.9 2,063
8,276 4,657 56.3 4,517 54.6 140 3.0 3,619

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Asian non-Hispanic) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 3. Employment status of the civilian noninstitutional population by gender, age, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages(Numbers in thousands)Age, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian
noninsti-
tutional
populationCivilian labor forceNot
in
labor
forceTotalPercent of
populationEmployedUnemployedTotalPercent of
populationTotalPercent of
labor force

Total

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

White

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Asian

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 19 years

20 years and older

20 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 to 64 years

65 years and older

257,791 162,075 62.9 155,761 60.4 6,314 3.9 95,716
16,765 5,885 35.1 5,126 30.6 759 12.9 10,879
241,026 156,190 64.8 150,635 62.5 5,555 3.6 84,836
21,239 15,099 71.1 14,051 66.2 1,048 6.9 6,140
126,390 103,705 82.1 100,314 79.4 3,391 3.3 22,685
42,114 27,354 65.0 26,565 63.1 789 2.9 14,760
51,283 10,032 19.6 9,705 18.9 327 3.3 41,251
124,678 86,096 69.1 82,698 66.3 3,398 3.9 38,582
8,493 2,909 34.2 2,487 29.3 422 14.5 5,585
116,185 83,188 71.6 80,211 69.0 2,976 3.6 32,997
10,639 7,786 73.2 7,190 67.6 596 7.7 2,853
62,294 55,440 89.0 53,673 86.2 1,768 3.2 6,854
20,263 14,436 71.2 14,001 69.1 435 3.0 5,827
22,988 5,525 24.0 5,348 23.3 177 3.2 17,464
133,112 75,978 57.1 73,063 54.9 2,916 3.8 57,134
8,272 2,977 36.0 2,639 31.9 338 11.3 5,295
124,841 73,002 58.5 70,424 56.4 2,578 3.5 51,839
10,600 7,312 69.0 6,861 64.7 452 6.2 3,288
64,096 48,264 75.3 46,641 72.8 1,623 3.4 15,831
21,851 12,918 59.1 12,564 57.5 354 2.7 8,933
28,295 4,508 15.9 4,358 15.4 150 3.3 23,787
200,221 125,815 62.8 121,461 60.7 4,354 3.5 74,407
12,318 4,576 37.2 4,060 33.0 516 11.3 7,741
187,904 121,238 64.5 117,401 62.5 3,837 3.2 66,666
15,557 11,383 73.2 10,697 68.8 685 6.0 4,174
95,354 78,888 82.7 76,608 80.3 2,280 2.9 16,467
33,900 22,464 66.3 21,855 64.5 610 2.7 11,435
43,094 8,504 19.7 8,241 19.1 262 3.1 34,590
97,933 68,082 69.5 65,702 67.1 2,380 3.5 29,850
6,271 2,270 36.2 1,983 31.6 286 12.6 4,001
91,662 65,812 71.8 63,719 69.5 2,094 3.2 25,849
7,848 5,951 75.8 5,561 70.9 390 6.6 1,897
47,744 43,034 90.1 41,819 87.6 1,215 2.8 4,710
16,515 12,031 72.8 11,692 70.8 339 2.8 4,485
19,554 4,796 24.5 4,647 23.8 149 3.1 14,758
102,289 57,732 56.4 55,759 54.5 1,973 3.4 44,556
6,047 2,307 38.1 2,077 34.3 230 10.0 3,740
96,242 55,426 57.6 53,682 55.8 1,743 3.1 40,816
7,709 5,432 70.5 5,137 66.6 295 5.4 2,277
47,610 35,853 75.3 34,789 73.1 1,065 3.0 11,756
17,384 10,434 60.0 10,163 58.5 271 2.6 6,951
23,540 3,707 15.7 3,594 15.3 113 3.0 19,832
32,761 20,414 62.3 19,091 58.3 1,322 6.5 12,347
2,499 763 30.5 596 23.8 167 21.9 1,736
30,262 19,651 64.9 18,496 61.1 1,155 5.9 10,611
3,172 2,173 68.5 1,940 61.2 234 10.8 998
17,205 13,776 80.1 13,016 75.7 760 5.5 3,429
5,037 2,846 56.5 2,728 54.2 117 4.1 2,191
4,848 856 17.7 812 16.7 44 5.2 3,992
14,964 9,694 64.8 9,018 60.3 676 7.0 5,270
1,241 367 29.6 273 22.0 94 25.7 874
13,723 9,327 68.0 8,745 63.7 582 6.2 4,396
1,535 1,046 68.1 913 59.5 133 12.7 490
7,932 6,560 82.7 6,191 78.0 369 5.6 1,373
2,282 1,343 58.9 1,281 56.1 62 4.6 939
1,974 379 19.2 361 18.3 18 4.7 1,595
17,797 10,720 60.2 10,073 56.6 646 6.0 7,077
1,257 395 31.4 322 25.6 73 18.4 862
16,539 10,324 62.4 9,751 59.0 573 5.6 6,215
1,636 1,128 68.9 1,027 62.7 101 8.9 509
9,273 7,216 77.8 6,825 73.6 391 5.4 2,057
2,755 1,503 54.5 1,448 52.5 55 3.7 1,252
2,875 478 16.6 451 15.7 26 5.5 2,397
15,961 10,137 63.5 9,832 61.6 304 3.0 5,825
928 182 19.6 166 17.9 16 8.9 746
15,034 9,955 66.2 9,666 64.3 288 2.9 5,079
1,368 719 52.6 660 48.2 59 8.2 649
9,117 7,285 79.9 7,106 77.9 179 2.5 1,832
2,160 1,472 68.1 1,434 66.4 38 2.6 689
2,389 478 20.0 467 19.5 11 2.4 1,910
7,471 5,346 71.6 5,188 69.4 159 3.0 2,124
459 91 19.8 85 18.5 6 7.0 368
7,012 5,255 74.9 5,103 72.8 152 2.9 1,756
685 363 53.0 330 48.2 33 9.0 322
4,324 3,879 89.7 3,787 87.6 93 2.4 445
976 761 77.9 739 75.7 22 2.9 216
1,026 253 24.6 248 24.1 5 2.0 774
8,491 4,790 56.4 4,644 54.7 146 3.0 3,700
469 91 19.4 81 17.3 10 10.8 378
8,022 4,699 58.6 4,563 56.9 136 2.9 3,323
683 357 52.2 330 48.3 27 7.4 327
4,792 3,406 71.1 3,319 69.3 87 2.6 1,386
1,184 711 60.1 695 58.7 16 2.3 473
1,362 226 16.6 219 16.1 6 2.8 1,137
42,734 28,336 66.3 27,012 63.2 1,323 4.7 14,398
3,938 1,280 32.5 1,094 27.8 186 14.5 2,658
38,795 27,056 69.7 25,918 66.8 1,138 4.2 11,740
4,744 3,399 71.6 3,160 66.6 239 7.0 1,345
24,745 19,725 79.7 18,998 76.8 727 3.7 5,021
4,892 3,113 63.6 2,982 61.0 131 4.2 1,779
4,414 819 18.6 778 17.6 42 5.1 3,595
21,287 16,113 75.7 15,418 72.4 695 4.3 5,174
1,998 649 32.5 545 27.3 104 16.0 1,349
19,289 15,464 80.2 14,873 77.1 591 3.8 3,825
2,402 1,841 76.6 1,705 71.0 136 7.4 561
12,596 11,375 90.3 11,018 87.5 356 3.1 1,221
2,374 1,776 74.8 1,704 71.8 73 4.1 598
1,917 472 24.6 446 23.3 26 5.5 1,445
21,447 12,223 57.0 11,594 54.1 628 5.1 9,224
1,940 631 32.5 549 28.3 82 12.9 1,309
19,507 11,592 59.4 11,045 56.6 547 4.7 7,915
2,342 1,558 66.5 1,456 62.1 103 6.6 784
12,149 8,350 68.7 7,980 65.7 370 4.4 3,800
2,518 1,337 53.1 1,278 50.8 58 4.4 1,181
2,497 347 13.9 331 13.3 16 4.5 2,150

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 4. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages(Percent)YearTotalWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsian Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomen

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

60.4 78.9 43.9 60.4 79.6 43.2 59.9 73.6 48.7 - - - - - -
60.8 78.8 44.7 60.8 79.4 44.1 60.2 73.4 49.3 - - - 60.2 81.5 41.0
61.3 78.7 45.7 61.4 79.4 45.2 59.8 72.9 49.0 - - - 61.1 81.7 42.4
61.2 77.9 46.3 61.5 78.7 45.9 58.8 70.9 48.8 - - - 60.8 80.7 43.2
61.6 77.5 47.3 61.8 78.4 46.9 59.0 70.0 49.8 - - - 60.8 79.6 44.3
62.3 77.7 48.4 62.5 78.5 48.0 59.8 70.6 50.8 - - - 61.6 80.9 44.3
63.2 77.9 50.0 63.3 78.6 49.4 61.5 71.5 53.1 - - - 62.9 81.1 46.6
63.7 77.8 50.9 63.9 78.6 50.5 61.4 71.3 53.1 - - - 63.6 81.3 47.4
63.8 77.4 51.5 64.1 78.2 51.2 61.0 70.3 53.1 - - - 64.0 81.4 47.4
63.9 77.0 52.1 64.3 77.9 51.9 60.8 70.0 53.5 - - - 64.1 80.6 48.3
64.0 76.6 52.6 64.3 77.4 52.4 61.0 70.1 53.7 - - - 63.6 79.7 48.1
64.0 76.4 52.9 64.3 77.1 52.7 61.5 70.6 54.2 - - - 63.8 80.3 47.7
64.4 76.4 53.6 64.6 77.1 53.3 62.2 70.8 55.2 - - - 64.9 80.6 49.6
64.8 76.3 54.5 65.0 77.0 54.1 62.9 70.8 56.5 - - - 64.6 80.3 49.3
65.3 76.3 55.3 65.5 76.9 55.0 63.3 71.2 56.9 - - - 65.4 81.0 50.1
65.6 76.2 56.0 65.8 76.8 55.7 63.8 71.1 58.0 - - - 66.4 81.0 52.0
65.9 76.2 56.6 66.2 76.9 56.4 63.8 71.0 58.0 - - - 67.4 81.9 53.2
66.5 76.4 57.4 66.7 77.1 57.2 64.2 71.0 58.7 - - - 67.6 82.0 53.5
66.5 76.4 57.5 66.9 77.1 57.4 64.0 71.0 58.3 - - - 67.4 81.4 53.1
66.2 75.8 57.4 66.6 76.5 57.4 63.3 70.4 57.5 - - - 66.5 80.3 52.4
66.4 75.8 57.8 66.8 76.5 57.7 63.9 70.7 58.5 - - - 66.8 80.7 52.8
66.3 75.4 57.9 66.8 76.2 58.0 63.2 69.6 57.9 - - - 66.2 80.2 52.1
66.6 75.1 58.8 67.1 75.9 58.9 63.4 69.1 58.7 - - - 66.1 79.2 52.9
66.6 75.0 58.9 67.1 75.7 59.0 63.7 69.0 59.5 - - - 65.8 79.1 52.6
66.8 74.9 59.3 67.2 75.8 59.1 64.1 68.7 60.4 - - - 66.5 79.6 53.4
67.1 75.0 59.8 67.5 75.9 59.5 64.7 68.3 61.7 - - - 67.9 80.1 55.1
67.1 74.9 59.8 67.3 75.6 59.4 65.6 69.0 62.8 - - - 67.9 79.8 55.6
67.1 74.7 60.0 67.3 75.6 59.6 65.8 68.7 63.5 - - - 67.7 79.8 55.9
67.1 74.8 59.9 67.3 75.5 59.5 65.8 69.2 63.1 67.2 76.1 59.2 69.7 81.5 57.5
66.8 74.4 59.8 67.0 75.1 59.4 65.3 68.4 62.8 67.2 76.2 59.0 69.5 81.0 57.6
66.6 74.1 59.6 66.8 74.8 59.3 64.8 68.4 61.8 67.2 75.9 59.1 69.1 80.2 57.6
66.2 73.5 59.5 66.5 74.2 59.2 64.3 67.3 61.9 66.4 75.6 58.3 68.3 80.1 55.9
66.0 73.3 59.2 66.3 74.1 58.9 63.8 66.7 61.5 65.9 75.0 57.6 68.6 80.4 56.1
66.0 73.3 59.3 66.3 74.1 58.9 64.2 67.3 61.6 66.1 74.8 58.2 68.0 80.1 55.3
66.2 73.5 59.4 66.5 74.3 59.0 64.1 67.0 61.7 66.2 75.0 58.3 68.7 80.7 56.1
66.0 73.2 59.3 66.4 74.0 59.0 63.7 66.8 61.1 66.5 75.1 58.6 68.8 80.5 56.5
66.0 73.0 59.5 66.3 73.7 59.2 63.7 66.7 61.3 67.0 75.3 59.4 68.5 80.2 56.2
65.4 72.0 59.2 65.8 72.8 59.1 62.4 65.0 60.3 66.0 74.6 58.2 68.0 78.8 56.5
64.7 71.2 58.6 65.1 72.0 58.5 62.2 65.0 59.9 64.7 73.2 57.0 67.5 77.8 56.5
64.1 70.5 58.1 64.5 71.3 58.0 61.4 64.2 59.1 64.6 73.2 56.8 66.5 76.5 55.9
63.7 70.2 57.7 64.0 71.0 57.4 61.5 63.6 59.8 63.9 72.2 56.5 66.4 76.1 56.6
63.2 69.7 57.2 63.5 70.5 56.9 61.2 63.5 59.2 64.6 73.0 57.1 66.0 76.3 55.7
62.9 69.2 57.0 63.1 69.8 56.7 61.2 63.6 59.2 63.6 72.4 55.8 66.1 76.1 56.0
62.7 69.1 56.7 62.8 69.7 56.2 61.5 63.8 59.7 62.8 71.4 55.2 65.9 76.2 55.7
62.8 69.2 56.8 62.9 69.8 56.3 61.6 64.1 59.4 63.2 72.1 55.5 65.8 76.0 55.8
62.9 69.1 57.0 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.6 60.3 63.6 71.9 56.4 66.1 75.8 56.4
62.9 69.1 57.1 62.8 69.5 56.4 62.3 64.8 60.2 63.5 71.6 56.4 66.3 75.7 57.0
Table 4A. Labor force participation rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages(Percent)YearAmerican Indian and Alaska NativeNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific IslanderTwo or More RacesTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomen

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

64.4 71.0 58.0 68.9 75.0 63.9 67.6 73.2 62.4
63.8 70.9 57.1 71.8 76.6 67.7 67.0 74.0 60.3
63.5 70.0 57.2 73.4 77.1 69.8 67.0 72.0 62.3
63.1 68.6 57.9 74.5 80.8 68.6 65.9 72.3 59.7
63.3 69.9 57.0 73.0 78.4 68.2 66.3 71.9 60.8
63.7 70.2 57.6 72.5 78.9 66.6 65.5 70.7 60.4
59.0 64.1 54.2 69.4 77.3 62.3 65.6 70.4 61.0
57.7 64.0 51.8 68.4 71.3 65.5 65.4 70.9 60.3
59.2 65.2 53.2 69.4 75.6 63.6 64.0 68.9 59.5
59.3 66.4 52.6 71.4 73.9 69.1 65.3 70.4 60.5
59.2 65.3 53.3 70.0 73.7 66.6 63.3 69.2 57.8
60.9 67.2 54.7 67.6 73.8 61.6 64.2 69.7 59.0
60.6 65.9 55.5 66.6 73.7 59.7 64.5 68.4 60.9
61.1 67.2 55.4 68.7 76.0 61.3 65.0 68.1 62.1
60.3 65.8 54.8 67.0 72.6 61.7 66.9 70.7 63.3
59.6 63.7 55.6 68.5 74.1 63.1 66.6 71.1 62.5

