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Terms in this set (35)confounding variable a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in the dependant variable confound (variables) a confounding variable is a variable other than the independent variable that causes a change in the dependent variable Why confounds are problematic they act directly on the dependent variable, making it hard to conclude definitively that manipulation of the independent variable caused changes in the dependent variable. What type of research designs confounding variables are and are not problematic for Confounding variables are problematic for experimental research since there is there is an independant variable being manipulated. They are not problematic for correlational research Explain the relationship between confounds and internal validity When designing an experimental study, it is important to ensure high internal validity, which is a rating of confidence that only the manipulation of the independent variable, and not the presence of other variables called confounding variables, caused observed changes in the dependent variable. Describe the elements of Mill's criteria for establishing causality: covariance, temporal precedence, eliminating alternative explanations Covariance: The presence or level of one variable is related to the presence or level of another variable. temporal precedence: A cause must come before the effect. Therefore, the independent variable must be manipulated before there is a measured difference in the dependent variable. e.a.e : In other words, there is no confounding variable to explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variable Identify which of the three Mills criteria are affected by compounds Eliminate alternative hypothesis because It can be difficult to eliminate alternative explanations. Here, it is important, therefore to control confounding variables participant variables characteristics of research participants that are not of primary interest but can influence the results of study participant variables examples gender, age, religion, socioeconomic status, intelligence why participant variables are potential confounds in an experiment A researcher cannot, for example, manipulate a participant's age; she cannot make a participant older or younger. Therefore, participant variables are never independent variables. However, they can still affect the dependent variable List the strategies used to reduce the confounding effects of participant variables Random Assignment, Homogeneous Assignment, match-pair design, outside influences Random Assignment: Describe the strategies used to reduce the confounding effects of participant variables Helps neutralize the confounding effects of participant variables by distributing the variables evenly across groups Homogeneous Assignment: Describe the strategies used to reduce the confounding effects of participant variables One way to make groups equivalent is to use a homogeneous sample, which means that all participants are highly similar, regardless of their assigned group, Match-pair design: Describe the strategies used to reduce the confounding effects of participant variables Pairs participants with similar characteristics and then randomly assigning each person to the experimental or control group outside influences: Describe the strategies used to reduce the confounding effects of participant variables Equivalency for the groups outside experiences List some other variables that could cause confounds in an experiment because all groups do not have equal experimental experiences 1) outside influences (if someone had a bad day, this could negatively influence the results) Name and describe the two areas of outside experience that can cause confounds in an experiment, and explain how to reduce these confounds 1) Contamination by communication (when participants have foreknowledge about experiment from other participantss) explain how to reduce Contamination by communication 1. to explain to each participant the reason for not talking with others about the session and then ask for cooperation. explain how to reduce History Effect It is difficult, if not impossible, for researchers to anticipate and control for history effects. However, if the researcher is aware of a potential history effect once the study is completed, she must acknowledge this limitation when she publishes the results of the study. Name the three main types of change over time that can confound experiments 1. Maturation; Maturation 1. Maturation; Sometimes, naturally occurring time-related changes in participants—called maturation—can influence the outcome of a study, thereby confounding it. This is more likely to occur in longitudinal studies Regression to the Mean the tendency for extremely high or extremely low scores to become more moderate (i.e., closer to the mean) upon retesting over time. testing effect If participants are tested multiple times, then practice or repetition of test items, tasks, or activities can influence participants' performance in subsequent tests. Generally, they either have a positive (subjects become better at performing the task) or negative (subjects become worse at performing the task) effect. how to reduce maturation Because this is a naturally occurring change, it typically cannot be prevented How to reduce Regression to the Mean To avoid this potential confound, a researcher should not select participants based on extreme scores. How to reduce testing effect Of course, the testing effect is most likely to occur in studies using pretest-posttest designs. Thus, by designing research using posttest-only designs, the testing effect is essentially eliminated Placebo effect experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. Describe how to control for the placebo effect To control for the placebo effect, the researcher can give a placebo pill to the control group participants. If both groups of participants receive a pill and neither knows which condition they are in, then both groups will have the same expectations of the outcome single-blind study study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group but experimenter knows double-blind study An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo Describe how measurement instrumentation can cause a threat to internal validity A change in the measuring device during the course of a study can be a confound if the instrument is poorly calibrated or malfunctions what steps can be taken to prevent the problem with instrumentation constantly monitor and properly calibrate any devices used for measurement List variables that a within-groups research design eliminates as confounds age, sex, etc Name and describe the three types of threats to internal validity that apply to both between-groups and within-groups designs 1. Confounding variables. Could something else have happened between the control and experimental conditions that might have caused any differences in the outcome? Describe the main threat to internal validity in within-subjects designs and how it can be reduced. ... Students also viewedUnit 1 English106 terms paulinafrompluto frans hfdst 1: historique137 terms siebegutschoven Unit 1120 terms School_learn_pass Unit 1136 terms marika_kravchuk Other sets by this creator311 Final EXAM106 terms Bdanie15 Unit 1155 terms Bdanie15 Unit 1233 terms Bdanie15 UNIT 967 terms Bdanie15 Other Quizlet setsHow ch 1410 terms Star7941 endocrine practice questions25 terms jaclyn602 Task 1 -writing -vocabulary-Many items-155 terms Sobhan1377 Which research design does not control the effect of confounding variables?But because participants are not randomly assigned—making it likely that there are other differences between conditions—quasi-experimental research does not eliminate the problem of confounding variables.
Which research approach is designed to control for the effects of confounding variables quizlet?Random assignment is the most effective approach to controlling confounding variables because randomization tends to control individual variation on all possible confounders.
Which of the following is the most effective method for controlling confounding variables is which of the following?Randomization—the most effective method because it controls all possible confounding variables without researchers having to identify them.
Which approach is most effective in preventing confounding by participant characteristics?The ideal way to minimize the effects of confounding is to conduct a large randomized clinical trial so that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the treatment options.
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Which research design does not control for the effect of confounding variables quizlet?
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