Which best describes evidence-based-practice (EBP)?
a.
A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and the needs and values of patients.
b.
A determination of the factors necessary to control patient responses to care.
c.
The development of population care guidelines applicable to all patients.
d.
The utilization of quantitative and qualitative studies to enhance patient outcomes.
a. A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise and the needs and values of patients.
2. The nurse is collecting data about the sleep patterns of breastfed babies as part of a larger research study. Which research method will the nurse use when collecting data for this study?
a.
Control
b.
Description
c.
Explanation
d.
Prediction
b. Description
Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships among these phenomena.
3. The nurse is participating in a study and is collecting data identifying the number of obese adults whose parents were also obese or overweight. Which research method is being used in this study?
a.
Control
b.
Description
c.
Explanation
d.
Prediction
d. Prediction
Through prediction the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation. By knowing the % of parents of obese adults who were obese, the probability of predicting this can be calculated.
4. The nurse reviews a study in which adherence to an asthma action plan is compared among groups of adolescents who received different asthma education. Which research method does this represent?
a.
Control
b.
Description
c.
Explanation
d.
Prediction
C. Explanation
Explanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur.
5. A nurse manager is interested in learning which attitudes among staff nurses may indicate relative risk of needle-stick injuries. To study this, the nurse manager will employ which method of study?
a.
Control
b.
Description
c.
Explanation
d.
Prediction
D. Prediction
Through prediction, the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation.
Which is the most important result of Florence Nightingales data collection and statistical analysis during the Crimean War?
a.
Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the general public.
b.
Developing a process for statistical analysis and nursing documentation.
c.
Identifying and defining the role of nurses in modern health care.
d.
Using clinical research to evaluate the importance of sanitation, clean drinking water, and adequate nutrition.
d.
The nurse participates in data collection in a study in which two different pain management protocols are used with randomly assigned patients to measure differences in postoperative recovery time. Which method of study is this?
a.
Control
b.
Correlation
c.
Description
d.
Explanation
a. Control
Control indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desire outcome.
The development of nursing theories and conceptual models in the late 1960s and 1970s served to:
a.
determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions.
b.
establish the concept of evidence-based practice.
c.
provide funding for nursing research.
d.
provide direction for nursing research.
d. Provide direction for nursing research
Under Ada Sue Hinshaw, the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus to:
a.
funding nursing rather than medical research.
b.
evaluating outcomes rather than process studies.
c.
increasing the status and funding for nursing research.
d.
supporting the dissemination of nursing research.
C. Increasing the status and funding for nursing research
An emphasis of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing is:
a.
research and development of clinical practice guidelines.
b.
putting qualitative research into practice in clinical settings.
c.
using standard nursing care plans based on outcomes research.
d.
utilizing evidence-based practice in nursing.
d. Utilizing evidence based practice in nursing
ANCC implemented the Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing service in 1990 that emphasized EBP for nursing.
In a position statement in 2006, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) identified a need to:
a.
acquire clinical knowledge and expertise.
b.
focus on evidence-based practice.
c.
fund academic nursing research.
d.
prepare a workforce of nurse scientists.
d. prepare a workforce of nurse scientists
The AACN identified the importance of creating a research culture, providing high-quality educational programs to prepare a workforce of nurse scientists, develop a sound research structure and obtain funding for nursing research.
The lead agency designated to improve health care quality is:
a.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
b.
American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC).
c.
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN).
d.
National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR).
a. Agency for Healthacre Research and Quality (AHRQ)
To help fulfill the mission of the National Institute for Nursing Researchto promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities, and populationsa study may be conducted which:
a.
assesses the effectiveness of strategies for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes.
b.
compares the attitudes of nurses toward clients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
c.
generates up-to-date nursing diagnoses reflecting the needs of clients with type 2 diabetes.
d.
reviews hospital nurses adherence to glucose-monitoring guidelines for patients with type 2 diabetes.
a. Assesses the effectiveness of strategies for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes
Which best describes the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency for evidence-based practice (EBP)?
a.
Adhering to published guidelines to provide care for a specific population.
b.
Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategies.
c.
Relying on expert knowledge to guide care plan development for an individual patient.
d.
Using evidence gained solely from experimental studies to guide care.
b. Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategies.
Integrates the best evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences
Through knowledge gained from her phenomenological qualitative study identifying levels of experience of professional nurses, Patricia Benner would identify which nurse as an expert?
a.