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 5. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages(Percent)YearTotalWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsian Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomen

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

57.0 75.0 41.0 57.4 76.0 40.7 53.7 66.8 43.0 - - - - - -
57.8 75.5 42.0 58.2 76.5 41.8 54.5 67.5 43.8 - - - 55.6 76.0 37.3
57.8 74.9 42.6 58.3 75.9 42.4 53.5 65.8 43.5 - - - 56.2 75.7 38.4
56.1 71.7 42.0 56.7 73.0 42.0 50.1 60.6 41.6 - - - 53.4 71.5 37.4
56.8 72.0 43.2 57.5 73.4 43.2 50.8 60.6 42.8 - - - 53.8 71.1 38.6
57.9 72.8 44.5 58.6 74.1 44.5 51.4 61.4 43.3 - - - 55.4 73.6 39.1
59.3 73.8 46.4 60.0 75.0 46.3 53.6 63.3 45.8 - - - 57.2 74.9 41.3
59.9 73.8 47.5 60.6 75.1 47.5 53.8 63.4 46.0 - - - 58.3 75.6 42.5
59.2 72.0 47.7 60.0 73.4 47.8 52.3 60.4 45.7 - - - 57.6 73.5 42.4
59.0 71.3 48.0 60.0 72.8 48.3 51.3 59.1 45.1 - - - 57.4 72.4 43.0
57.8 69.0 47.7 58.8 70.6 48.1 49.4 56.0 44.2 - - - 54.9 68.9 41.3
57.9 68.8 48.0 58.9 70.4 48.5 49.5 56.3 44.1 - - - 55.1 69.4 41.1
59.5 70.7 49.5 60.5 72.1 49.8 52.3 59.2 46.7 - - - 57.9 72.1 44.2
60.1 70.9 50.4 61.0 72.3 50.7 53.4 60.0 48.1 - - - 57.8 72.1 43.8
60.7 71.0 51.4 61.5 72.3 51.7 54.1 60.6 48.8 - - - 58.5 72.5 44.7
61.5 71.5 52.5 62.3 72.7 52.8 55.6 62.0 50.3 - - - 60.5 74.0 47.4
62.3 72.0 53.4 63.1 73.2 53.8 56.3 62.7 51.2 - - - 61.9 75.3 48.8
63.0 72.5 54.3 63.8 73.7 54.6 56.9 62.8 52.0 - - - 62.2 75.8 48.8
62.8 72.0 54.3 63.7 73.3 54.7 56.7 62.6 51.9 - - - 61.9 74.9 48.6
61.7 70.4 53.7 62.6 71.6 54.2 55.4 61.3 50.6 - - - 59.8 72.1 47.3
61.5 69.8 53.8 62.4 71.1 54.2 54.9 59.9 50.8 - - - 59.1 71.2 46.8
61.7 70.0 54.1 62.7 71.4 54.6 55.0 60.0 50.9 - - - 59.1 71.7 46.3
62.5 70.4 55.3 63.5 71.8 55.8 56.1 60.8 52.3 - - - 59.5 71.7 47.2
62.9 70.8 55.6 63.8 72.0 56.1 57.1 61.7 53.4 - - - 59.7 72.1 47.3
63.2 70.9 56.0 64.1 72.3 56.3 57.4 61.1 54.4 - - - 60.6 73.3 47.9
63.8 71.3 56.8 64.6 72.7 57.0 58.2 61.4 55.6 - - - 62.6 74.5 50.2
64.1 71.6 57.1 64.7 72.7 57.1 59.7 62.9 57.2 - - - 63.1 74.7 51.0
64.3 71.6 57.4 64.8 72.8 57.3 60.6 63.1 58.6 - - - 63.4 75.3 51.7
64.4 71.9 57.5 64.9 73.0 57.4 60.9 63.6 58.6 64.8 73.3 57.1 65.7 77.4 53.6
63.7 70.9 57.0 64.2 72.0 57.0 59.7 62.1 57.8 64.2 72.7 56.4 64.9 76.2 53.3
62.7 69.7 56.3 63.4 70.8 56.4 58.1 61.1 55.8 63.2 71.3 55.8 63.9 74.5 52.9
62.3 68.9 56.1 63.0 70.1 56.3 57.4 59.5 55.6 62.4 70.9 54.9 63.1 74.3 51.2
62.3 69.2 56.0 63.1 70.4 56.1 57.2 59.3 55.5 63.0 71.6 55.1 63.8 75.1 51.8
62.7 69.6 56.2 63.4 70.8 56.3 57.7 60.2 55.7 63.4 71.8 55.9 64.0 75.8 51.5
63.1 70.1 56.6 63.8 71.3 56.6 58.4 60.6 56.5 64.2 72.7 56.5 65.2 76.8 52.8
63.0 69.8 56.6 63.6 70.9 56.7 58.4 60.7 56.5 64.3 72.8 56.6 64.9 76.2 53.0
62.2 68.5 56.2 62.8 69.7 56.3 57.3 59.1 55.8 64.3 72.2 57.2 63.3 74.1 51.9
59.3 64.5 54.4 60.2 66.0 54.8 53.2 53.7 52.8 61.2 68.7 54.4 59.7 68.9 50.1
58.5 63.7 53.6 59.4 65.1 54.0 52.3 53.1 51.7 59.9 67.5 53.0 59.0 68.0 49.6
58.4 63.9 53.2 59.4 65.3 53.7 51.7 52.8 50.8 60.0 68.2 52.6 58.9 67.9 49.3
58.6 64.4 53.1 59.4 65.8 53.3 53.0 54.1 52.2 60.1 68.1 53.1 59.5 68.6 50.4
58.6 64.4 53.2 59.4 65.7 53.3 53.2 54.5 52.0 61.2 69.0 54.3 60.0 69.6 50.4
59.0 64.9 53.5 59.7 66.1 53.7 54.3 55.9 52.9 60.4 68.6 53.3 61.2 71.0 51.4
59.3 65.3 53.7 59.9 66.5 53.7 55.7 57.2 54.4 60.4 68.6 53.2 61.6 71.5 51.8
59.7 65.8 54.1 60.2 66.7 54.0 56.4 58.3 54.8 60.9 69.6 53.4 62.0 71.9 52.3
60.1 66.0 54.6 60.4 66.9 54.2 57.6 59.4 56.1 61.5 69.5 54.5 62.7 72.3 53.2
60.4 66.3 54.9 60.7 67.1 54.5 58.3 60.3 56.6 61.6 69.4 54.7 63.2 72.4 54.1
Table 5A. Employment-population ratios by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages(Percent)YearAmerican Indian and Alaska NativeNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific IslanderTwo or More RacesTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomen

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

57.7 63.1 52.4 63.6 69.8 58.4 61.4 66.4 56.8
57.7 64.0 51.8 67.4 71.4 64.1 61.2 67.6 55.0
57.6 63.9 51.5 70.2 73.4 67.1 61.6 66.3 57.2
58.1 63.2 53.3 70.6 75.7 65.7 61.5 67.0 56.2
58.1 64.3 52.3 69.4 74.2 65.3 61.5 66.5 56.6
57.4 62.6 52.5 67.8 72.8 63.3 59.3 63.6 55.2
51.2 54.2 48.3 61.8 68.3 56.0 56.7 60.4 53.2
49.0 53.0 45.2 60.1 61.6 58.7 56.5 60.8 52.5
50.5 55.2 45.9 62.2 67.0 57.7 55.3 59.2 51.7
52.1 58.5 45.9 63.0 64.7 61.4 57.6 61.9 53.5
51.6 56.6 46.9 62.9 65.5 60.4 56.4 61.3 51.7
54.0 59.2 48.9 63.5 69.6 57.5 57.6 62.1 53.4
54.6 58.6 50.8 62.8 69.5 56.3 59.0 62.8 55.6
55.7 61.0 50.6 65.7 72.7 58.5 60.2 62.9 57.6
55.6 60.3 50.9 62.9 68.7 57.4 62.4 65.8 59.2
55.6 59.3 52.1 64.9 70.3 59.7 62.9 66.8 59.3

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 6. Employment status of people 25 years and older by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages(Numbers in thousands)Employment status, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityTotal, 25 years
and olderLess than a
high school
diploma High school
graduates,
no college(1)Some college,
no degreeAssociate's
degreeBachelor's
degree and
higher(2)

Total

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

White

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Black or African American

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Asian

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Men

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

Women

Civilian noninstitutional population

Civilian labor force

Percent of population

Employed

Employment-population ratio

Unemployed

Unemployment rate

219,787 22,250 62,592 34,880 22,525 77,540
141,091 10,278 36,010 21,937 15,649 57,217
64.2 46.2 57.5 62.9 69.5 73.8
136,584 9,701 34,550 21,128 15,209 55,995
62.1 43.6 55.2 60.6 67.5 72.2
4,507 576 1,461 808 440 1,222
3.2 5.6 4.1 3.7 2.8 2.1
105,546 11,110 31,216 16,679 9,829 36,711
75,401 6,537 21,145 11,667 7,383 28,670
71.4 58.8 67.7 70.0 75.1 78.1
73,021 6,201 20,294 11,279 7,182 28,066
69.2 55.8 65.0 67.6 73.1 76.5
2,380 336 850 388 202 604
3.2 5.1 4.0 3.3 2.7 2.1
114,241 11,140 31,375 18,201 12,696 40,829
65,689 3,741 14,866 10,269 8,266 28,548
57.5 33.6 47.4 56.4 65.1 69.9
63,563 3,501 14,256 9,850 8,028 27,929
55.6 31.4 45.4 54.1 63.2 68.4
2,127 240 610 420 238 619
3.2 6.4 4.1 4.1 2.9 2.2
172,347 16,900 49,050 27,256 18,021 61,121
109,855 8,126 27,859 16,818 12,383 44,669
63.7 48.1 56.8 61.7 68.7 73.1
106,704 7,713 26,870 16,281 12,067 43,772
61.9 45.6 54.8 59.7 67.0 71.6
3,152 413 989 537 316 897
2.9 5.1 3.5 3.2 2.5 2.0
83,814 8,726 24,591 13,211 7,979 29,306
59,861 5,385 16,703 9,201 5,962 22,611
71.4 61.7 67.9 69.6 74.7 77.2
58,158 5,138 16,122 8,930 5,814 22,153
69.4 58.9 65.6 67.6 72.9 75.6
1,703 247 581 271 148 458
2.8 4.6 3.5 2.9 2.5 2.0
88,534 8,174 24,458 14,044 10,042 31,815
49,994 2,741 11,156 7,617 6,421 22,058
56.5 33.5 45.6 54.2 63.9 69.3
48,546 2,575 10,748 7,351 6,253 21,619
54.8 31.5 43.9 52.3 62.3 68.0
1,448 167 408 266 168 439
2.9 6.1 3.7 3.5 2.6 2.0
27,091 3,139 8,927 5,174 2,838 7,011
17,478 1,126 5,343 3,479 2,079 5,451
64.5 35.9 59.8 67.2 73.2 77.7
16,556 1,009 4,986 3,276 1,994 5,291
61.1 32.1 55.8 63.3 70.3 75.5
922 117 357 203 84 161
5.3 10.4 6.7 5.8 4.1 2.9
12,188 1,404 4,399 2,320 1,137 2,927
8,281 567 2,862 1,630 873 2,348
67.9 40.4 65.1 70.3 76.8 80.2
7,832 505 2,661 1,543 840 2,283
64.3 35.9 60.5 66.5 73.8 78.0
449 63 201 87 34 65
5.4 11.0 7.0 5.3 3.9 2.8
14,903 1,735 4,528 2,854 1,701 4,084
9,197 559 2,481 1,849 1,205 3,103
61.7 32.2 54.8 64.8 70.9 76.0
8,724 504 2,325 1,733 1,155 3,007
58.5 29.1 51.3 60.7 67.9 73.6
473 54 156 116 50 96
5.1 9.7 6.3 6.3 4.2 3.1
13,666 1,218 2,549 1,171 914 7,814
9,235 493 1,504 770 641 5,827
67.6 40.5 59.0 65.8 70.2 74.6
9,006 479 1,468 752 621 5,687
65.9 39.3 57.6 64.2 68.0 72.8
229 14 36 19 20 139
2.5 2.9 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.4
6,327 457 1,133 572 386 3,779
4,892 250 800 416 297 3,130
77.3 54.7 70.6 72.7 76.8 82.8
4,773 242 781 406 285 3,060
75.4 52.8 68.9 71.0 73.9 81.0
119 9 19 10 11 70
2.4 3.4 2.4 2.5 3.9 2.2
7,339 761 1,416 600 528 4,035
4,343 243 704 355 345 2,697
59.2 31.9 49.7 59.2 65.3 66.8
4,233 237 687 346 336 2,627
57.7 31.2 48.5 57.7 63.7 65.1
110 6 17 9 8 70
2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6
34,051 9,737 10,637 4,734 2,745 6,198
23,657 5,753 7,439 3,469 2,085 4,911
69.5 59.1 69.9 73.3 75.9 79.2
22,758 5,488 7,145 3,341 2,012 4,770
66.8 56.4 67.2 70.6 73.3 77.0
899 265 293 128 72 141
3.8 4.6 3.9 3.7 3.5 2.9
16,887 5,038 5,538 2,345 1,172 2,794
13,623 3,828 4,528 1,881 982 2,404
80.7 76.0 81.8 80.2 83.8 86.0
13,168 3,679 4,369 1,822 951 2,346
78.0 73.0 78.9 77.7 81.2 84.0
455 149 159 58 31 57
3.3 3.9 3.5 3.1 3.2 2.4
17,164 4,698 5,099 2,390 1,573 3,404
10,034 1,925 2,911 1,588 1,102 2,508
58.5 41.0 57.1 66.5 70.1 73.7
9,589 1,809 2,776 1,519 1,061 2,424
55.9 38.5 54.4 63.6 67.4 71.2
444 116 134 69 41 84
4.4 6.0 4.6 4.4 3.7 3.3

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 7. Employed people by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesOccupation and genderTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsian Hispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Management, professional, and related occupations

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

Management occupations

Business and financial operations occupations

Professional and related occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Community and social service occupations

Legal occupations

Education, training, and library occupations

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Service occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Protective service occupations

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Personal care and service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Sales and related occupations

Office and administrative support occupations

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Construction and extraction occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

Production occupations

Transportation and material moving occupations

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Management, professional, and related occupations

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

Management occupations

Business and financial operations occupations

Professional and related occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Community and social service occupations

Legal occupations

Education, training, and library occupations

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Service occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Protective service occupations

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Personal care and service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Sales and related occupations

Office and administrative support occupations

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Construction and extraction occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

Production occupations

Transportation and material moving occupations

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Management, professional, and related occupations

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

Management occupations

Business and financial operations occupations

Professional and related occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Community and social service occupations

Legal occupations

Education, training, and library occupations

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Service occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Protective service occupations

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Personal care and service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Sales and related occupations

Office and administrative support occupations

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Construction and extraction occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

