the scientific study of behavior and mental process to seek to apply that study in the service of human welfare
The concept of "behavior and mental processes"
The scientific study of the mind
A field of research that focuses on people’s positive experiences and characteristics, such as happiness, optimism, and resilience.
Led by Seligman
Biological Psychology (physiological psychology)
study how the brain and the body’s biological processes affect, and are affected by, behavior and mental processes
Cognitive Psychology (experimental psychologists)
study the mental processes underlying judgment, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition
A field in which psychologists study human factors in the use of equipment and help
designers create better versions of that equipment
to understand, describe, and explore how behavior and mental processes change over a lifetime
study the characteristics that make individuals similar to or different from one another
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists
Psychologists who seek to assess, understand, and change abnormal behavior
Psychologists who work to obtain psychological services for people in need of help and to prevent psychological disorders by working for changes in social systems
Psychologists who study the effects of behavior and mental processes on health and illness and vice versa
Educational Psychologists
Psychologists who study methods by which instructors teach and students learn and who apply their results to improving those methods
Psychologists who test IQ's, diagnose students’ academic problems, and set up programs to improve students’ achievement
Psychologists who study how people influence one another’s behavior and mental processes, individually and in groups
Industrial and Organizational Psychologists
Psychologists who study ways to improve efficiency, productivity, and satisfaction among workers and the organizations that employ them
Quantitative Psychologists
Psychologists who develop and use statistical tools to analyze research data
Psychologists who explore the relationships between athletic performance and such psychological variables as motivation and emotion
Forensic
psychologists may assist police and other agencies in profiling criminals, evaluating the mental competence of defendants, participating in jury selection, and performing many other tasks related to psychology and the law
Environmental Psychologists
Psychologists who study the effects of the physical environment on behavior and mental
processes
Links to other sides: Neuroscience
Psychologists who study the effects of the physical environment on behavior and mental processes
Psychology is a relatively new discipline, but its roots can be traced through centuries, especially in the history of philosophy
The awareness of external stimuli and our own mental activity
Wilhem Wundt (1832 - 1920)
Established first formal psychology lab at the University of Lepzig; father of psychology; goal was to understand consciousness; used introspection
Edward Titchener (1867 - 1923)
Established theory of structuralism (mind can be viewed by the individual of parts)
Introspection; the personal observation of our own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler, Max Wertheimer (1880 - 1941); Key idea was
to understand consciousness, we must study the whole, not just its component parts; founded Gestalt psychology
Freud and Psychoanalysis (1856 - 1939)
Our behavior is deeply influenced by unconcious thoughts, impulses, and desires; our drives are sexual or destructive by nature; views of humans were negative and overemphasized sex and
aggression; could not test scientifically his theories
William James and Functionalism (1842 - 1910)
Key idea was that our consciousness serves an adaptive purpose by helping us survive; functionalism - viewed behavior as purposeful, since it is led by survival; "Principles of Psychology" (1890)
John B. Watson and Behaviorism (1878 - 1958)
Key idea was that our behavior is learned, observable, and measurable; psychology did not benefit from any consideration of consciousness or internal mental states; B.F. Skinner also studied behaviorism (1904 - 1990)
Biological
Approach to the Science of Psychology
An approach to psychology in which behavior and behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals; Emphasizes activity of the nervous system, especially of the brain; the action of hormones and other chemicals; and genetics
Natural Selection approach to the Sciences of Psychology
The evolutionary mechanism through which Darwin said the fittest individuals survive to reproduce
Evolutionary Approach to the Science of Psychology
An approach to psychology that emphasizes the inherited,
adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes; Emphasizes the ways in which behavior and mental processes are adaptive for survival
Psychodynamic Approach to the Science of Psychology
A view developed by Freud that emphasizes the interplay of unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior; Emphasizes
internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their expression
Behavioral Approach to the Science of Psychology
An approach to psychology emphasizing that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments; Emphasizes learning, especially each person’s experience with rewards and punishments
Cognitive Approach to the Science of Psychology
A way of looking at human behavior that emphasizes research on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of
action
Humanistic Approach to the Science of Psychology
A perspective to psychology that focuses on how each person has a unique capacity to choose how to think and act; Emphasizes individual potential for growth and the role of unique perceptions in guiding behavior and mental processes
Sociocultural Factors in Psychology
Social identity and other background factors, such as gender, ethnicity, social class, and culture; describes the effects of the social environment, including culture, on the behavior of indivuals
The accumulation of values, rules of behavior, forms of expression, religious beliefs,
occupational choices, and the like for a group of people who share a common language and environment
The first laboratory in psychology was established to study ______
Dr. Gauzz believes that low income families who live in crowded conditions are more likely to need mental health services. Therefore, she works to eliminate over crowded high rises for low income families. Dr. Gauzz
is most likely a(n) ______ psychologist
Dr. Hemmings believes that human behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance, unconscious motivations, and environmental influences. Dr. Hemmings uses a(n) ______ approach.