A hospice nurse who values the unique wishes of each patient when providing palliative care.
b.
A medical-surgical nurse who organizes care for a group of patients to ensure timely administration of medications.
c.
A neonatal intensive care nurse who is skilled in inserting peripherally inserted central catheters.
d.
A pediatric nurse who notes subtle changes and intervenes to prevent respiratory failure.
d. A pediatric nurse who notes subtle changes and intervenes to prevent respiratory failure.
The expert nurse has an extensive background of experience and is able to ID and accurately intervene skillfully in a situation.
Which study exemplifies qualitative research?
a.
A study that evaluates appetite among residents of a long-term care facility and correlates this data with whether or not residents are rooming together with their spouses.
b.
A study that defines levels of appetite based on residents descriptions of hunger in a long-term care facility.
c.
A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long-term care facility.
d.
A study that observes the effectiveness of spousal encouragement to eat on the residents quality of appetite in a long-term care facility.
c. A study that observes the interaction of spouses during mealtimes in a LTC facility.
Qualitative research involves the study of people as the interact in their sociohistorical settings.
A nurse researcher wants to know how well adolescent mothers can learn to manage their children's asthma and develops an initial study to explore and define perceptions of asthma among this population. Which best describes this initial study?
a.
Correlational research
b.
Descriptive research
c.
Phenomenological research
d.
Outcomes research
b. Descriptive research
Descriptive research explores new areas of research and describes situations as they exist in the world. This initial study aims to describe current perceptions of asthma in a given population.
Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bonding patterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theories about infant-parent bonding?
a.
Experimental
b.
Exploratory
c.
Grounded-theory
d.
Quasi-experimental
c. Grounded theory
Grounded Theory research is performed to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon.
What type of study design would be used to evaluate patient satisfaction in an outpatient clinic?
a.
Exploratory-descriptive research
b.
Outcomes research
c.
Qualitative research
d.
Phenomenological research
b. Outcomes research
Outcomes research is designed to evaluate patient responses to interventions as well as satisfaction with care.
The nurse researcher wishes to review a body of qualitative studies about women's attitudes toward health care in order to develop an overall interpretation of these findings. Which type of review will the nurse researcher use?
a.
Meta-analysis
b.
Meta-synthesis
c.
Mixed-methods systematic review
d.
Systematic review
b. Meta- Synthesis
Meta-synthesis is used to evaluate qualitative studies
Which type of evaluation of research yields the most precise estimates of treatment effects when describing results?
a.
Meta-analysis
b.
Meta-synthesis
c.
Mixed-methods systematic review
d.
Systematic review
a. Meta-analysis
Meta-analysis is conducted to statistically combine or pool the results from previous quantitative studies into a single statistical analysis that provides one of the highest levels of evidence about an interventions effectiveness
The nurse serves on a committee to develop a clinical protocol to guide dressing changes for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) abscesses. Which is the most important type of evidence to consider when formulating this protocol?
a.
Assertions from a panel of infectious disease physicians about existing protocols to treat this organism.
b.
A statistical review of experimental studies comparing various dressing change protocols and patient outcomes.
c.
A systematic review of all nursing and medical literature about the incidence of MRSA infection and various dressing change protocols.
d.
Studies identifying the correlations between variables such as dressing types and subsequent infection rates.
b. a statistical review of experimental studies comparing various dressing change protocols and patient outcomes.
A statistical review of experimental studies is a meta analysis and is the strongest level of evidence.
What role will a new nurse graduate who has a BSN expect to play in research?
a.
Appraising studies and implementing evidence-based guidelines and protocols.
b.
Developing, evaluating, and revising evidence-based guidelines and protocols.
c.
None, since the BSN affords limited education on the research process.
d.
Synthesizing findings and leading health care teams to make evidence-based changes.
a. Appraising studies and implementing evidence based guidelines and protocols.
A job description for a nurse position in a teaching hospital includes coordinating research teams to facilitate studies to generate knowledge about nursing actions. Which type of advanced nursing degree would be required for this position?
a.
Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP)
b.
Doctorate in Nursing (PhD)
c.
Master of Science in Nursing (MSN)
d.
Post-Doctorate in Nursing
b. Doctorate in Nursing (PhD)
PhD- prepared nurses can critique, implement, plan and develop new or revised guidelines, as well as generate and replicate knowledge via conduction of research.
Which are components of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)? (Choose all that apply.)
a.