Production occupations

Transportation and material moving occupations

155,761 121,461 19,091 9,832 27,012
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
40.1 40.8 31.3 53.7 22.4
16.6 17.5 11.1 18.0 9.4
11.7 12.6 7.2 11.0 6.9
4.9 4.9 3.9 7.0 2.4
23.5 23.3 20.2 35.7 13.0
3.3 2.8 2.3 11.5 1.4
2.1 2.1 1.1 4.0 1.1
1.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.5
1.7 1.6 2.9 1.1 1.2
1.2 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.7
6.0 6.2 5.2 5.0 3.7
2.2 2.3 1.3 1.9 1.5
6.0 5.8 6.2 9.5 3.0
17.2 15.9 24.4 16.5 24.3
2.3 1.9 5.0 2.1 2.5
2.1 1.9 3.4 0.8 1.6
5.3 5.0 6.4 5.4 7.9
3.8 3.7 4.6 1.8 8.4
3.8 3.4 5.1 6.4 3.9
21.5 21.6 22.4 16.8 20.6
10.1 10.4 9.1 8.6 9.6
11.3 11.2 13.3 8.2 11.0
9.3 10.3 5.8 3.3 17.1
0.7 0.8 0.2 0.3 1.9
5.4 6.0 3.1 1.4 11.4
3.2 3.4 2.5 1.7 3.7
11.9 11.4 16.1 9.6 15.7
5.5 5.4 6.1 5.1 7.5
6.4 5.9 10.0 4.5 8.2
82,698 65,702 9,018 5,188 15,418
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
36.6 37.1 25.9 54.9 18.8
17.5 18.6 10.8 18.2 9.1
13.3 14.3 7.6 12.3 7.2
4.2 4.3 3.2 5.9 1.9
19.1 18.5 15.1 36.7 9.7
4.6 4.0 3.0 15.9 1.8
3.3 3.3 1.8 6.1 1.6
1.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 0.5
1.1 1.0 1.8 0.9 0.6
1.1 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.5
3.0 3.0 2.8 3.5 1.6
2.2 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.5
2.8 2.6 2.8 6.1 1.5
13.8 12.8 20.3 12.7 19.0
0.6 0.4 1.4 0.9 0.6
3.0 2.9 4.6 1.3 2.2
4.4 4.0 6.2 5.3 7.0
4.2 4.1 5.4 1.9 7.8
1.7 1.4 2.7 3.4 1.4
15.7 15.6 17.3 13.9 13.9
9.7 10.0 8.3 8.4 7.7
6.1 5.6 9.0 5.5 6.2
16.6 18.1 11.5 5.7 28.2
1.0 1.2 0.3 0.3 2.4
9.7 10.7 6.3 2.5 19.4
5.8 6.2 4.9 2.9 6.3
17.2 16.4 25.0 12.8 20.2
7.4 7.4 8.4 5.6 8.6
9.8 9.1 16.6 7.2 11.6
73,063 55,759 10,073 4,644 11,594
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
44.0 45.2 36.2 52.5 27.2
15.6 16.3 11.4 17.8 9.8
10.0 10.7 6.9 9.5 6.6
5.6 5.6 4.5 8.2 3.2
28.4 28.9 24.8 34.7 17.4
1.8 1.5 1.6 6.6 0.9
0.7 0.7 0.5 1.6 0.3
1.0 1.0 0.6 1.9 0.5
2.4 2.3 3.8 1.3 1.9
1.3 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.9
9.3 10.1 7.3 6.5 6.5
2.2 2.4 0.7 2.2 1.5
9.7 9.6 9.3 13.3 4.9
21.1 19.6 28.0 20.8 31.4
4.3 3.7 8.2 3.5 5.0
1.0 0.8 2.3 0.3 0.9
6.2 6.1 6.5 5.6 9.1
3.3 3.3 3.8 1.8 9.2
6.3 5.7 7.3 9.7 7.2
28.0 28.7 27.0 20.0 29.5
10.7 10.9 9.8 8.8 12.1
17.3 17.8 17.2 11.3 17.4
1.0 1.1 0.6 0.5 2.3
0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.2
0.4 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8
0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2
5.9 5.4 8.1 6.2 9.6
3.4 3.1 4.1 4.5 5.9
2.5 2.2 4.1 1.6 3.7

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 8. Employed people by detailed occupation, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages(Numbers in thousands)OccupationTotal
employedPercent of total employedWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

Management, professional, and related occupations

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

Management occupations

Chief executives

General and operations managers

Legislators

Advertising and promotions managers

Marketing and sales managers

Public relations and fundraising managers

Administrative services managers

Computer and information systems managers

Financial managers

Compensation and benefits managers

Human resources managers

Training and development managers

Industrial production managers

Purchasing managers

Transportation, storage, and distribution managers

Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers

Construction managers

Education administrators

Architectural and engineering managers

Food service managers

Funeral service managers

Gaming managers

Lodging managers

Medical and health services managers

Natural sciences managers

Postmasters and mail superintendents

Property, real estate, and community association managers

Social and community service managers

Emergency management directors

Managers, all other

Business and financial operations occupations

Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes

Buyers and purchasing agents, farm products

Wholesale and retail buyers, except farm products

Purchasing agents, except wholesale, retail, and farm products

Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators

Compliance officers

Cost estimators

Human resources workers

Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists

Training and development specialists

Logisticians

Management analysts

Meeting, convention, and event planners

Fundraisers

Market research analysts and marketing specialists

Business operations specialists, all other

Accountants and auditors

Appraisers and assessors of real estate

Budget analysts

Credit analysts

Financial analysts

Personal financial advisors

Insurance underwriters

Financial examiners

Credit counselors and loan officers

Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents

Tax preparers

Financial specialists, all other

Professional and related occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Computer and information research scientists

Computer systems analysts

Information security analysts

Computer programmers

Software developers, applications and systems software

Web developers

Computer support specialists

Database administrators

Network and computer systems administrators

Computer network architects

Computer occupations, all other

Actuaries

Mathematicians

Operations research analysts

Statisticians

Miscellaneous mathematical science occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Architects, except naval

Surveyors, cartographers, and photogrammetrists

Aerospace engineers

Agricultural engineers

Biomedical engineers

Chemical engineers

Civil engineers

Computer hardware engineers

Electrical and electronics engineers

Environmental engineers

Industrial engineers, including health and safety

Marine engineers and naval architects

Materials engineers

Mechanical engineers

Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers

Nuclear engineers

Petroleum engineers

Engineers, all other

Drafters

Engineering technicians, except drafters

Surveying and mapping technicians

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Agricultural and food scientists

Biological scientists

Conservation scientists and foresters

Medical scientists

Life scientists, all other

Astronomers and physicists

Atmospheric and space scientists

Chemists and materials scientists

Environmental scientists and geoscientists

Physical scientists, all other

Economists

Survey researchers

Psychologists

Sociologists

Urban and regional planners

Miscellaneous social scientists and related workers

Agricultural and food science technicians

Biological technicians

Chemical technicians

Geological and petroleum technicians

Nuclear technicians

Social science research assistants

Miscellaneous life, physical, and social science technicians

Community and social service occupations

Counselors

Social workers

Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists

Social and human service assistants

Miscellaneous community and social service specialists, including health educators and community health workers

Clergy

Directors, religious activities and education

Religious workers, all other

Legal occupations

Lawyers

Judicial law clerks

Judges, magistrates, and other judicial workers

Paralegals and legal assistants

Miscellaneous legal support workers

Education, training, and library occupations

Postsecondary teachers

Preschool and kindergarten teachers

Elementary and middle school teachers

Secondary school teachers

Special education teachers

Other teachers and instructors

Archivists, curators, and museum technicians

Librarians

Library technicians

Teacher assistants

Other education, training, and library workers

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Artists and related workers

Designers

Actors

Producers and directors

Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers

Dancers and choreographers

Musicians, singers, and related workers

Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other

Announcers

News analysts, reporters and correspondents

Public relations specialists

Editors

Technical writers

Writers and authors

Miscellaneous media and communication workers

Broadcast and sound engineering technicians and radio operators

Photographers

Television, video, and motion picture camera operators and editors

Media and communication equipment workers, all other

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Chiropractors

Dentists

Dietitians and nutritionists

Optometrists

Pharmacists

Physicians and surgeons

Physician assistants

Podiatrists

Audiologists

Occupational therapists

Physical therapists

Radiation therapists

Recreational therapists

Respiratory therapists

Speech-language pathologists

Exercise physiologists

Therapists, all other

Veterinarians

Registered nurses

Nurse anesthetists

Nurse midwives

Nurse practitioners

Health diagnosing and treating practitioners, all other

Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians

Dental hygienists

Diagnostic related technologists and technicians

Emergency medical technicians and paramedics

Health practitioner support technologists and technicians

Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses

Medical records and health information technicians

Opticians, dispensing

Miscellaneous health technologists and technicians

Other healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Service occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides

Occupational therapy assistants and aides

Physical therapist assistants and aides

Massage therapists

Dental assistants

Medical assistants

Medical transcriptionists

Pharmacy aides

Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers

Phlebotomists

Miscellaneous healthcare support occupations, including medical equipment preparers

Protective service occupations

First-line supervisors of correctional officers

First-line supervisors of police and detectives

First-line supervisors of fire fighting and prevention workers

First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other

Firefighters

Fire inspectors

Bailiffs, correctional officers, and jailers

Detectives and criminal investigators

Fish and game wardens

Parking enforcement workers

Police and sheriff's patrol officers

Transit and railroad police

Animal control workers

Private detectives and investigators

Security guards and gaming surveillance officers

Crossing guards

Transportation security screeners

Lifeguards and other recreational, and all other protective service workers

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Chefs and head cooks

First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers

Cooks

Food preparation workers

Bartenders

Combined food preparation and serving workers, including fast food

Counter attendants, cafeteria, food concession, and coffee shop

Waiters and waitresses

Food servers, nonrestaurant

Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers

Dishwashers

Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop

Food preparation and serving related workers, all other

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers

First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers

Janitors and building cleaners

Maids and housekeeping cleaners

Pest control workers

Grounds maintenance workers

Personal care and service occupations

First-line supervisors of gaming workers

First-line supervisors of personal service workers

Animal trainers

Nonfarm animal caretakers

Gaming services workers

Motion picture projectionists

Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers

Miscellaneous entertainment attendants and related workers

Embalmers and funeral attendants

Morticians, undertakers, and funeral directors

Barbers

Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists

Miscellaneous personal appearance workers

Baggage porters, bellhops, and concierges

Tour and travel guides

Childcare workers

Personal care aides

Recreation and fitness workers

Residential advisors

Personal care and service workers, all other

Sales and office occupations

Sales and related occupations

First-line supervisors of retail sales workers

First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers

Cashiers

Counter and rental clerks

Parts salespersons

Retail salespersons

Advertising sales agents

Insurance sales agents

Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents

Travel agents

Sales representatives, services, all other

Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing

Models, demonstrators, and product promoters

Real estate brokers and sales agents

Sales engineers

Telemarketers

Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers

Sales and related workers, all other

Office and administrative support occupations

First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers

Switchboard operators, including answering service

Telephone operators

Communications equipment operators, all other

Bill and account collectors

Billing and posting clerks

Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks

Gaming cage workers

Payroll and timekeeping clerks

Procurement clerks

Tellers

Financial clerks, all other

Brokerage clerks

Correspondence clerks

Court, municipal, and license clerks

Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks

Customer service representatives

Eligibility interviewers, government programs

File clerks

Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks

Interviewers, except eligibility and loan

Library assistants, clerical

Loan interviewers and clerks

New accounts clerks

Order clerks

Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping

Receptionists and information clerks

Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks

Information and record clerks, all other

Cargo and freight agents

Couriers and messengers

Dispatchers

Meter readers, utilities

Postal service clerks

Postal service mail carriers

Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators

Production, planning, and expediting clerks

Shipping, receiving, and traffic clerks

Stock clerks and order fillers

Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping

Secretaries and administrative assistants

Computer operators

Data entry keyers

Word processors and typists

Desktop publishers

Insurance claims and policy processing clerks

Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service

Office clerks, general

Office machine operators, except computer

Proofreaders and copy markers

Statistical assistants

Office and administrative support workers, all other

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers

Agricultural inspectors

Animal breeders

Graders and sorters, agricultural products

Miscellaneous agricultural workers

Fishers and related fishing workers

Hunters and trappers

Forest and conservation workers

Logging workers

Construction and extraction occupations

First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers

Boilermakers

Brickmasons, blockmasons, and stonemasons

Carpenters

Carpet, floor, and tile installers and finishers

Cement masons, concrete finishers, and terrazzo workers

Construction laborers

Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators

Pile-driver operators

Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators

Drywall installers, ceiling tile installers, and tapers

Electricians

Glaziers

Insulation workers

Painters, construction and maintenance

Paperhangers

Pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters

Plasterers and stucco masons

Reinforcing iron and rebar workers

Roofers

Sheet metal workers

Structural iron and steel workers

Solar photovoltaic installers

Helpers, construction trades

Construction and building inspectors

Elevator installers and repairers

Fence erectors

Hazardous materials removal workers

Highway maintenance workers

Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators

Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners

Miscellaneous construction and related workers

Derrick, rotary drill, and service unit operators, oil, gas, and mining

Earth drillers, except oil and gas

Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters

Mining machine operators

Roof bolters, mining

Roustabouts, oil and gas

Helpers--extraction workers

Other extraction workers

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers

Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers

Radio and telecommunications equipment installers and repairers

Avionics technicians

Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers

Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment

Electrical and electronics repairers, industrial and utility

Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles

Electronic home entertainment equipment installers and repairers

Security and fire alarm systems installers

Aircraft mechanics and service technicians

Automotive body and related repairers

Automotive glass installers and repairers

Automotive service technicians and mechanics

Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists

Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians and mechanics

Small engine mechanics

Miscellaneous vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers

Control and valve installers and repairers

Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers

Home appliance repairers

Industrial and refractory machinery mechanics

Maintenance and repair workers, general

Maintenance workers, machinery

Millwrights

Electrical power-line installers and repairers

Telecommunications line installers and repairers

Precision instrument and equipment repairers

Wind turbine service technicians

Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers

Commercial divers

Locksmiths and safe repairers

Manufactured building and mobile home installers

Riggers

Signal and track switch repairers

Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers

Other installation, maintenance, and repair workers

Production, transportation, and material moving occupations

Production occupations

First-line supervisors of production and operating workers

Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers

Electrical, electronics, and electromechanical assemblers

Engine and other machine assemblers

Structural metal fabricators and fitters

Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators

Bakers

Butchers and other meat, poultry, and fish processing workers

Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders

Food batchmakers

Food cooking machine operators and tenders

Food processing workers, all other

Computer control programmers and operators

Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Machinists

Metal furnace operators, tenders, pourers, and casters

Model makers and patternmakers, metal and plastic

Molders and molding machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Tool and die makers

Welding, soldering, and brazing workers

Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Layout workers, metal and plastic