a. evolutionary
b. eclectic
c. humanistic
d. behavioral
Solomon is a psychologist interested in conformity. He studies how the size of a group affects the amount of pressure the group can exert on individuals. Solomon is most likely a ______ psychologist.
a. personality
b. clinical
c. quantitative
d. social
You are marooned on a tropical
island with a dangerous criminal. In your suitcase are four books on psychology. If you believe that the criminal’s behavior is primarily due to unconscious conflicts, you should
choose the book written by ______ to find more information
a. Sigmund Freud
b. William James
c. John Watson
d. Wilhelm Wundt
Dr. F_oreman studies what
teachers actually do when they are teaching students to read. Dr. Foreman is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist
a. cognitive b. school c.educational d. community
Larry says that people act the way they have learned to act. He believes that if others stop rewarding a person’s annoying behavior, that behavior will decrease. Larry most likely
takes a(n) ______ approach to psychology.
a. behavioral b. cognitive c. evolutionary d. humanistic
Marika just won a college scholarship because of her out- standing grades. If she is from a collectivist culture, she is most likely to say:
a. “I’ve worked very hard for
this honor and I appreciate
the vote of confidence.” b. “I had some tough times when I didn’t think I would
succeed, but this has made it all worthwhile.” c. “I could not have won this award without the help of
my teachers and family.” d. “I am so happy that the committee recognized my
hard work and perseverance and is rewarding it with this scholarship.”
Dr. Rose,
a cross-cultural psychologist, is most likely to find which behavior to be similar in all of the groups she studies?
a. Striving for achievement
b. Rules governing social behavior c. Styles of communication
d. Recognition of a smile
Latisha is a forensic psychologist. You are most
likely to find her working with a _____
a.physical therapist b.lawyer
c.advertising company
d.landscape architect
You have just graduated with a Ph.D. in human factors psychology and are now working at your first job. You are most likely to be
a. testing the personality traits of astronaut candidates b. helping to design a new video game console c. conducting group therapy with abused children d. designing research on racial prejudice
Psychology is best defined as the science of _____
Behavior and mental processes
Research on the factors that lead people to be happy and satisfied with their lives is known as _____ psychology
a. developmental
b. humanistic
c. positive
d. existential
The concepts of behavior and mental processes include
a. personality traits
b. sensory abilities c. intelligence d. all of the above
A major difference between psychologists and psychiatrists is that psychiatrists
a. have more training in psychological testing b. are medical doctors c. are more active in research d. all of the above
Ali argues that, compared to men, women’s greater selectivity in choosing a mate is an adaptive strategy that makes it more likely that fathers will be good providers. This view is rooted in the ______ approach to psychology.
a. evolutionary
b. behavioral
c. cognative behavioral
d. humanistic
Today, the study of consciousness occurs mainly in the
field of
a. psychoanalysis b. humanistic psychology c. functional analysis d. cognitive science
Paul tells his wife that she won’t ever be able to under- stand him unless she can begin to understand his own unique view of the world. Without realizing it, Paul is expressing a basic principle of ______ psychology.
a. psychodynamic b. cognitive-behavioral c. humanistic
d. cognitive
Today, the majority psychologists in North America are _____
a. men
b. women
c.
people of color
d. psychoanalysis
People’s gender, ethnicity, social class, religious beliefs, and the like are examples of the _____ variables that can affect behavior and mental processes.
a. self-defined b. innate
c. biological d. sociocultural