Best research evidence
b.
Expert opinion consensus
c.
Patient needs and values
d.
Safe, cost-effective care
A, C, D
Best Research Evidence
Patient needs and values
Safe and cost effective care
A nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is prepared to do which of the following? (Choose all that apply.)
a.
Appraise and summarize research findings
b.
Assist with the implementation of evidence-based guidelines
c.
Conduct independent nursing studies
d.
Expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent research
A, B
Appraise and summarize research findings
Assist with the implementation of evidence- based guidelines.
Which of the following is a research question for an experimental study? (Choose all that apply.)
a.
What is it like to live with asthma?
b.
Do children who have an updated asthma action plan have fewer missed school days caused by asthma?
c.
Which asthma triggers influence poor attitudes about chronic disease?
d.
Which bronchodilator medication has fewer side effects?
B, D
Do children who have an updates asthma action plan have fewer missed school days caused by asthma?
Which bronchodilator medication fewer side effects?
A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are overweight. This study represents what type of research?
a.
Correlational
b.
Descriptive
c.
Experimental
d.
Quasi-experimental
B. Descriptive
Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real-life situations.
The researcher wants to learn whether there is a relationship between parental education and emergency room use among children who have asthma. Which type of research study will this researcher use?
a.
Basic
b.
Correlational
c.
Historical
d.
Phenomenological
b. Correlational
Correlational research investigates the relationship between or among variables
The nurse evaluates a research study that examines the relationship between computer and television screen time and obesity. A correlational analysis reveals a correlation of +0.95. What can the nurse conclude about the relationship between these two variables?
a.
An increase in screen time causes obesity.
b.
An increase in obesity leads to increased screen time.
c.
Screen time and obesity vary in opposite directions.
d.
Screen time and obesity vary together.
d. Screen time and obesity vary together
a positive correlation between variable indicates that the variables vary together.
In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships among variables without being able to manipulate the variables?
a.
Descriptive
b.
Correlational
c.
Experimental
d.
Quasi-experimental
d. quasi-experimental
quasi-experimental studies have less control than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree of control
The nurse participates in data collection for a clinical drug trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to either a treatment or a placebo group to measure the effects of the drug on a specific outcome. This is which type of study?
a.
Correlational
b.
Descriptive
c.
Experimental
d.
Quasi-experimental
c. experimental
Experimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so that effects of variables on specific outcomes can be measured.
A researcher studies the effect of asthma action plans on frequency of emergency department visits for asthma-related symptoms. The study would be described as:
a.
applied research.
b.
basic research.
c.
descriptive research.
d.
phenomenological research.
a. applied research
applied research involves research that is directly applicable to clinical practice.
Basic research seeks to:
a.
directly influence clinical practice.
b.
generate knowledge for knowledges sake.
c.
predict or control outcomes of variables.
d.
validate or test theoretical frameworks
b. generate knowledge for knowledges sake
When developing a study, a researcher establishes rules for measurement of independent and dependent variables in order to minimize the possibility of error. This is an example of:
a.
control.
b.
manipulation.
c.
precision.
d.
rigor.
a. Control
In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control?
a.
Correlational
b.
Descriptive
c.
Experimental
d.
Quasi-experimental
c. experimental
A researcher designs a study to evaluate stress and anxiety associated with breastfeeding in which data collection takes place in the homes of mothers with premature newborns after discharge home from the NIC. This would be an example of which type of research setting?
a.
Highly controlled, field
b.
Highly controlled, laboratory
c.
Natural, field
d.
Partially controlled, laboratory
c. Natural, field
the setting described where the research and data collection occur. A natural setting is an uncontrolled, real-life situation or environment, such as a home. There is relatively little control over the setting and the variables associated with the setting.
When conducting a research study using a convenience sample of all first grade students from two classrooms in a nearby school, the nurse researcher may increase the sample control by:
a.
assigning one classroom to the experimental group and the other classroom to the control group.
b.
exposing all subjects to the treatment variable and then comparing the outcome data to pretreatment data.
c.
randomly assigning students from both classrooms to either the experimental group or the control group.
d.
using all of these subjects as treatment subjects and comparing outcomes to a group of subjects from a similar study.
c. Randomly assigning students from both classrooms to either the experimental group or control
A nurse is assisting with data collection for a study measuring the effects of a sleep aid medication on oxygen saturations. Subjects will sleep in a darkened room in a sleep lab while participating. Which type of research setting is this?
a.