Plating and coating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic

Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners

Metal workers and plastic workers, all other

Prepress technicians and workers

Printing press operators

Print binding and finishing workers

Laundry and dry-cleaning workers

Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials

Sewing machine operators

Shoe and leather workers and repairers

Shoe machine operators and tenders

Tailors, dressmakers, and sewers

Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders

Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders

Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders

Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders

Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers

Fabric and apparel patternmakers

Upholsterers

Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other

Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters

Furniture finishers

Model makers and patternmakers, wood

Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood

Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing

Woodworkers, all other

Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers

Stationary engineers and boiler operators

Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators

Miscellaneous plant and system operators

Chemical processing machine setters, operators, and tenders

Crushing, grinding, polishing, mixing, and blending workers

Cutting workers

Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders

Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders

Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers

Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers

Medical, dental, and ophthalmic laboratory technicians

Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders

Painting workers

Photographic process workers and processing machine operators

Semiconductor processors

Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders

Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders

Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders

Etchers and engravers

Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic

Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders

Tire builders

Helpers--production workers

Production workers, all other

Transportation and material moving occupations

Supervisors of transportation and material moving workers

Aircraft pilots and flight engineers

Air traffic controllers and airfield operations specialists

Flight attendants

Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians

Bus drivers

Driver/sales workers and truck drivers

Taxi drivers and chauffeurs

Motor vehicle operators, all other

Locomotive engineers and operators

Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators

Railroad conductors and yardmasters

Subway, streetcar, and other rail transportation workers

Sailors and marine oilers

Ship and boat captains and operators

Ship engineers

Bridge and lock tenders

Parking lot attendants

Automotive and watercraft service attendants

Transportation inspectors

Transportation attendants, except flight attendants

Other transportation workers

Conveyor operators and tenders

Crane and tower operators

Dredge, excavating, and loading machine operators

Hoist and winch operators

Industrial truck and tractor operators

Cleaners of vehicles and equipment

Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand

Machine feeders and offbearers

Packers and packagers, hand

Pumping station operators

Refuse and recyclable material collectors

Mine shuttle car operators

Tank car, truck, and ship loaders

Material moving workers, all other

155,761 78.0 12.3 6.3 17.3
62,436 79.4 9.6 8.5 9.7
25,850 82.4 8.2 6.8 9.8
18,263 83.9 7.6 5.9 10.3
1,573 89.5 3.5 5.9 6.1
1,037 84.5 7.5 4.8 10.5
18 - - - -
44 - - - -
1,083 85.8 6.7 5.4 9.7
69 85.8 10.7 3.1 3.1
161 85.4 7.4 3.0 13.0
623 77.0 5.8 14.3 6.6
1,231 81.7 8.1 7.4 9.4
23 - - - -
313 78.1 12.8 6.3 10.2
58 86.3 10.1 0.0 15.5
264 85.7 6.3 6.0 12.5
219 85.3 9.0 4.0 10.7
303 84.9 7.2 4.4 13.7
991 96.1 0.9 1.4 5.1
1,021 91.8 3.1 2.4 15.3
955 79.0 14.4 3.4 10.5
156 84.5 5.0 9.9 4.6
1,273 75.7 10.7 10.0 18.5
3 - - - -
28 - - - -
153 76.2 11.1 10.2 11.5
639 80.9 11.5 5.0 9.0
9 - - - -
24 - - - -
717 85.5 7.3 4.6 13.6
437 78.4 13.8 4.0 7.6
10 - - - -
4,827 83.2 7.8 6.5 9.9
7,587 78.8 9.8 9.1 8.7
54 79.3 7.5 11.0 12.2
12 - - - -
193 80.7 10.7 5.7 11.1
244 84.3 8.0 5.0 7.6
344 74.9 19.1 3.7 10.9
281 82.3 11.3 5.4 6.9
117 93.3 1.9 4.0 10.5
664 79.2 10.5 7.0 13.2
48 - - - -
120 76.2 15.3 2.9 8.7
128 75.7 12.1 8.1 10.1
944 77.6 8.3 12.3 6.5
126 77.7 8.6 5.3 10.5
96 86.9 7.7 3.2 5.4
355 81.8 5.8 11.6 11.4
236 70.6 15.8 9.0 9.4
1,929 75.8 9.3 12.7 7.6
84 83.9 10.7 4.0 4.2
51 72.6 11.2 14.5 13.8
26 - - - -
307 76.1 8.1 14.1 5.5
537 86.3 5.0 6.9 6.6
119 80.7 13.7 5.3 6.2
13 - - - -
350 85.5 7.6 4.3 13.0
47 - - - -
113 76.1 16.7 5.1 13.1
48 - - - -
36,586 77.2 10.5 9.6 9.6
5,126 67.0 8.4 22.0 7.5
19 - - - -
652 66.5 10.0 20.4 7.9
97 76.8 12.3 8.5 6.8
477 68.8 9.3 19.4 7.8
1,682 58.6 3.9 35.4 5.3
208 81.5 5.4 8.9 7.2
566 72.4 12.6 12.0 9.8
108 71.3 8.2 16.7 9.5
204 75.8 12.1 8.5 9.3
114 73.0 9.4 14.7 9.9
732 72.1 11.4 14.9 9.5
33 - - - -
3 - - - -
131 76.9 10.9 9.8 9.9
90 57.0 15.3 25.5 3.7
8 - - - -
3,263 79.3 6.5 11.9 8.9
239 83.5 4.5 11.5 10.1
47 - - - -
147 70.3 7.1 17.6 7.8
5 - - - -
11 - - - -
72 73.7 8.9 17.3 1.9
456 84.8 4.4 9.3 7.9
71 58.0 6.9 30.9 14.1
269 70.2 8.4 17.8 8.1
36 - - - -
246 83.2 4.9 9.0 7.4
17 - - - -
41 - - - -
333 80.0 3.5 15.0 5.5
8 - - - -
14 - - - -
27 - - - -
576 77.0 5.9 15.4 9.2
133 88.5 4.8 4.6 11.0
439 78.4 12.0 6.2 11.1
76 90.8 4.3 1.0 12.9
1,529 78.1 7.1 12.8 8.7
37 - - - -
104 83.6 1.6 13.7 3.6
22 - - - -
169 68.8 9.5 20.7 8.6
1 - - - -
20 - - - -
12 - - - -
118 78.1 4.2 16.8 7.7
100 90.4 7.8 1.1 8.4
305 65.9 4.7 26.0 6.1
36 - - - -
3 - - - -
224 89.0 7.7 3.0 11.2
5 - - - -
29 - - - -
46 - - - -
36 - - - -
19 - - - -
68 85.7 8.9 3.0 17.6
12 - - - -
10 - - - -
2 - - - -
152 77.8 9.1 11.5 11.2
2,680 71.8 20.4 3.9 12.1
895 70.0 22.2 3.9 12.7
835 68.9 23.6 3.5 13.4
104 69.3 27.0 0.6 15.9
208 67.7 21.1 4.1 18.6
71 68.8 21.5 3.3 12.4
415 80.3 12.5 4.3 6.4
76 79.7 8.2 10.6 8.3
76 88.3 6.9 4.0 5.1
1,891 85.7 7.3 4.7 9.9
1,199 88.0 5.5 4.9 6.1
13 - - - -
80 85.4 13.3 1.2 6.7
444 79.1 11.3 5.3 18.5
156 86.8 7.2 2.9 16.6
9,313 81.5 10.6 5.2 10.7
1,417 75.7 7.9 13.7 7.3
716 75.8 16.0 4.0 14.5
3,421 83.5 11.1 3.3 10.3
1,062 88.3 7.3 2.6 9.0
369 87.8 8.5 1.6 7.6
905 78.8 11.4 6.1 10.5
45 - - - -
178 85.5 6.6 4.7 8.4
33 - - - -
994 78.7 12.9 4.6 17.4
173 79.1 12.8 5.4 14.3
3,362 83.6 7.4 5.5 11.8
232 82.7 6.0 5.8 9.6
984 86.5 3.7 7.2 13.1
36 - - - -
201 83.6 11.3 2.3 7.1
359 81.9 10.7 2.4 11.8
24 - - - -
202 75.9 15.1 5.9 10.5
68 68.3 11.3 9.7 8.0
56 74.5 22.3 0.5 18.7
79 80.9 8.7 4.1 15.2
140 86.8 7.1 4.9 10.0
160 91.7 1.7 4.4 10.3
69 82.4 8.3 5.6 4.8
227 89.1 5.4 4.0 4.5
111 72.9 6.0 16.0 24.9
120 80.6 11.5 5.7 16.3
208 83.6 6.8 5.8 11.4
82 85.6 9.5 1.7 15.7
5 - - - -
9,420 75.2 12.6 9.9 8.5
63 92.8 0.9 4.0 3.0
162 79.0 1.6 17.6 4.3
104 78.6 9.6 9.1 9.6
54 84.9 2.1 9.1 8.5
348 67.9 7.2 23.1 4.4
1,094 70.8 7.6 19.8 7.4
132 90.3 2.9 5.1 8.2
11 - - - -
10 - - - -
116 91.1 2.5 6.4 4.2
286 76.4 7.4 14.3 4.3
16 - - - -
11 - - - -
108 64.9 17.3 13.9 11.6
152 94.1 3.5 1.2 4.8
5 - - - -
237 75.1 18.1 5.3 8.8
102 92.9 0.0 4.1 2.3
3,213 75.5 13.1 9.0 7.2
26 - - - -
3 - - - -
212 79.1 11.2 8.8 2.6
40 - - - -
318 70.0 18.6 8.5 12.9
178 88.3 5.6 3.8 8.6
346 79.5 11.8 5.6 14.7
214 84.3 11.9 2.2 13.9
694 75.5 14.1 6.9 15.0
658 62.0 30.4 5.1 11.5
171 72.3 15.5 9.2 9.2
61 85.4 7.3 4.9 6.8
139 59.8 24.1 14.4 12.3
137 81.4 10.2 4.1 10.8
26,854 72.0 17.3 6.1 24.4
3,629 64.3 26.2 5.7 18.3
2,035 55.8 35.8 5.4 16.3
35 - - - -
88 85.0 6.1 6.7 7.1
155 73.7 9.2 10.2 13.9
293 80.8 9.9 3.5 27.7
570 74.1 15.3 4.5 28.6
44 - - - -
34 - - - -
56 84.5 7.0 2.8 9.4
115 72.7 16.9 7.6 19.6
204 63.5 26.4 8.6 11.9
3,203 73.5 20.1 2.4 13.8
45 - - - -
88 88.8 9.2 0.4 9.4
49 - - - -
86 72.5 22.1 1.8 8.7
306 87.1 8.9 1.1 7.4
23 - - - -
406 67.0 29.0 1.2 13.7
164 85.3 10.2 1.0 11.2
7 - - - -
4 - - - -
728 81.7 12.7 2.1 13.5
2 - - - -
19 - - - -
96 78.2 15.7 3.3 20.2
958 60.0 30.7 3.9 16.8
66 58.4 26.5 1.9 20.9
41 - - - -
117 85.2 6.5 4.0 9.7
8,220 73.2 14.8 6.5 25.9
427 61.0 17.2 16.6 26.6
563 74.5 17.8 2.8 16.8
2,067 71.7 17.6 6.3 34.7
988 71.1 15.9 6.2 26.2
474 84.3 7.3 2.9 15.1
322 73.2 17.8 3.5 21.0
202 74.6 15.3 4.9 18.0
2,020 76.0 10.7 7.6 22.6
226 61.2 25.5 8.4 22.2
309 73.1 13.5 6.0 29.2
263 74.3 13.2 5.7 27.9
354 75.1 12.9 4.5 27.0
5 - - - -
5,854 77.3 14.8 3.1 38.8
339 75.5 15.9 3.6 25.1
254 88.3 6.5 1.5 26.2
2,342 73.0 19.1 3.5 32.8
1,512 74.1 16.1 4.5 49.3
79 84.9 10.6 0.0 12.2
1,328 86.5 7.5 1.0 45.0
5,947 69.2 16.3 10.5 17.8
187 79.8 10.4 4.1 10.2
208 69.5 11.9 17.8 9.5
55 87.2 1.7 4.4 10.5
268 92.1 3.8 1.8 9.8
102 49.7 10.6 30.3 6.7
1 - - - -
35 - - - -
210 80.5 7.7 5.5 16.8
17 - - - -
34 - - - -
132 62.0 30.2 5.3 27.3
834 75.7 14.2 7.3 17.6
449 31.2 9.1 57.2 10.8
92 49.7 37.7 10.3 26.1
65 85.0 6.4 2.9 13.4
1,193 76.7 15.5 4.1 24.3
1,354 62.3 24.6 8.3 22.4
497 76.0 15.6 4.3 9.2
41 - - - -
171 72.2 17.8 5.4 15.3
33,461 78.6 12.8 4.9 16.6
15,806 80.2 11.0 5.3 16.3
3,366 80.8 10.2 5.3 13.9
1,257 84.7 6.9 6.4 15.0
3,200 70.3 17.3 6.6 24.5
114 71.4 20.4 5.8 24.6
127 82.2 9.2 2.8 19.3
3,147 78.7 12.6 5.1 18.2
221 81.2 10.4 4.8 14.9
619 83.3 8.7 5.3 11.6
231 85.6 6.3 6.8 11.9
79 77.9 17.7 4.4 9.9
516 89.0 6.5 2.9 7.5
1,273 90.8 4.1 2.9 11.2
60 79.0 8.8 7.2 13.4
1,072 86.0 6.4 6.1 10.8
34 - - - -
58 69.3 23.3 3.7 22.9
158 86.1 10.6 1.3 22.8
275 85.0 8.7 4.5 7.2
17,655 77.1 14.4 4.6 16.9
1,450 81.6 11.2 3.5 13.5
23 - - - -
30 - - - -
9 - - - -
122 69.4 24.0 1.4 21.3
490 77.0 13.8 5.2 18.0
1,045 87.5 7.0 3.7 10.2
8 - - - -
121 78.2 13.3 6.6 14.9
31 - - - -
300 77.2 12.7 6.1 17.8
92 76.7 9.2 7.7 23.2
4 - - - -
4 - - - -
83 79.1 12.6 2.9 16.1
54 67.2 28.9 2.7 12.3
2,563 72.8 17.8 4.7 19.1
68 65.9 25.2 3.1 20.5
161 78.3 15.1 5.5 15.5
131 71.2 13.7 5.9 21.8
152 70.0 21.7 3.1 16.4
103 84.9 9.5 3.8 8.3
117 74.5 13.9 9.5 11.7
23 - - - -
78 70.3 13.2 8.2 17.7
57 68.8 20.1 6.0 12.3
1,324 79.5 13.2 3.2 20.4
128 67.0 17.3 5.3 21.9
121 79.7 11.7 6.8 15.2
30 - - - -
293 70.8 21.1 4.3 20.3
293 79.3 15.2 2.8 13.3
24 - - - -
120 46.5 40.9 8.3 8.6
302 64.8 23.6 6.9 13.3
58 50.5 41.1 4.4 11.7
269 80.0 9.4 7.3 12.5
578 76.2 15.2 3.1 23.6
1,527 70.2 19.7 4.5 22.9
56 86.1 9.5 4.0 18.1
2,569 84.8 8.9 3.3 13.5
73 72.4 16.8 9.5 10.7
270 71.7 17.0 9.1 18.1
67 62.9 22.2 8.0 15.9
1 - - - -
244 80.7 14.9 2.6 14.8
63 70.5 20.6 2.5 20.5
1,309 75.7 14.2 7.0 19.1
24 - - - -
11 - - - -
40 - - - -
540 78.1 14.0 5.0 14.1
14,471 86.2 7.6 2.2 31.9
1,121 89.9 3.8 2.2 46.0
60 96.9 0.4 0.1 33.6
22 - - - -
5 - - - -
85 84.0 7.6 5.3 44.2
833 90.3 3.6 1.7 52.8
39 - - - -
3 - - - -
16 - - - -
58 94.6 1.0 3.1 8.5
8,338 87.5 7.1 1.6 37.0
634 92.2 4.2 0.8 23.0
20 - - - -
143 87.1 9.3 1.5 35.5
1,375 86.1 6.2 2.3 39.1
164 86.5 8.4 0.7 46.4
50 79.3 12.5 0.0 46.6
2,110 87.4 7.5 1.6 47.6
21 - - - -
1 - - - -
342 89.0 7.5 0.3 17.4
164 88.1 4.6 0.6 70.2
887 86.9 8.2 1.8 23.3
45 - - - -
60 84.2 8.7 1.9 38.9
607 87.6 5.7 2.3 54.9
5 - - - -
641 88.5 8.2 1.3 26.6
19 - - - -
3 - - - -
201 86.7 6.6 1.8 56.3
147 88.5 7.7 1.3 23.3
60 81.7 6.3 4.4 22.9
16 - - - -
77 80.6 13.3 1.7 35.9
108 85.6 7.7 2.2 8.4
25 - - - -
33 - - - -
36 - - - -
105 82.8 12.2 0.7 12.7
10 - - - -
9 - - - -
28 - - - -
30 - - - -
22 - - - -
12 - - - -
65 86.0 6.7 0.8 18.1
1 - - - -
10 - - - -
2 - - - -
49 - - - -
5,012 83.4 9.4 3.3 20.1
280 87.0 7.4 1.6 12.9
185 75.6 14.0 7.6 14.7
136 73.4 16.0 8.8 19.1
13 - - - -
26 - - - -
1 - - - -
11 - - - -
5 - - - -
38 - - - -
63 86.9 7.9 1.0 22.7
164 82.4 9.1 5.0 19.4
152 91.3 5.0 1.6 30.9
24 - - - -
916 82.9 8.8 4.1 26.0
389 87.9 8.1 1.8 18.7
211 84.2 6.4 2.1 12.4
51 98.0 0.6 0.1 15.7
93 78.7 12.9 2.3 31.1
20 - - - -
472 86.4 7.6 2.9 21.5
41 - - - -
442 83.9 9.3 3.3 15.4
507 79.8 12.7 3.1 19.0
25 - - - -
46 - - - -
137 86.0 10.0 0.9 12.1
210 77.4 13.1 4.2 19.2
65 74.0 12.8 7.7 12.2
3 - - - -
36 - - - -
1 - - - -
34 - - - -
7 - - - -
14 - - - -
14 - - - -
16 - - - -
167 83.6 9.4 3.6 24.4
18,539 74.4 16.6 5.1 22.8
8,621 76.6 13.5 5.8 23.4
832 81.1 10.2 4.3 18.9
5 - - - -
124 69.7 12.2 15.1 22.5
10 - - - -
33 - - - -
1,064 66.8 19.9 9.5 19.1
219 74.6 12.8 7.3 29.5
265 65.5 20.8 6.4 32.4
6 - - - -
80 78.6 11.2 7.3 22.0
14 - - - -
158 67.4 22.6 4.8 39.4
107 91.4 7.1 1.5 19.1
14 - - - -
6 - - - -
11 - - - -
61 75.0 12.6 4.1 8.2
3 - - - -
38 - - - -
8 - - - -
3 - - - -
344 83.7 7.2 5.8 13.6
20 - - - -
6 - - - -
40 - - - -
5 - - - -
50 96.1 1.8 1.7 12.4
633 85.7 8.3 1.4 25.0
9 - - - -
9 - - - -
17 - - - -
3 - - - -
373 73.6 15.0 7.0 22.9
18 - - - -
164 82.1 10.2 3.6 20.6
13 - - - -
143 64.9 20.1 7.1 43.1
36 - - - -
174 74.1 9.4 12.7 44.3
8 - - - -
4 - - - -
85 67.7 3.6 25.3 23.5
1 - - - -
6 - - - -
5 - - - -
5 - - - -
0 - - - -
3 - - - -
31 - - - -
16 - - - -
65 88.3 5.7 3.3 14.4
20 - - - -
0 - - - -
37 - - - -
27 - - - -
28 - - - -
33 - - - -
79 77.8 8.8 9.4 10.6
101 85.6 7.6 1.4 9.4
38 - - - -
75 90.3 7.5 0.5 11.2
79 79.8 15.7 0.3 20.0
60 77.0 11.4 8.4 30.6
22 - - - -
25 - - - -
807 77.1 13.9 6.0 19.1
38 - - - -
87 70.8 10.1 13.2 19.9
277 67.0 22.3 7.6 38.9
165 80.7 11.2 1.8 36.0
17 - - - -
1 - - - -
8 - - - -
9 - - - -
4 - - - -
11 - - - -
37 - - - -
21 - - - -
7 - - - -
53 77.6 13.9 4.3 37.9
1,107 74.9 16.6 4.1 26.4
9,918 72.5 19.2 4.5 22.3
217 68.3 19.5 6.7 14.2
119 92.4 2.7 4.2 6.8
37 - - - -
104 66.1 20.8 10.6 9.7
12 - - - -
599 64.8 29.4 3.8 15.1
3,549 77.0 16.3 3.2 20.9
777 52.5 27.9 14.9 18.3
63 75.7 20.8 1.2 21.0
36 - - - -
5 - - - -
53 76.1 15.0 5.6 13.4
15 - - - -
21 - - - -
33 - - - -
6 - - - -
7 - - - -
87 74.3 17.1 7.8 44.2
102 76.3 9.5 7.7 20.8
37 - - - -
40 - - - -
24 - - - -
2 - - - -
68 82.2 12.3 3.6 8.3
24 - - - -
10 - - - -
631 71.2 21.5 1.7 30.2
329 73.2 19.8 2.0 32.9
2,106 74.0 18.9 3.1 22.0
30 - - - -
607 68.1 19.8 7.9 42.6
16 - - - -
91 68.8 23.5 2.8 28.6
1 - - - -
8 - - - -
51 74.9 24.3 0.1 25.7