Field
b.
Highly controlled
c.
Natural
d.
Partially controlled
b. highly controlled
A nurse researcher explains the relationships between research processes and the nursing process to a group of graduate-level nursing students. Which statement by a nursing student indicates the need for further teaching?
a.
Nursing research leads to evidence-based nursing practice guidelines.
b.
Nursing research has a broader focus than the nursing process.
c.
The nursing process helps to identify potential nursing research problems.
d.
The nursing process requires rigorous application of research methods.
d. The nursing process requires rigorous application of research methods.
The nursing process may be based on research but does not require the rigorous application of research methods.
Research subjects in a study of body image after mastectomy will complete a questionnaire about body image after surgery. Which assumption would the researcher likely make when conducting this study?
a.
All mastectomy patients are likely to be negatively affected by the surgery.
b.
Body image and appearance are important to survivors of breast cancer.
c.
Subjects will be able to describe a personal awareness of body image.
d.
Subjects will complete every item on the questionnaire.
c. Subjects will be able to describe personal awareness of body image.
assumptions are statements taken for granted or considered true, even though they have not been scientifically tested. The researcher will assume that subjects have an awareness of this concept.
Statements that will be scientifically tested as part of a research study are called:
a.
assumptions.
b.
hypotheses.
c.
limitations.
d.
variables.
b. hypothesis
A study that analyzes the effect of exercise on diabetes control among Native-American children with type II diabetes would most credibly be generalizable to which population?
a.
African-Americans with type II diabetes
b.
Native-American children with type I diabetes
c.
Children with type II diabetes
d.
All people with type II diabetes
b. native-american children with with T1DM
To evaluate data collection methodology prior to conducting a large-scale study, a researcher might carry out a smaller-scale study. This smaller-scale study is known as a/an:
a.
abstract.
b.
exploratory design.
c.
pilot study.
d.
proposal.
c. pilot study
The nurse researcher is developing a study to examine the effects of asthma education on missed school days among grade school children. When defining the research problem in the research proposal, the nurse will discuss:
a.
the proposed methodologies for data collection.
b.
statistics about the number of school days missed by children with asthma.
c.
the costs and types of various medications to treat asthma symptoms.
d.
the need for future studies to examine asthma care for this population.
b. Statistics about the number of school days missed by children with asthma
Which portion of a research report would the nurse initially read to get an overview of the study?
a.
Abstract
b.
Conclusion
c.
Framework
d.
Methodology
a. Abstract
The section of a research report that describes the purpose of a research study will include:
a.
what relationships among key variables will be examined.
b.
which various theories provide context for the research problem.
c.
what is currently understood about the research problem.
d.
why the research is necessary to help close a gap in knowledge.
a. what relationships among key variables will be examined.
A researcher conducts a review of relevant literature prior to developing a research study in order to:
a.
avoid duplication of research ideas.
b.
determine which theoretical framework is best adapted to the research problem.
c.
determine which type of study would be most cost-effective.
d.
identify what is known and unknown about a particular problem.
d. Identify was is known and unknown about a particular problem .
In a qualitative study to describe stages of grief, the researcher asks parents who have lost a child to cancer to describe their experiences with grief at specific time intervals after their children's deaths. Which assumption will the researcher make?
a.
Study subjects have knowledge about theoretical concepts about grief.
b.
Study subjects understand the concept of grief.
c.
Subjects will be able to articulate their feelings coherently.
d.
Subjects will be available for data collection at specific time intervals.
b. study subjects understand the concept of grief
How is theory tested in quantitative research?
a.
Assumptions about the theoretical framework are evaluated.
b.
Concepts become more clearly defined as they are tested.
c.
Relationships among concepts are tested.
d.
The entire theory is proven or disproven.
c. relationships among concepts are tested.
In quantitative research, relational statements between two or more concepts are tested, not the entire theory.
An operational definition of a variable or concept ensures that the variable or concept will be:
a.
given theoretical meaning.
b.
linked to other variables or concepts.
c.
measured or manipulated.
d.
understood in context of a theoretical framework.
c. Measured and manipulated.
An operational definition of a concept allows the concept to be measure or manipulated.
In a research proposal, when describing a research design, the researcher would include:
a.
discussion of a theoretical framework.
b.
evaluation of the researchers expertise.
c.
methods for measurement of variables.
d.
purpose of the study.
c. methods of measurement of variables
Prior to initiating a large-scale research study, the researcher conducts a small-scale study using similar subjects, methods, instruments, measurements, and analysis. This is done in order to:
a.
define the conceptual framework of the study.
b.
determine the quality of the study components.
c.
link study variables to one another.
d.
provide a study design.
b. determine the quality of the study components
The methodology portion of the research report is used to:
a.
describe the study design.
b.
discuss the implications of the study.
c.
provide a theoretical framework for the study.
d.
summarize the purpose, methods, and results
A. describe the study design
When the researcher describes the population of a study, the research consumer understands that this represents:
a.
all members of the population at large.
b.
all people who meet inclusion criteria for the study.
c.
members of the study group and the control group.
d.
subjects selected for the study based on sampling techniques.
b. all people who meet inclusion criteria for the study.
When a researcher describes an instrument as being valid this indicates that the instrument:
a.
accurately measures a variable.
b.
consistently measures variables across studies.
c.
has been described as high quality by other researchers.
d.
has been routinely used in other, similar studies.
a. accurately measures a variable
When an instrument is valid, it is considered accurate.
When noting the limitations of a research study, the nurse might make which observation?
a.
Abstract concepts were defined using concrete, consistent terms.
b.
Findings could not be generalized to a population not included in the study.
c.
The researcher included a discussion of the links between the studys variables.
d.
The subjects were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups.
b. Findings could not be generalized to a population not included in the study.
Limitations are restrictions in a study methodology or framework that may decrease the credibility and generalizability of the findings.
The purpose of a study abstract is to:
a.
describe the reason for conducting the study.
b.
outline the theoretical framework that defines the study.
c.
summarize a study concisely and capture the readers attention.
d.
summarize previous research about the study's topic.
c. summarize a study concisely and capture the reader's attention.
In a study about concussion recovery in high school football players, which statement would be part of the introduction?
a.
The Functional Independence Measure was used to measure post concussion symptoms.
b.
The purpose of this study was to determine average length of recovery time after a first concussion.
c.
The results of this study showed an average recovery time of 6 weeks among football players.
d.
The study included a convenience sample of high school football players in a five-county area.
b. The purpose of this study was to determine the average length of recovery time after a first concussion.
If a nurse wishes to critically appraise a study's sampling criteria and measurement tools, the nurse will read which part of the study report?
a.
Abstract
b.
Introduction
c.
Methods
d.
Results
c. Methods
To learn whether there is a statistically significant difference between the control group and the experimental group in a study, the nurse would review which section of the research report?
a.
Introduction
b.
Methods
c.
Purpose
d.
Results
d. Results
To help determine the relevance of a study to practice, it is recommended that the reviewer read which two sections of the study initially?
a.
Abstract, discussion
b.
Conclusions, references
c.
Literature review, purpose
d.
Methods, results
A. Abstract and discussion
To help determine the relevance of a study to practice, it is recommended that the reviewer read which two sections of the study initially?
a.
Abstract, discussion
b.
Conclusions, references
c.
Literature review, purpose
d.
Methods, results
d. Identify gaps in knowledge
Which of the following are true statements about quantitative research? (Choose all that apply.)
a.
Correlational research involves the use of statistics to determine relationships among variables.
b.
Experimental research is the only type of quantitative research that is valid.
c.
Quasi-experimental research is a useful option when controlled conditions are not possible.
d.
Statistical tests are employed with quantitative research studies.
a, c, d
What study design involves no intervention on the part of the researcher? (Choose all that apply.)
a.
Correlational
b.
Descriptive
c.
Experimental
d.
Quasi-experimental
a, b
Correlational and Descriptive
The nurse researcher submits a proposal for an initial study to evaluate the effects of regular moderate exercise on asthma control scores in adolescents with asthma. To achieve increased control in the initial study, the researcher will do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a.
Ask subjects to keep track of time spent exercising in a journal.
b.
Have subjects exercise on treadmills in the clinic three times weekly.
c.
Choose subjects classified as having moderate intermittent asthma symptoms.
d.
Limit participants to adolescent males who have asthma.
b, c, d
The nurse participates in data collection in a study comparing the effect of two antilipidemia medications on total cholesterol in patients with hyperlipidemia. Which are extraneous variables to consider in such a study? (Select all that apply.)
a.
Differences between the antilipidemia medications.
b.
Family history of hyperlipidemia.
c.
Individual patients weights.
d.