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates no data or data that do not meet publication criteria (values not shown where base is less than 50,000).
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 9. Employed people by industry, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesIndustry and genderTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale trade

Retail trade

Transportation and utilities

Information

Financial activities

Professional and business services

Education and health services

Leisure and hospitality

Other services

Other services, except private households

Other services, private households

Public administration

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale trade

Retail trade

Transportation and utilities

Information

Financial activities

Professional and business services

Education and health services

Leisure and hospitality

Other services

Other services, except private households

Other services, private households

Public administration

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing

Mining

Construction

Manufacturing

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale trade

Retail trade

Transportation and utilities

Information

Financial activities

Professional and business services

Education and health services

Leisure and hospitality

Other services

Other services, except private households

Other services, private households

Public administration

155,761 121,461 19,091 9,832 27,012
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
1.6 1.9 0.3 0.4 2.3
0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.6
7.2 8.1 3.6 2.2 12.7
10.0 10.2 8.5 10.9 9.6
6.3 6.5 4.8 7.5 5.2
3.7 3.7 3.7 3.4 4.4
13.0 13.1 12.6 11.5 13.5
2.4 2.5 1.7 1.9 2.6
10.7 10.6 10.9 9.5 10.9
5.5 5.0 8.6 4.8 5.8
1.9 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.3
6.8 7.0 5.7 8.1 5.0
12.2 12.2 9.8 17.3 11.2
22.5 21.8 27.8 22.7 16.7
9.2 8.7 10.0 9.9 12.2
5.0 4.9 4.4 6.6 5.8
4.5 4.4 4.0 6.4 4.6
0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 1.3
4.8 4.6 6.6 3.3 3.2
82,698 65,702 9,018 5,188 15,418
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
2.2 2.5 0.6 0.4 3.0
0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.9
12.2 13.6 7.1 3.6 21.0
13.3 13.6 12.0 13.0 11.3
8.9 9.2 7.0 9.7 6.7
4.4 4.4 5.0 3.3 4.7
13.5 13.6 14.0 12.2 13.0
3.2 3.4 2.6 2.3 3.1
10.4 10.2 11.5 9.9 9.9
7.8 7.2 13.2 6.8 7.8
2.2 2.2 2.2 2.6 1.5
6.1 6.2 5.1 8.0 4.1
13.4 13.2 11.2 20.5 11.4
10.9 10.2 13.9 14.8 7.2
8.4 7.7 10.3 9.9 10.7
4.3 4.3 4.2 4.7 5.2
4.3 4.3 4.2 4.6 5.0
0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
4.9 4.9 5.9 3.2 3.0
73,063 55,759 10,073 4,644 11,594
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0.9 1.0 0.1 0.3 1.4
0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2
1.5 1.8 0.5 0.7 1.7
6.2 6.2 5.4 8.6 7.3
3.4 3.4 2.8 5.0 3.2
2.8 2.8 2.6 3.6 4.1
12.4 12.6 11.4 10.7 14.1
1.4 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.9
11.0 11.1 10.4 9.2 12.2
2.9 2.6 4.6 2.5 3.1
1.5 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.1
7.7 7.9 6.2 8.1 6.2
10.8 11.0 8.6 13.7 10.9
35.7 35.5 40.3 31.5 29.5
10.1 9.9 9.7 9.9 14.2
5.7 5.6 4.6 8.8 6.7
4.7 4.6 3.9 8.4 4.0
1.0 1.1 0.7 0.4 2.7
4.6 4.2 7.2 3.5 3.6

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 10. Employment and unemployment in families by type of family, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averages(Numbers in thousands)Family type and employment status of family membersTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total families

With at least one family member employed

As a percent of total families

With at least one family member unemployed

As a percent of total families

Some family member(s) employed

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

Some family member(s) employed full time

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

Married-couple families(1)

With at least one family member employed

As a percent of total families

With at least one family member unemployed

As a percent of total families

Some family member(s) employed

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

Some family member(s) employed full time

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

Families maintained by women(2)

With at least one family member employed

As a percent of total families

With at least one family member unemployed

As a percent of total families

Some family member(s) employed

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

Some family member(s) employed full time

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

Families maintained by men(2)

With at least one family member employed

As a percent of total families

With at least one family member unemployed

As a percent of total families

Some family member(s) employed

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

Some family member(s) employed full time

As a percent of families with at least one family member unemployed

82,502 65,042 10,008 4,977 13,194
66,655 52,264 7,934 4,393 11,546
80.8 80.4 79.3 88.3 87.5
4,300 3,042 837 233 918
5.2 4.7 8.4 4.7 7.0
3,012 2,184 504 197 657
70.0 71.8 60.3 84.5 71.5
2,636 1,917 437 175 584
61.3 63.0 52.3 75.1 63.6
60,094 50,102 4,549 4,014 8,157
48,791 40,262 3,735 3,550 7,342
81.2 80.4 82.1 88.4 90.0
2,528 1,977 287 177 514
100.0 3.9 6.3 4.4 6.3
2,075 1,627 224 156 422
82.1 82.3 78.0 87.8 82.0
1,863 1,457 205 139 384
73.7 73.7 71.3 78.3 74.8
15,452 9,921 4,227 600 3,317
12,003 7,712 3,227 512 2,654
77.7 77.7 76.3 85.4 80.0
1,233 698 437 35 271
100.0 7.0 10.3 5.8 8.2
633 354 217 25 152
51.4 50.7 49.6 71.5 56.1
507 280 177 21 125
41.1 40.1 40.5 61.1 46.0
6,956 5,019 1,232 364 1,721
5,861 4,290 973 331 1,550
84.3 85.5 79.0 91.0 90.1
539 367 112 21 133
100.0 7.3 9.1 5.8 7.7
303 204 63 16 83
56.2 55.5 56.4 78.0 62.6
267 180 56 15 75
49.5 49.1 49.4 71.6 56.2

(1) Refers to opposite-sex married-couple families only.
(2) No opposite-sex spouse present.

Note: The race or ethnicity of the family is determined by that of the householder, the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 11. Labor force participation rates by presence and age of youngest child, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1994–2018 annual averages(Percent)YearTotalWhiteBlack or
African AmericanAsianHispanic or
Latino ethnicityTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomen

With no children under 18 years

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

With children under 18 years

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

With children 6 to 17 years, none younger

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

With children under 6 years

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

With children under 3 years

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

60.2 67.1 53.6 60.6 67.7 53.8 57.2 62.0 52.4 - - - 62.3 71.5 51.5
60.2 67.0 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 57.5 62.3 52.7 - - - 61.2 70.9 50.2
60.1 66.8 53.5 60.5 67.6 53.6 56.9 61.5 52.3 - - - 61.6 71.3 50.5
60.4 67.0 53.8 60.8 67.8 53.8 57.3 61.2 53.5 - - - 62.6 72.1 51.4
60.3 67.0 53.9 60.6 67.6 53.8 58.0 62.0 54.2 - - - 62.8 72.1 51.7
60.4 66.8 54.1 60.7 67.5 53.9 58.3 62.1 54.6 - - - 62.5 71.6 52.2
60.6 67.0 54.3 60.9 67.7 54.3 58.4 62.5 54.5 - - - 63.7 73.2 52.6
60.4 66.7 54.3 60.8 67.4 54.3 57.9 61.7 54.4 - - - 63.0 72.4 52.6
60.0 66.2 53.9 60.4 66.8 54.0 56.8 61.0 52.7 61.2 67.8 55.0 63.9 72.7 53.2
59.7 65.4 54.1 60.1 66.1 54.1 56.5 60.0 53.2 59.7 66.4 53.7 62.8 72.1 51.5
59.6 65.3 54.0 60.0 66.1 54.0 56.4 59.5 53.5 59.1 65.0 53.5 63.5 72.6 52.5
59.8 65.5 54.2 60.1 66.2 54.1 57.3 60.8 53.9 59.9 66.0 54.3 63.0 72.1 51.9
60.0 65.8 54.2 60.4 66.5 54.2 57.1 60.5 53.9 60.0 66.2 54.1 63.7 73.0 52.2
59.8 65.6 54.0 60.3 66.4 54.1 56.5 60.1 53.0 60.2 66.6 54.0 63.7 72.8 52.4
59.9 65.6 54.3 60.3 66.3 54.3 56.9 60.4 53.6 60.3 66.6 54.4 63.5 72.7 52.1
59.3 64.6 54.0 59.9 65.4 54.3 55.9 59.3 52.7 59.0 65.3 53.1 62.6 70.7 52.8
58.7 63.8 53.6 59.1 64.5 53.7 56.0 59.1 52.9 58.1 64.3 52.4 62.0 69.8 52.3
58.1 63.1 53.0 58.6 63.8 53.2 55.1 58.4 51.8 58.0 63.9 52.6 60.8 68.3 51.6
57.5 62.6 52.5 58.1 63.7 52.4 55.2 57.6 52.8 58.1 63.2 53.4 60.7 68.1 52.0
57.2 62.3 52.1 57.4 62.9 52.0 54.5 57.1 52.0 58.8 64.5 53.6 60.6 68.2 51.9
56.7 61.7 51.7 56.9 62.2 51.6 54.8 57.5 52.1 57.0 63.0 51.7 60.5 68.0 51.8
56.5 61.6 51.5 56.7 62.1 51.2 55.3 58.0 52.7 56.5 61.7 51.7 60.4 68.1 51.9
56.7 61.9 51.6 56.8 62.3 51.4 55.2 58.4 52.2 57.1 63.1 51.8 60.3 67.9 52.0
56.8 61.9 51.9 56.8 62.2 51.4 56.1 59.2 53.2 57.4 62.9 52.5 61.0 68.2 53.2
56.8 61.7 51.9 56.7 62.1 51.3 56.3 59.1 53.8 57.0 62.0 52.5 60.7 67.8 53.0
79.8 94.1 69.0 80.9 94.8 69.5 74.9 89.5 68.4 - - - 70.2 92.1 54.7
80.3 94.1 69.8 81.3 94.9 70.3 76.3 89.6 70.3 - - - 71.0 92.2 55.6
81.1 94.5 70.8 81.8 95.3 70.7 78.5 89.7 73.3 - - - 72.3 93.7 56.7
81.8 94.6 71.9 82.4 95.4 71.7 79.6 89.6 75.0 - - - 74.0 93.4 59.6
81.8 94.6 71.8 82.2 95.3 71.3 81.0 90.4 76.7 - - - 74.2 92.9 60.2
82.0 94.6 72.2 82.3 95.4 71.5 82.0 89.3 78.5 - - - 74.6 93.8 60.3
82.1 94.7 72.3 82.3 95.3 71.6 82.2 90.3 78.2 - - - 75.7 93.8 62.0
81.9 94.6 72.1 82.2 95.3 71.5 81.8 89.7 77.9 - - - 75.7 93.6 62.0
81.6 94.3 71.8 81.9 94.8 71.1 81.9 90.3 77.7 78.3 93.2 66.6 75.8 93.2 62.7
81.2 94.1 71.1 81.4 94.7 70.3 81.5 89.7 77.5 78.9 93.5 67.0 75.1 93.4 61.2
80.7 94.1 70.4 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.5 88.4 76.5 77.9 93.8 64.9 74.9 93.9 60.4
80.7 94.1 70.5 81.1 94.8 69.8 80.4 88.7 76.3 77.9 93.1 65.6 74.5 94.2 59.6
81.0 94.1 70.9 81.4 94.9 70.2 80.5 88.1 76.9 78.3 93.2 66.3 75.3 94.2 60.9
81.4 94.3 71.0 81.7 95.0 70.3 81.2 89.6 76.6 78.9 93.1 67.1 76.5 94.8 61.4
81.5 94.1 71.4 81.8 94.8 70.8 81.1 89.7 76.7 80.0 93.0 68.8 76.4 94.4 61.4
81.3 93.8 71.4 81.8 94.5 70.9 80.2 87.7 76.3 80.1 94.1 68.0 76.5 94.2 61.5
80.9 93.7 70.8 81.4 94.5 70.5 79.7 89.0 74.9 78.2 92.2 66.2 76.6 93.9 62.1
80.6 93.5 70.6 81.1 94.3 70.2 79.6 87.9 75.3 78.3 93.0 65.4 76.1 93.5 61.8
80.4 93.1 70.3 81.0 94.0 70.3 80.0 88.9 75.4 76.7 93.0 63.2 76.4 93.7 63.2
80.0 92.8 69.9 80.6 93.6 69.6 80.0 87.9 75.6 77.0 92.7 64.2 75.3 92.9 61.2
80.1 92.8 70.1 80.6 93.5 69.8 79.9 87.9 75.4 77.4 93.3 64.3 75.8 93.1 62.0
80.0 92.7 69.9 80.4 93.5 69.4 80.4 87.3 76.6 76.2 92.9 62.4 75.7 93.4 61.4
80.4 92.8 70.5 80.8 93.6 70.0 80.8 87.3 77.2 76.7 92.6 63.4 76.0 93.4 61.8
80.8 92.8 71.1 81.2 93.7 70.5 81.6 87.3 78.4 77.8 93.1 65.0 76.0 93.1 61.9
81.3 93.3 71.5 81.7 93.9 71.2 81.6 89.0 77.2 78.0 93.4 65.0 77.4 93.8 63.9
83.5 93.1 76.1 84.3 93.9 76.5 79.6 88.0 75.5 - - - 74.9 89.7 64.5
83.7 93.0 76.6 84.6 93.7 77.2 80.1 88.1 76.4 - - - 75.4 89.7 65.5
84.5 93.5 77.5 85.3 94.4 77.7 81.3 87.9 78.1 - - - 77.3 92.3 66.7
84.7 93.6 77.9 85.4 94.4 78.0 81.8 88.1 78.7 - - - 77.6 91.2 68.2
84.5 93.5 77.6 84.9 94.2 77.3 83.1 88.2 80.6 - - - 77.5 90.6 68.1
84.8 93.4 78.2 85.4 94.4 78.1 83.2 86.7 81.4 - - - 78.6 91.2 69.5
85.1 93.5 78.7 85.7 94.3 78.6 83.3 87.8 81.0 - - - 79.3 91.5 70.5
85.0 93.6 78.3 85.5 94.5 78.1 83.3 87.5 81.1 - - - 79.6 91.7 70.9
84.8 93.3 78.2 85.1 94.0 77.8 84.3 89.2 81.8 82.6 91.6 75.7 79.0 91.1 70.2
84.5 93.1 77.8 84.7 93.7 77.3 84.0 88.0 82.1 82.9 93.5 74.3 78.8 91.5 69.4
84.1 93.1 77.3 84.5 93.9 76.9 82.7 86.3 80.9 82.6 93.8 73.4 79.6 92.8 70.2
83.7 93.0 76.5 84.1 93.8 76.3 82.4 86.9 80.2 80.7 92.3 71.2 78.8 92.9 68.7
83.8 93.1 76.7 84.3 94.0 76.3 82.4 85.7 80.8 80.8 91.8 72.0 79.1 92.6 69.4
84.3 93.2 77.2 84.6 94.0 76.7 83.7 87.7 81.5 81.8 91.7 73.6 80.5 93.1 70.4
84.3 93.1 77.3 84.7 93.9 77.0 83.1 87.8 80.6 82.7 91.8 74.9 80.4 93.2 70.0
84.2 92.7 77.3 84.7 93.7 77.0 82.2 85.7 80.3 82.7 92.9 74.0 80.7 93.6 69.9
83.7 92.8 76.5 84.2 93.6 76.3 81.9 87.1 79.2 81.8 92.2 73.1 80.1 92.6 69.9
83.3 92.6 76.1 83.9 93.5 76.0 81.5 86.5 78.8 80.8 92.2 71.2 79.2 91.9 69.0
82.6 92.2 75.1 83.2 93.0 75.1 81.9 87.3 79.1 78.4 91.6 67.7 79.4 92.7 69.1
82.3 91.9 74.7 83.0 92.8 74.8 81.4 86.4 78.6 78.8 91.7 68.4 78.1 91.8 67.5
82.2 91.6 74.7 82.7 92.4 74.6 81.7 86.5 79.0 80.1 92.6 70.1 78.4 91.9 68.2
82.1 91.8 74.4 82.5 92.5 74.2 81.4 85.5 79.1 79.0 92.0 68.4 78.3 92.3 67.3
82.5 91.9 75.0 82.8 92.7 74.6 81.9 85.6 79.9 80.0 92.2 69.9 78.5 92.4 67.7
82.8 91.7 75.7 83.3 92.6 75.3 82.4 84.9 81.1 81.5 92.8 72.2 78.8 92.0 68.1
83.4 92.2 76.4 83.9 93.0 76.1 82.1 87.0 79.5 81.5 92.0 72.9 80.1 93.1 69.7
75.8 95.2 61.2 77.1 95.9 61.6 70.0 91.3 61.2 - - - 66.6 94.0 47.0
76.6 95.5 62.3 77.7 96.1 62.6 72.0 91.4 63.9 - - - 67.6 94.1 47.7
77.2 95.6 63.2 77.9 96.3 62.7 75.4 91.9 68.2 - - - 68.5 94.8 48.7
78.3 95.8 64.8 78.8 96.5 64.1 77.1 91.3 70.8 - - - 70.9 95.1 52.3
78.6 96.1 64.9 78.9 96.6 64.1 78.5 93.0 72.0 - - - 71.3 94.9 53.0
78.5 96.1 64.8 78.5 96.7 63.4 80.6 92.5 74.9 - - - 71.2 95.9 52.1
78.4 96.1 64.6 78.2 96.5 63.0 80.9 93.3 74.9 - - - 72.5 95.7 54.5
78.1 95.8 64.3 78.1 96.2 63.0 80.0 92.5 73.9 - - - 72.2 95.2 53.8
77.7 95.5 63.7 77.9 95.9 62.7 78.9 91.8 72.5 73.5 94.8 56.3 73.1 94.8 56.1
77.2 95.4 62.8 77.3 96.0 61.5 78.2 92.1 71.8 74.2 93.4 58.5 71.9 94.9 53.4
76.5 95.4 61.8 76.8 96.0 60.7 77.6 91.1 70.8 73.1 93.8 56.0 70.6 94.8 51.2
77.0 95.4 62.8 77.2 96.1 61.6 77.8 91.2 71.4 74.9 94.0 59.3 70.6 95.4 50.9
77.5 95.4 63.5 77.7 95.9 62.5 78.0 91.1 71.8 75.6 94.8 59.9 71.7 95.6 52.7
77.8 95.7 63.3 77.9 96.2 62.3 77.9 92.3 70.4 75.8 94.8 59.9 72.9 96.1 53.0
77.9 95.4 64.0 78.0 95.9 62.9 78.6 92.4 71.7 77.1 94.3 61.9 72.7 95.5 53.0
77.8 95.1 64.2 78.1 95.6 63.3 77.7 90.4 71.4 77.3 95.4 61.4 72.4 94.9 53.1
77.5 94.7 63.9 78.0 95.5 63.4 77.1 91.3 69.8 74.3 92.2 58.3 73.2 95.2 54.6
77.4 94.5 63.9 77.7 95.2 63.0 77.4 89.7 71.1 75.4 93.8 58.4 73.2 95.0 54.7
77.7 94.2 64.6 78.2 95.1 64.3 77.6 91.0 71.0 74.7 94.5 57.8 73.3 94.6 57.0
77.2 93.9 63.9 77.5 94.7 62.9 78.5 89.8 72.1 74.9 93.8 59.3 72.3 94.0 54.5
77.5 94.2 64.2 78.0 94.9 63.7 77.6 89.6 71.0 74.3 94.0 57.4 73.1 94.4 55.2
77.4 93.9 64.2 77.7 94.7 63.3 79.2 89.5 73.4 72.8 94.1 55.0 72.9 94.5 54.7
77.8 94.0 64.7 78.2 94.8 63.9 79.4 89.5 73.6 72.8 93.2 55.6 72.9 94.6 54.8
78.2 94.1 65.1 78.4 95.0 64.2 80.7 90.1 75.0 73.1 93.5 55.2 72.5 94.4 54.3
78.5 94.5 65.1 78.9 95.1 64.7 80.9 91.4 74.4 73.8 95.0 55.1 74.0 94.6 56.5
74.0 95.3 57.7 75.6 96.0 58.6 66.0 91.5 55.6 - - - 64.4 94.1 42.2
74.8 95.5 58.9 76.0 96.2 59.2 68.9 90.9 60.0 - - - 65.7 94.1 43.7
75.4 95.8 59.4 76.2 96.5 59.2 72.1 92.2 63.1 - - - 66.2 94.6 44.7
76.6 95.9 61.4 77.5 96.5 61.4 73.6 92.1 65.1 - - - 68.6 94.6 48.0
77.2 96.2 61.9 77.7 96.7 61.5 75.8 93.2 67.5 - - - 69.5 95.0 48.9
77.0 96.4 61.5 77.0 97.0 60.1 78.7 92.4 72.0 - - - 68.8 96.2 47.4
76.3 96.4 60.4 76.3 96.7 59.0 77.6 93.6 69.8 - - - 70.4 96.2 50.0
76.0 95.9 60.2 76.1 96.4 58.9 77.3 92.6 69.7 - - - 69.7 95.3 48.7
76.1 95.8 60.2 76.3 96.2 59.2 76.9 93.2 68.6 72.1 95.4 53.5 70.3 95.1 50.3
75.2 95.7 58.9 75.6 96.2 57.8 74.7 91.4 67.0 73.0 94.5 55.1 69.5 95.2 47.9
74.4 95.7 57.5 74.9 96.3 56.8 74.7 91.0 66.4 70.2 93.8 50.4 68.2 95.2 46.0
74.8 95.5 58.4 75.1 96.4 57.2 74.7 90.6 67.0 72.4 92.9 55.8 67.7 96.0 45.0
75.8 95.5 60.2 76.2 96.2 59.3 75.0 90.6 67.2 73.4 94.2 56.8 69.5 95.9 48.6
75.6 95.9 59.2 76.0 96.4 58.3 74.8 92.8 65.7 73.6 94.2 56.2 69.9 96.0 47.6
76.1 95.7 60.4 76.4 96.2 59.4 75.0 92.4 66.7 75.9 94.4 59.5 70.3 95.9 47.9
76.1 95.0 61.1 76.6 95.5 60.5 74.5 90.2 66.6 76.1 95.9 58.2 70.0 94.4 49.1
75.7 94.7 60.7 76.4 95.7 60.3 74.2 91.0 65.6 72.2 91.2 55.3 71.3 95.3 50.8
75.7 94.7 60.6 76.1 95.3 60.0 75.0 89.2 67.5 73.8 95.3 54.1 71.3 95.5 50.1
76.0 95.0 61.2 76.6 95.5 61.2 75.5 92.2 67.0 72.4 94.3 53.7 71.2 95.5 52.4
75.8 94.0 61.1 76.2 94.9 60.3 76.6 89.9 68.8 72.5 92.6 55.5 70.3 94.3 50.4
76.0 94.4 61.0 76.6 95.0 60.8 75.9 90.2 67.6 72.6 94.5 53.4 70.8 95.1 50.6
76.1 93.9 61.4 76.4 94.7 60.6 77.5 89.7 70.3 70.8 92.8 52.0 70.9 94.4 50.6
76.5 94.2 61.8 77.1 95.1 61.3 78.2 90.2 70.8 69.3 92.5 49.8 70.9 94.5 50.6
77.0 94.6 62.3 77.4 95.3 61.8 79.2 91.5 71.1 70.7 93.2 50.8 70.9 95.3 50.5
76.9 94.8 61.9 77.4 95.4 61.6 79.0 91.0 71.2 71.2 95.0 50.2 71.2 94.4 51.4

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Children are "own" children and include sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, and other related and unrelated children. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 12. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages(Percent)YearTotalWhiteBlack or African AmericanAsianHispanic or Latino ethnicityTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomen

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

5.6 5.0 6.6 5.1 4.5 5.9 10.4 9.3 11.8 - - - - - -
4.9 4.2 6.0 4.3 3.8 5.3 9.4 8.0 11.1 - - - 7.5 6.7 9.0
5.6 4.9 6.7 5.0 4.4 6.1 10.5 9.8 11.3 - - - 8.1 7.3 9.4
8.5 7.9 9.3 7.8 7.2 8.6 14.8 14.8 14.8 - - - 12.2 11.4 13.5
7.7 7.1 8.6 7.0 6.4 7.9 14.0 13.7 14.3 - - - 11.5 10.8 12.7
7.1 6.3 8.2 6.2 5.5 7.3 14.0 13.3 14.9 - - - 10.1 9.0 11.9
6.1 5.3 7.2 5.2 4.6 6.2 12.8 11.8 13.8 - - - 9.1 7.7 11.3
5.8 5.1 6.8 5.1 4.5 5.9 12.3 11.4 13.3 - - - 8.3 7.0 10.3
7.1 6.9 7.4 6.3 6.1 6.5 14.3 14.5 14.0 - - - 10.1 9.7 10.7
7.6 7.4 7.9 6.7 6.5 6.9 15.6 15.7 15.6 - - - 10.4 10.2 10.8
9.7 9.9 9.4 8.6 8.8 8.3 18.9 20.1 17.6 - - - 13.8 13.6 14.1
9.6 9.9 9.2 8.4 8.8 7.9 19.5 20.3 18.6 - - - 13.7 13.6 13.8
7.5 7.4 7.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 15.9 16.4 15.4 - - - 10.7 10.5 11.1
7.2 7.0 7.4 6.2 6.1 6.4 15.1 15.3 14.9 - - - 10.5 10.2 11.0
7.0 6.9 7.1 6.0 6.0 6.1 14.5 14.8 14.2 - - - 10.6 10.5 10.8
6.2 6.2 6.2 5.3 5.4 5.2 13.0 12.7 13.2 - - - 8.8 8.7 8.9
5.5 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.7 4.7 11.7 11.7 11.7 - - - 8.2 8.1 8.3
5.3 5.2 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 11.4 11.5 11.4 - - - 8.0 7.6 8.8
5.6 5.7 5.5 4.8 4.9 4.7 11.4 11.9 10.9 - - - 8.2 8.0 8.4
6.8 7.2 6.4 6.1 6.5 5.6 12.5 13.0 12.0 - - - 10.0 10.3 9.6
7.5 7.9 7.0 6.6 7.0 6.1 14.2 15.2 13.2 - - - 11.6 11.7 11.4
6.9 7.2 6.6 6.1 6.3 5.7 13.0 13.8 12.1 - - - 10.8 10.6 11.0
6.1 6.2 6.0 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.5 12.0 11.0 - - - 9.9 9.4 10.7
5.6 5.6 5.6 4.9 4.9 4.8 10.4 10.6 10.2 - - - 9.3 8.8 10.0
5.4 5.4 5.4 4.7 4.7 4.7 10.5 11.1 10.0 - - - 8.9 7.9 10.2
4.9 4.9 5.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 10.0 10.2 9.9 - - - 7.7 7.0 8.9
4.5 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.9 3.9 8.9 8.9 9.0 - - - 7.2 6.4 8.2
4.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 3.6 3.8 8.0 8.2 7.8 - - - 6.4 5.6 7.6
4.0 3.9 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.6 7.6 8.0 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.7 5.0 6.8
4.7 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 8.6 9.3 8.1 4.5 4.5 4.4 6.6 5.9 7.5
5.8 5.9 5.6 5.1 5.3 4.9 10.2 10.7 9.8 5.9 6.1 5.7 7.5 7.2 8.0
6.0 6.3 5.7 5.2 5.6 4.8 10.8 11.6 10.2 6.0 6.2 5.7 7.7 7.2 8.4
5.5 5.6 5.4 4.8 5.0 4.7 10.4 11.1 9.8 4.4 4.5 4.3 7.0 6.5 7.6
5.1 5.1 5.1 4.4 4.4 4.4 10.0 10.5 9.5 4.0 4.0 3.9 6.0 5.4 6.9
4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.0 4.0 8.9 9.5 8.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 5.2 4.8 5.9
4.6 4.7 4.5 4.1 4.2 4.0 8.3 9.1 7.5 3.2 3.1 3.4 5.6 5.3 6.1
5.8 6.1 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 10.1 11.4 8.9 4.0 4.1 3.7 7.6 7.6 7.7
9.3 10.3 8.1 8.5 9.4 7.3 14.8 17.5 12.4 7.3 7.9 6.6 12.1 12.5 11.5
9.6 10.5 8.6 8.7 9.6 7.7 16.0 18.4 13.8 7.5 7.8 7.1 12.5 12.7 12.3
8.9 9.4 8.5 7.9 8.3 7.5 15.8 17.8 14.1 7.0 6.8 7.3 11.5 11.2 11.8
8.1 8.2 7.9 7.2 7.4 7.0 13.8 15.0 12.8 5.9 5.8 6.1 10.3 9.9 10.9
7.4 7.6 7.1 6.5 6.8 6.2 13.1 14.2 12.1 5.2 5.6 4.8 9.1 8.8 9.5
6.2 6.3 6.1 5.3 5.4 5.2 11.3 12.2 10.5 5.0 5.3 4.6 7.4 6.8 8.2
5.3 5.4 5.2 4.6 4.7 4.5 9.6 10.3 8.9 3.8 4.0 3.7 6.6 6.3 7.1
4.9 4.9 4.8 4.3 4.4 4.2 8.4 9.1 7.8 3.6 3.5 3.9 5.8 5.4 6.3
4.4 4.4 4.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.5 8.1 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 5.1 4.7 5.7
3.9 3.9 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 6.5 7.0 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.7 4.3 5.1
Table 12A. Unemployment rates by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1972–2018 annual averages(Percent)YearAmerican Indian and Alaska NativeNative Hawaiian and Other Pacific IslanderTwo or More RacesTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomenTotalMenWomen

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

10.5 11.2 9.6 7.7 6.9 8.6 9.1 9.3 8.9
9.6 9.7 9.4 6.1 6.8 5.4 8.7 8.7 8.7
9.3 8.7 10.1 4.3 4.8 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.2
7.9 7.9 8.0 5.3 6.3 4.3 6.7 7.3 6.0
8.1 7.9 8.4 4.8 5.4 4.3 7.1 7.4 6.8
9.9 10.8 8.8 6.4 7.7 4.9 9.5 10.1 8.7
13.3 15.5 10.8 10.8 11.6 10.0 13.6 14.2 12.9
15.1 17.3 12.7 12.0 13.6 10.4 13.6 14.2 13.0
14.6 15.4 13.7 10.4 11.4 9.3 13.6 14.0 13.1
12.3 11.9 12.7 11.8 12.4 11.2 11.9 12.1 11.5
12.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 11.1 9.3 11.0 11.4 10.5
11.3 11.9 10.6 6.1 5.7 6.6 10.2 10.9 9.5
9.9 11.1 8.5 5.7 5.7 5.6 8.4 8.1 8.7
8.9 9.2 8.7 4.4 4.3 4.5 7.5 7.6 7.3
7.8 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 6.4
6.6 6.9 6.3 5.3 5.2 5.4 5.5 6.0 5.1

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are included in the Two or More Races category. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category, as is Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 13. Unemployed people by duration of unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesDuration of unemploymentTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Less than 5 weeks

5 to 14 weeks

15 to 26 weeks

27 weeks and over

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

Median duration, in weeks

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Less than 5 weeks

5 to 14 weeks

15 to 26 weeks

27 weeks and over

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

Median duration, in weeks

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Less than 5 weeks

5 to 14 weeks

15 to 26 weeks

27 weeks and over

Average (mean) duration, in weeks(1)

Median duration, in weeks

6,314 4,354 1,322 304 1,323
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
34.4 35.7 30.9 29.0 38.4
29.7 30.2 28.3 30.8 29.5
14.5 14.4 14.4 15.7 14.4
21.4 19.7 26.4 24.5 17.7
22.7 21.5 25.9 27.3 19.1
9.3 8.8 10.8 10.9 8.2
3,398 2,380 676 159 695
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
33.4 34.5 30.8 27.7 39.3
29.5 30.1 28.5 29.6 28.2
15.3 15.3 14.7 16.8 14.5
21.7 20.1 26.1 25.9 18.0
23.1 21.9 26.0 29.6 19.1
9.7 9.2 10.9 11.5 8.1
2,916 1,973 646 146 628
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
35.5 37.1 31.1 30.4 37.3
30.0 30.4 28.1 32.0 31.0
13.6 13.3 14.2 14.6 14.3
21.0 19.2 26.7 23.0 17.4
22.1 20.9 25.8 24.7 19.2
8.9 8.3 10.7 10.4 8.2

(1) Beginning in January 2011, this series reflects a change to the collection of data on unemployment duration. For more information, see //www.bls.gov/cps/duration.htm.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 14. Unemployed people by reason for unemployment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesReason for unemploymentTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

On temporary layoff

Not on temporary layoff

Permanent job losers

Persons who completed temporary jobs

Job leavers

Reentrants

New entrants

Men, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

On temporary layoff

Not on temporary layoff

Permanent job losers

Persons who completed temporary jobs

Job leavers

Reentrants

New entrants

Women, 16 years and older (In thousands)

Percent

Job losers and persons who completed temporary jobs

On temporary layoff

Not on temporary layoff

Permanent job losers

Persons who completed temporary jobs

Job leavers

Reentrants

New entrants

6,314 4,354 1,322 304 1,323
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
47.4 48.9 46.1 38.4 48.5
13.5 15.6 8.2 7.8 15.6
33.9 33.2 37.9 30.6 32.9
23.0 23.1 23.9 24.1 20.6
10.8 10.1 14.0 6.5 12.2
12.6 12.9 10.8 15.1 11.2
30.5 29.9 32.0 30.4 28.6
9.5 8.4 11.1 16.1 11.7
3,398 2,380 676 159 695
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
52.2 54.0 49.3 45.0 55.8
14.7 16.8 8.8 8.3 18.1
37.5 37.1 40.4 36.7 37.7
25.0 25.3 24.6 29.9 23.3
12.5 11.8 15.9 6.8 14.4
12.2 12.7 9.9 12.2 10.8
26.4 25.2 29.4 27.6 22.7
9.3 8.2 11.4 15.2 10.8
2,916 1,973 646 146 628
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
41.8 42.7 42.9 31.2 40.5
12.1 14.2 7.5 7.3 12.9
29.6 28.5 35.3 23.9 27.6
20.8 20.5 23.2 17.7 17.7
8.9 8.0 12.1 6.2 9.9
13.1 13.1 11.7 18.2 11.6
35.4 35.6 34.7 33.5 35.2
9.8 8.6 10.7 17.0 12.7

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 15. People in the labor force and not in the labor force by selected characteristics, 2018 annual averages(Numbers in thousands)Age, gender, race, and
Hispanic or Latino ethnicityCivilian labor
force(1)Not in the labor forceTotalWant a jobDo not
want a
job nowTotalSearched for work in previous year,
but not in past 4 weeksTotalMarginally attached
(available to work now)(2)TotalDiscouraged
workers(3)Other(4)

Total

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

White

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Black or African American

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Asian

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Men, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

Women, 16 years and older

16 to 24 years

25 to 54 years

55 years and older

162,075 95,716 5,249 2,088 1,517 423 1,094 90,467
20,984 17,020 1,590 665 433 93 340 15,430
103,705 22,685 2,172 977 709 211 499 20,513
37,386 56,010 1,487 447 375 120 255 54,524
86,096 38,582 2,448 1,049 817 266 551 36,133
10,695 8,437 836 359 248 62 186 7,601
55,440 6,854 917 459 366 129 237 5,937
19,961 23,290 695 232 203 75 129 22,595
75,978 57,134 2,800 1,039 700 158 542 54,334
10,289 8,583 754 306 185 31 154 7,829
48,264 15,831 1,255 518 343 81 262 14,576
17,425 32,720 791 215 172 46 126 31,929
125,815 74,407 3,656 1,414 1,012 270 743 70,750
15,959 11,915 1,082 446 273 56 217 10,833
78,888 16,467 1,467 638 464 130 334 15,000
30,968 46,025 1,108 330 275 83 192 44,917
68,082 29,850 1,711 721 552 173 379 28,139
8,221 5,898 572 243 160 38 122 5,326
43,034 4,710 621 304 240 79 160 4,090
16,827 19,242 518 174 152 55 97 18,724
57,732 44,556 1,945 694 460 97 363 42,611
7,738 6,017 509 203 113 18 95 5,507
35,853 11,756 846 334 225 51 173 10,910
14,141 26,783 590 157 123 28 95 26,193
20,414 12,347 1,007 439 347 113 234 11,340
2,936 2,734 316 136 106 25 81 2,418
13,776 3,429 438 222 169 62 107 2,992
3,702 6,183 253 81 73 26 47 5,930
9,694 5,270 476 212 182 67 115 4,794
1,413 1,363 163 69 57 16 40 1,200
6,560 1,373 197 104 90 39 51 1,175
1,722 2,534 116 39 35 12 23 2,418
10,720 7,077 530 227 166 47 119 6,547
1,523 1,371 153 66 49 9 40 1,218
7,216 2,057 240 118 79 23 55 1,817
1,980 3,649 138 42 38 14 24 3,511
10,137 5,825 324 123 77 21 55 5,501
901 1,394 80 32 18 4 13 1,314
7,285 1,832 165 67 40 10 30 1,667
1,950 2,599 79 25 18 7 12 2,520
5,346 2,124 136 58 39 14 25 1,988
454 690 41 17 10 2 8 649
3,879 445 54 28 18 7 11 391
1,013 989 41 14 11 5 6 949
4,790 3,700 187 66 37 8 30 3,513
447 705 39 15 8 3 6 665
3,406 1,386 110 40 22 3 19 1,276
937 1,609 38 11 7 2 5 1,571
28,336 14,398 1,084 418 300 88 212 13,314
4,679 4,003 388 163 108 23 86 3,615
19,725 5,021 511 202 147 48 99 4,510
3,932 5,374 185 53 45 18 27 5,189
16,113 5,174 468 201 155 57 98 4,706
2,490 1,910 196 84 59 17 41 1,714
11,375 1,221 187 91 73 29 44 1,034
2,248 2,043 85 27 23 11 12 1,958
12,223 9,224 616 217 145 31 114 8,608
2,189 2,094 192 79 50 6 44 1,901
8,350 3,800 324 112 74 19 55 3,475
1,684 3,331 100 26 21 7 15 3,231

(1) The sum of the employed plus the unemployed.
(2) People marginally attached to the labor force are those who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.
(3) Discouraged workers are people marginally attached to the labor force who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks school or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.
(4) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as childcare and transportation problems, as well as a small number for which reason nonparticipation was not ascertained.

Note: Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 16. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 1979–2018 annual averagesYearTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Men

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Women

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

Women's earnings as
a percent of men's

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

$241 $248 $199 - $194
262 269 212 - 209
284 291 235 - 223
302 310 245 - 240
313 320 261 - 250
326 336 269 - 259
344 356 277 - 270
359 371 291 - 277
374 384 301 - 285
385 395 314 - 290
399 409 319 - 298
412 424 329 - 304
426 442 348 - 312
440 458 357 - 321
459 475 369 - 331
467 484 371 - 324
479 494 383 - 329
490 506 387 - 339
503 519 400 - 351
523 545 426 - 370
549 573 445 - 385
576 590 474 $615 399
596 610 491 639 417
608 623 498 658 424
620 636 514 693 440
638 657 525 708 456
651 672 520 753 471
671 690 554 784 486
695 716 569 830 503
722 742 589 861 529
739 757 601 880 541
747 765 611 855 535
756 775 615 866 549
768 792 621 920 568
776 802 629 942 578
791 816 639 953 594
809 835 641 993 604
832 862 678 1,021 624
860 890 682 1,043 655
886 916 694 1,095 680
$292 $298 $227 - $219
313 320 244 - 234
340 350 268 - 251
364 375 278 - 269
379 387 294 - 274
392 401 303 - 287
407 418 305 - 296
419 433 319 - 299
434 450 327 - 306
449 465 348 - 308
468 482 348 - 315
481 494 361 - 318
493 506 375 - 323
501 514 380 - 339
510 524 392 - 346
522 547 400 - 343
538 566 411 - 350
557 580 412 - 356
579 595 432 - 371
598 615 468 - 390
618 638 488 - 406
641 662 510 $685 417
670 689 529 732 440
679 702 524 756 451
695 715 555 772 464
713 732 569 802 480
722 743 559 825 489
743 761 591 882 505
766 788 600 936 520
798 825 620 966 559
819 845 621 952 569
824 850 633 936 560
832 856 653 970 571
854 879 665 1,055 592
860 884 664 1,059 594
871 897 680 1,080 616
895 920 680 1,129 631
915 942 718 1,151 663
941 971 710 1,207 690
973 1,002 735 1,241 720
$182 $184 $169 - $157
201 203 185 - 172
219 221 206 - 190
239 242 217 - 203
252 254 232 - 215
265 268 241 - 223
277 281 252 - 230
291 294 264 - 241
303 307 276 - 251
315 318 288 - 260
328 334 301 - 269
346 353 308 - 278
366 373 323 - 292
380 387 335 - 302
393 401 348 - 313
399 408 346 - 305
406 415 355 - 305
418 428 362 - 316
431 444 375 - 318
456 468 400 - 337
473 483 409 - 348
493 502 429 $547 366
512 522 454 563 388
529 547 473 566 397
552 567 491 598 410
573 584 505 613 419
585 596 499 665 429
600 609 519 699 440
614 626 533 731 473
638 654 554 753 501
657 669 582 779 509
669 684 592 773 508
684 703 595 751 518
691 710 599 770 521
706 722 606 819 541
719 734 611 841 548
726 743 615 877 566
749 766 641 902 586
770 795 657 903 603
789 817 654 937 617
62.3 61.7 74.4 - 71.7
64.2 63.4 75.8 - 73.5
64.4 63.1 76.9 - 75.7
65.7 64.5 78.1 - 75.5
66.5 65.6 78.9 - 78.5
67.6 66.8 79.5 - 77.7
68.1 67.2 82.6 - 77.7
69.5 67.9 82.8 - 80.6
69.8 68.2 84.4 - 82.0
70.2 68.4 82.8 - 84.4
70.1 69.3 86.5 - 85.4
71.9 71.5 85.3 - 87.4
74.2 73.7 86.1 - 90.4
75.8 75.3 88.2 - 89.1
77.1 76.5 88.8 - 90.5
76.4 74.6 86.5 - 88.9
75.5 73.3 86.4 - 87.1
75.0 73.8 87.9 - 88.8
74.4 74.6 86.8 - 85.7
76.3 76.1 85.5 - 86.4
76.5 75.7 83.8 - 85.7
76.9 75.8 84.1 79.9 87.8
76.4 75.8 85.8 76.9 88.2
77.9 77.9 90.3 74.9 88.0
79.4 79.3 88.5 77.5 88.4
80.4 79.8 88.8 76.4 87.3
81.0 80.2 89.3 80.6 87.7
80.8 80.0 87.8 79.3 87.1
80.2 79.4 88.8 78.1 91.0
79.9 79.3 89.4 78.0 89.6
80.2 79.2 93.7 81.8 89.5
81.2 80.5 93.5 82.6 90.7
82.2 82.1 91.1 77.4 90.7
80.9 80.8 90.1 73.0 88.0
82.1 81.7 91.3 77.3 91.1
82.5 81.8 89.9 77.9 89.0
81.1 80.8 90.4 77.7 89.7
81.9 81.3 89.3 78.4 88.4
81.8 81.9 92.5 74.8 87.4
81.1 81.5 89.0 75.5 85.7