Other serum lipid values.
b,c ,d
What role does qualitative research play in evidence-based practice (EBP)?
a.
Because it does not involve random-controlled trials (RCTs), it does not contribute directly to EBP.
b.
It offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior.
c.
It provides a way to measure and evaluate quality outcomes that affect patient care.
d.
It provides the basis for most EBP guidelines and patient care protocols.
b. it offers a systematic approach for yielding insights into human experience and behavior.
A researcher identifies a socioeconomic group of people to study. After developing a rapport with key members of the group, getting information about group members from the key members, and spending time working among group members, the researcher develops theories about the group based on this experience. Which type of qualitative research does this represent?
a.
Ethnographic
b.
Grounded theory
c.
Historical
d.
Phenomenological
a. Ethnographic
Ethnographic research was developed by anthropologists as a mechanism for studying cultures and involves immersion in the group in order to make observations and get information.
What is true about phenomena in qualitative research?
a.
Human behavior is generally the result of the direct influence of independent variables.
b.
Knowledge gained by qualitative research is concrete and derived from statistical data.
c.
Multiple realities are possible based on meanings created by individuals and groups.
d.
Time and context have very little influence on individual or group perspectives.
c. Multiple realities are possible based on meanings created by individuals and groups.
The understanding of phenomena in qualitative research is not the same as in quantitative research. In qualitative research, multiple realities, based on individual and group meanings, may be derived from research data.
A researcher conducts a qualitative study and learns that individuals have a variety of reactions to an event. What can the researcher conclude from this finding?
a.
The findings are interesting, but are not useful for theory development.
b.
The reactions described in this study may be generalized to a larger population.
c.
The study has little significance since there is no well-defined single outcome.
d.
The variety of reactions is expected since perception varies with individuals.
d. The variety of reactions is expected since perception varies with individuals.
Because meaning is subjective there can be multiple realities.
A researcher develops a study to examine various phenomena that contribute to theory development. This is an example of which type of research?
a.
Ethnographic research
b.
Grounded theory research
c.
Historical research
d.
Phenomenological research
b. grounded theory research
grounded theory develops theory directly from the research data.
A researcher conducts a study to examine the feelings of cancer patients at various points during their disease, including at diagnosis, when beginning chemotherapy, and during remission. Which type of study will the researcher use for this study?
a.
Ethnographic
b.
Grounded Theory
c.
Historical
d.
Phenomenological
d. Phenomenological
Phenomenological research attempts to capture the lived experience of study participants
What is true about scientific rigor in qualitative nursing research?
a.
Studies are rigorous only when results are quantifiable.
b.
Study findings are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied.
c.
Scientific rigor is not applicable with qualitative studies.
d.
Scientific rigor is only used with random-controlled trials.
b. Study findings are considered trustworthy when rigor is applied.
Rigor is valued because the findings are seen as more credible and of greater worth.
When designing a study, which has the greatest influence as a researcher decides which type of qualitative study design to use?
a.
Funding and resources
b.
Literature review
c.
Population
d.
Research question
d. Research question
A researcher wishes to learn about the experiences that women have when breastfeeding their infants in the workplace. Which type of study design will the researcher employ?
a.
Ethnographic
b.
Exploratory-descriptive
c.
Grounded theory
d.
Historical
b. Exploratory-descriptive
Exploratory-descriptive studies are used when researchers are exploring a new topic or describing a situation.
A researcher who bases phenomenological research on Husserls philosophy will:
a.
incorporate personal biases into conclusions and discussion of the research.
b.
interpret subjects experiences according to the researchers own biases.
c.
place personal biases aside when considering and reporting research findings.
d.
use personal biases to look for hidden meanings in research data.
c. place personal biases aside when considering and reporting research findings.
What is a key element of hermeneutics in research?
a.
Analysis of documents and interviews to identify themes and subthemes in data
b.
Bracketing of the researchers own perceptions for the duration of the study
c.
Description of phenomena without interpretation by the researcher
d.
Focusing solely on phenomena themselves without consideration of biases
a. analysis of documents and interviews to ID themes and subthemes in data
Hermeneutics is a type of interpretive- phen research method that involves textual analysis and id of themes and subthemes present in interviews and published documents in light of the study's research questions.
When performing an external criticism of the documents used in historical research, the reviewer must determine whether the documents are:
a.
genuine or fraudulent.
b.
interesting or dull.
c.
well known or obscure.
d.
written by authors who are still living.
a. genuine or fradulent
external criticism determines the validity of the source material
What is true about grounded theory research?
a.