Note: Beginning in 2003, estimates for White, Black or African American, and Asian race groups include people who selected that race group only; people who selected more than one race group are not included in these groups. Prior to 2003, people who reported more than one race were included in the group they identified as the main race. Asian estimates for 2000–2002 are for Asians and Pacific Islanders; beginning in 2003, Asian is a separate category. People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dash indicates data not available.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 17. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by educational attainment, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesEducational attainment and genderTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 25 years and older

Less than a high school diploma

High school graduates, no college(1)

Some college, no degree

Associate's degree

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

Men, 25 years and older

Less than a high school diploma

High school graduates, no college(1)

Some college, no degree

Associate's degree

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

Women, 25 years and older

Less than a high school diploma

High school graduates, no college(1)

Some college, no degree

Associate's degree

Bachelor's degree and higher(2)

$932 $965 $727 $1,140 $710
553 565 487 521 544
730 768 604 659 672
802 845 666 806 754
862 900 717 837 778
1,324 1,342 1,065 1,465 1,101
1,026 1,064 775 1,280 755
607 612 526 579 598
819 861 667 748 738
918 965 732 871 853
994 1,026 793 910 920
1,524 1,550 1,139 1,685 1,234
830 857 683 974 644
469 473 423 491 457
616 641 546 583 582
694 721 617 711 664
746 769 653 724 694
1,145 1,152 1,013 1,242 991

(1) Includes people with a high school diploma or equivalent.
(2) Includes people with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Table 18. Median usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 2018 annual averagesOccupation and genderTotalWhiteBlack or
African
AmericanAsianHispanic
or Latino
ethnicity

Total, 16 years and older

Management, professional, and related occupations

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

Management occupations

Business and financial operations occupations

Professional and related occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Community and social services occupations

Legal occupations

Education, training, and library occupations

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Service occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Protective service occupations

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Personal care and service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Sales and related occupations

Office and administrative support occupations

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Construction and extraction occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

Production occupations

Transportation and material-moving occupations

Men, 16 years and older

Management, professional, and related occupations

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

Management occupations

Business and financial operations occupations

Professional and related occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Community and social services occupations

Legal occupations

Education, training, and library occupations

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Service occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Protective service occupations

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Personal care and service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Sales and related occupations

Office and administrative support occupations

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Construction and extraction occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

Production occupations

Transportation and material-moving occupations

Women, 16 years and older

Management, professional, and related occupations

Management, business, and financial operations occupations

Management occupations

Business and financial operations occupations

Professional and related occupations

Computer and mathematical occupations

Architecture and engineering occupations

Life, physical, and social science occupations

Community and social services occupations

Legal occupations

Education, training, and library occupations

Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations

Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations

Service occupations

Healthcare support occupations

Protective service occupations

Food preparation and serving related occupations

Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations

Personal care and service occupations

Sales and office occupations

Sales and related occupations

Office and administrative support occupations

Natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations

Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations

Construction and extraction occupations

Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations

Production, transportation, and material-moving occupations

Production occupations

Transportation and material-moving occupations

$886 $916 $694 $1,095 $680
1,246 1,255 1,009 1,515 1,026
1,355 1,376 1,140 1,546 1,082
1,429 1,456 1,147 1,735 1,103
1,216 1,216 1,118 1,357 1,029
1,176 1,181 945 1,497 995
1,539 1,510 1,228 1,758 1,292
1,484 1,476 1,346 1,659 1,368
1,270 1,296 1,062 1,328 1,043
913 936 840 967 851
1,467 1,498 1,226 1,572 1,212
1,002 1,019 859 1,140 907
1,086 1,081 1,075 1,159 950
1,140 1,154 917 1,361 944
569 585 512 569 528
561 579 516 579 552
848 953 608 806 763
501 505 464 534 507
551 563 499 598 520
544 554 517 538 502
742 763 639 766 647
798 849 598 758 637
717 727 666 770 652
824 839 754 875 691
581 587 463 474 535
808 817 730 849 706
934 949 796 975 759
707 733 617 677 612
723 759 595 690 612
689 706 637 662 612
$973 $1,002 $735 $1,241 $720
1,468 1,488 1,164 1,732 1,174
1,537 1,562 1,206 1,728 1,167
1,585 1,623 1,201 1,882 1,161
1,383 1,421 1,219 1,506 1,202
1,425 1,421 1,129 1,734 1,183
1,604 1,575 1,234 1,840 1,326
1,528 1,520 1,346 1,768 1,442
1,357 1,366 1,223 1,372 1,337
984 1,035 856 1,014 969
1,910 1,929 1,730 1,772 1,442
1,235 1,236 1,079 1,613 1,033
1,151 1,153 1,087 1,527 1,034
1,383 1,405 1,133 1,523 1,079
641 670 579 615 589
661 687 608 519 596
922 1,009 672 876 829
533 546 481 577 560
604 609 548 689 578
638 646 619 640 585
846 895 657 892 687
949 1,006 680 943 753
738 760 638 841 640
834 851 750 892 699
602 608 423 488 574
809 818 723 838 707
936 951 791 996 761
762 790 643 752 670
793 822 617 788 690
724 749 664 710 654
$789 $817 $654 $937 $617
1,078 1,087 918 1,317 915
1,168 1,171 1,052 1,384 997
1,236 1,246 1,072 1,547 1,026
1,105 1,101 1,019 1,255 944
1,024 1,033 870 1,255 873
1,345 1,243 1,209 1,633 1,152
1,259 1,248 1,343 1,329 1,060
1,156 1,172 965 1,193 861
886 905 834 935 830
1,243 1,234 1,073 1,468 1,088
934 959 806 916 852
997 989 997 1,055 822
1,078 1,100 878 1,270 891
511 517 490 528 489
548 570 508 582 546
613 708 518 568 600
473 472 448 512 450
477 482 450 524 466
517 525 492 513 489
696 710 631 731 624
651 687 529 657 556
711 716 675 758 657
638 618 892 606 506
483 481 597 466 467
785 760 1,117 1,190 639
823 815 940 627 719
561 563 539 587 499
575 581 531 601 504
538 533 560 539 491

Note: People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey.

Technical Notes

The estimates in this report were obtained from the Current Population Survey (CPS), a national monthly sample survey of approximately 60,000 eligible households that provides a wide range of information on the labor force, employment, and unemployment. Earnings data are collected from one-fourth of the CPS monthly sample. The survey is conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by the U.S. Census Bureau, using a scientifically selected national sample with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Material in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission.

Upon request, the information presented here is available to individuals who are sensory impaired. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.

For more information on the data provided in this report, contact the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Division of Labor Force Statistics. Email: ; Telephone: (202) 691-6378.

Concepts and definitions

Civilian noninstitutional population. This groupis made up of people 16 years of age and older residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia, who are not confined to institutions, such as nursing homes and prisons, and who are not on active duty in the Armed Forces.

Employed. People, who, during the survey reference week (which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a) did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business or profession or on their own farm; or (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid workers in a family member’s business. People who were temporarily absent from their jobs or businesses because of illness, vacation, a labor dispute, or some other reason also are counted as employed.

Unemployed. People who had no employment during the reference week, but were available for work (except if they had a temporary illness), and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week. People who were waiting to be recalled to a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for work to be classified as unemployed.

Duration of unemployment. The length of time (through the reference week) that people classified as unemployed had been looking for work. For people on layoff, the duration of unemployment is the number of full weeks they had been on layoff. Mean duration is the arithmetic average computed from single weeks of unemployment; median duration is the midpoint of a distribution of weeks of unemployment.

Reason for unemployment. Unemployment also is categorized according to the status of individuals at the time they began to look for work. The reasons for unemployment are divided into four major categories:

  • Job losers, comprising (a) people on temporary layoff, who have been given a date to return to work or who expect to return within 6 months (people on layoff need not be looking for work to qualify as unemployed), (b) permanent job losers, whose employment ended involuntarily and who began looking for work, and (c) people who completed temporary jobs who began looking for work after the jobs ended.

  • Job leavers, people who quit or otherwise terminated their employment voluntarily and immediately began looking for work.

  • Reentrants, people who previously worked but who were out of the labor force prior to beginning their job search.

  • New entrants, people who had never worked.

Civilian labor force. This group comprises all people classified as employed or unemployed in accordance with the criteria described above.

Unemployment rate. This rate is the number unemployed as a percentage of the civilian labor force.

Labor force participation rate. This rate is the labor force as a percentage of the population.

Employment–population ratio. This ratio is the number of employed as a percentage of the population.

Not in the labor force. All people in the civilian noninstitutional population who are neither employed nor unemployed are classified as out of the labor force. People marginally attached to the labor force are those individuals who are not in the labor force but who wanted and were available for work and had looked for a job sometime in the previous 12 months (or since the end of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Discouraged workers, a subset of the marginally attached, were not looking for work because they believed that no jobs were available for them.

Occupation and industry. Information on occupation and industry applies to the job held during the reference week. People with two or more jobs are classified into the occupation and industry in which they worked the greatest number of hours. The occupational and industry classification of CPS data is based on the 2010 Census occupational classification system and the 2012 Census industrial classification system, which are derived from the 2010 Standard Occupation Classification (SOC) and the 2012 North American Industry Classification (NAICS), respectively.[1]

White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian and Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander. In accordance with Office of Management and Budget guidelines, these terms are used to describe the race of people. Beginning in 2003, people in these categories are those who selected that race group only. Those who identify multiple race groups are categorized as people of Two or More Races. (Previously, people identified a group as their main race.) People who identified themselves as Asian are further classified as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Other Asian. The Other Asian category includes both individuals of groups not listed—such as Pakistani, Hmong, and Cambodian—and those who reported two or more Asian groups. Estimates for American Indians and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders, and people of Two or More Races are not shown separately in all tables because the number of survey respondents is too small to develop estimates of publication quality. In the enumeration process, race is determined by the household respondent.[2]

Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This term refers to people who identified themselves in the enumeration process as being of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. These individuals are further classified by detailed Hispanic ethnicity. Previous versions of this report presented data for the following detailed Hispanic ethnicity categories: Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central and South American, and Other Hispanic or Latino. The latter two categories were expanded in 2014 into additional categories: Central American, which includes the two subcategories of Salvadoran and Other Central American (excluding Salvadorans); South American; and Other Hispanic or Latino, which includes the two subcategories of Dominican and Other Hispanic or Latino (excluding Dominicans). People whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.[3]

Usual weekly earnings. These data represent earnings before taxes and other deductions, and include any overtime pay, commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job, in the case of multiple jobholders). Earnings reported on a basis other than weekly (for example, annual, monthly, or hourly) are converted to weekly. The term “usual” is as perceived by the respondent. If the respondent asks for a definition of usual, interviewers are instructed to define the term as more than half the weeks worked during the past 4 or 5 months. Data refer to the sole or primary job of wage and salary workers (excluding all self-employed people, regardless of whether their businesses were incorporated).

Median earnings. The numerical value that divides the earnings distribution into two equal parts, one part having values above the median and the other having values below the median. The medians shown in this publication are calculated by linear interpolation of the $50 centered interval within which each median falls.

Family. A group of two or more people residing together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption; all such people are considered members of one family. The race or ethnicity of families is determined by that of the householder: the family reference person in whose name the housing unit is owned or rented. The count of families is for “primary” families only—that is, the householder and all other people related to and residing with the householder. Families comprise those without children as well as those with children under 18 years and are defined as follows:

  • Married-couple families refer to opposite-sex married couples only.

  • Families maintained by women and families maintained by men are each made up of householders residing with one or more family members, but not an opposite-sex spouse. The household may or may not include a same-sex or an unmarried domestic partner (of either sex).

Children. Data on children refer to one’s own children under age 18 who live in the household. Included are sons, daughters, stepchildren, and adopted children. Not included are nieces, nephews, grandchildren, other related children, and all unrelated children living in the household.

Reliability of the estimates

Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling error and nonsampling error. When a sample, rather than an entire population, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the true population values they represent. The component of this difference that occurs because samples differ by chance is known as sampling error, and its variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate. There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard error from the true population value because of sampling error. BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of confidence.

All other types of error are referred to as nonsampling error. Nonsampling error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain information from all respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or processing of data.[4]

[1] Additional information about these classifications is available online; see “Historical comparability of occupation and industry data from the Current Population Survey,” Labor force statistics from the Current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 30, 2018), www.bls.gov/cps/cpsoccind.htm.

[2] More information on the 2003 changes to questions on race and Hispanic ethnicity is available on the BLS website; see Mary Bowler, Randy E. Ilg, Stephen Miller, Ed Robison, and Anne Polivka, “Revisions to the Current Population Survey Effective in January 2003” (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics), www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[3] See Bowler, et al, www.bls.gov/cps/rvcps03.pdf.

[4] A more detailed discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and information on estimating standard errors is available online; see “Calculating Approximate Standard Errors and Confidence Intervals for Current Population Survey Estimates,” Current Population Survey (CPS) Technical Documentation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, November 2018), //www.bls.gov/cps/calculating-standard-errors-and-confidence-intervals.pdf.

Which of the following describes an ethnic group?

A group of people who share a similar culture (beliefs, values, and behaviors), language, religion, ancestry, or other characteristic that is often handed down from one generation to the next.

Which of the following statements best defines the concept of ethnicity?

Which of the following statements best defines ethnicity? It refers to a group of people who have a common heritage, such as common customs, characteristics, language, and history.

What is an ethnic group quizlet?

Ethnic Group. a group of people who share a common culture and ancestry. Ethnic groups are identified on the basis of. religion, race, or national origin.

Which of the following are examples of ethnicity quizlet?

Examples of ethnic groups include Jewish Americans, Irish Americans, Italian Americans, and Russian Americans.

Toplist

Neuester Beitrag

Stichworte