It is a method used to quantify theoretical constructs in theory development.
b.
It is used to further research in areas where much concrete data is already known.
c.
Study designs use a theoretical basis to develop the research questions.
d.
Theory is developed from the data collected during the research.
d. Theory is developed from the data collected during research
A researcher wishes to understand how inner-city Somali immigrants adapt health care practices into their experiences with the U.S. health care system. Which type of study approach will the researcher use?
a.
Descriptive-qualitative
b.
Ethnographic
c.
Grounded theory
d.
Phenomenological
b. ethnographic
Which is an example of an etic approach in an ethnographic study?
a.
A longitudinal study examining individual immigrants attitudes about health care
b.
A study about African tribal women and their feelings about HIV prevention
c.
A study comparing various ethnic groups folk health practices
d.
A study of differences between BSN- and AND-prepared nurses attitudes about health care
c. A study comparing various ethnic groups folk health practices
The etic approach involves studying behavior from outside the culture and examining similarities and differences across cultures.
Which qualitative study will call for an exploratory-descriptive study approach?
a.
An evaluation of clinical outcomes of standard nursing interventions
b.
An examination of the effects of a treatment on various ethnic groups
c.
A review of data in order to evaluate theoretical constructs
d.
A study on a topic about which little is known or understood
d. a study on a topic about which little is known or understood.
A researcher utilizes an emic approach in a research study in order to:
a.
gather data about lived experiences of individuals.
b.
trying to understand behaviors from within a culture.
c.
examine individual human behavior according to personal biases.
d.
use techniques such as bracketing and intuiting.
b. trying to understand behaviors from within a culture.
The goal of grounded theory research is to:
a.
develop theories and hypotheses based on research findings.
b.
establish an ethnographic perspective on subjects.
c.
provide validity checks for constructs.
d.
test theoretical constructs and hypotheses.
a. develop theories and hypotheses based on research findings
A researcher wishes to examine the experiences and feelings of siblings of children who have cancer in order to gain information about this population. Which type of qualitative study method will the researcher use?
a.
Ethnographic
b.
Exploratory-descriptive
c.
Grounded theory
d.
Historical
b. exploratory-descriptive
Exploratory-descriptive studies are used when researchers are exploring a new topic or describing a situation.
When conducting historical research about the experiences of women refugees from the Sudan, the researcher interviews women who served as nurses among this population. These nurses represent:
a.
control group subjects.
b.
experimental group subjects.
c.
primary data sources.
d.
secondary data sources.
d. secondary data sources.
a secondary data source can be a person who lived at the same time or who had contact with the subjects in the study.
When conducting research about the experiences of early advanced practice nurses, the researcher may consult which possible secondary source?
a.
A textbook history of early advanced practice nurses
b.
Currently practicing advanced practice nurses
c.
Former patients of early advanced practice nurses
d.
The scope of practice guidelines for advanced practice nursing
c. Former patients of early advanced practice nurses.
What are subjects in qualitative research studies usually called?
a.
Experimental subjects
b.
Participants
c.
Primary sources
d.
Secondary sources
b. participants
subjects in qualitative studies are referred to as participants because the researcher and the participants cooperatively carry out the study.
How are subjects selected for qualitative research studies?
a.
As volunteers through advertising for subjects
b.
Based on knowledge or experience
c.
By random sampling methods
d.
Through convenience sampling
b. based on knowledge or experience.
What is the researcher-participant relationship in qualitative research?
a.
Attaching personal meanings of the researcher to subjects responses
b.
Controlling subjects responses by stating the aims of the study
c.
Creating empathetic and honest relationships with study subjects
d.
Keeping a distance to avoid skewing research findings
c. creating empathetic and honest relationships with study objects
What type of data collection method is most common in qualitative research?
a.
Distribution and review of questionnaires from subjects
b.
Interviews with and observation of subjects
c.
Participation and immersion in the lives of subjects
d.
Review of historical documents and literature about subjects
b. interviews and observation of subjects
During a qualitative research study, a researcher asks subjects a fixed set of questions to which the participants respond freely. This is an example of a(n):
a.
open-ended interview.
b.
semi-structured interview.
c.
structured interview.
d.
unstructured interview.
b. semi-structured interview.
a semi-structured interview involves a fixed set of questions with no fixed responses.
What may characterize questions asked by the researcher during an exploratory-descriptive study?
a.
A focus on participants biographical information
b.
Using structured individual questions
c.
One main question with follow-up questions
d.
Open-ended questions with probes to follow up
b. Using structured individual questions.
A researcher investigates how nurses in a rural hospital regard the importance of asthma education using an ethnographic approach. Why was this approach appropriate?
a.
To find out what it was like for nurses to provide this education
b.
To explore the theoretical basis of asthma education
c.
To improve understanding of how these nurses define asthma education
d.
To look at the history of asthma education to shed light on current practice
c. to improve understanding of how these nurses define asthma education
When appraising a study in which data was collected by interview, the reviewer will assess for:
a.
adequate length of time for each interview.
b.
evidence that prompts were not used to encourage responses.
c.
use of clinical setting for conducting interviews.
d.
utilization of payment for participation of subjects.
a. adequate length of time for each interview.
A researcher may choose to use a focus group instead of one-to-one interviews in order to:
a.
encourage free expression of views of the participants.
b.
increase conformity and consistency of participants responses.
c.
reduce the time needed to collect data.
d.
allow more time for lengthy and complete responses.
a. encourage free expression of views of participants
When gathering data for a study using observational methods, it is important for the data collector to:
a.
be observant of all that is done and said and unsaid.
b.
direct subjects by setting the stage through structured questions.
c.
record those actions and words that are related to the focus of the study.
d.
participate directly with subjects in order to better understand them.
a. be observant of all that is done, said and unsaid.
To maximize collection of pertinent information when conducting an observational study, the researcher records field notes:
a.
after the observation has concluded.
b.
during or immediately after the observation.
c.
prior to beginning the observation.
d.
when writing the research discussion.
b. during or immediately after the observation.
Which is true about data analysis in a qualitative study?
a.
It has very little structure.
b.
It is unnecessary in qualitative studies.
c.
It requires less time than with quantitative analysis.
d.
It should be consistent with the philosophical method of the study.
d. it should be consistent with the philosophical method of the study
A researcher classifies words and phrases that occur in data collected in a qualitative study. This process is called:
a.
coding the data.
b.
describing the data.
c.
dwelling with the data.
d.
interpreting the data.
a. coding the data
is the process of reading the data, breaking text down into subparts and labeling that part of the text
Which type of research uses a less formal method of reporting data?
a.
Ethnographic
b.
Grounded theory
c.
Historical
d.
Phenomenological
c. historical
A researcher describes phrases and terms discovered in a qualitative study and describes and links these with various themes. This is an example of:
a.
coding the data.
b.
describing the data.
c.
dwelling with the data.
d.
interpreting the data.
d. interpreting the data
While reviewing transcripts of interviews conducted for a qualitative study, the researcher appraises the data for congruence with the philosophical perspective of the study. This is an example of:
a.
perspective.
b.
reliability.
c.
rigor.
d.
validity.
c. rigor
rigor in qualitative research requires critically appraising the study for congruence with the philosophical perspective
What is the purpose of qualitative research?
a.
To allow researchers to interject their own values into studies
b.
To describe data that cannot be measured or quantified
c.
To describe experiences and insight from the subjects perspective
d.
To establish causal relationships among subjective data
c. to describe experience and insight from the subjects perspective
How are findings from qualitative studies used to add to the body of nursing knowledge?
a.
Findings are useful only for describing study subjects.
b.
Findings may be generalized to a wide variety of population groups.
c.
Findings provide a broad overview from which meaning is derived.
d.
Findings reveal meanings that can be used to develop theory.
d. findings reveal meanings that can be used to develop theory
A researcher uses film footage to collect data in which type of research?
a.
Ethnographic
b.
Grounded theory
c.
Historical
d.
Phenomenological
c. historical
Which is true about rigor in qualitative research?
a.
Data should be interpreted according to the initial expectations of the researcher.
b.
Findings of the study should be generalizable to a larger population.
c.
Studies are evaluated based on design detail and thoroughness of evaluation.
d.
There is no method for judging rigor in qualitative research.
c. studies are evaluated based on design detail and thoroughness of evaluation
Which is true about phenomenological research?
a.
It is a method that views the person and the environment as integrated.
b.
It seeks to quantify human behavior and experience.
c.
It disregards the meaning of lived experiences.
d.
It is a single approach that uses quantitative research methods.
a. it is a method that views the person and the environment as integrated