Sudden infant death syndrome is the sudden and unexpected death of an infant or young child between 2 weeks and 1 year of age in which an examination of the death scene, thorough postmortem examination, and clinical history fail to show cause. Show Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the most common cause of death of infants between 2 weeks and 1 year of age, accounting for 35 to 55% of all deaths in this age group. The rate of SIDS occurrence is 0.5/1000 births in the US; there are racial and ethnic disparities (African American and Native American children have twice the average risk of SIDS). Peak incidence is between the 2nd and 4th months of life. Almost all SIDS deaths occur when the infant is thought to be sleeping. The cause of SIDS is unknown, although it is most likely due to dysfunction of neural cardiorespiratory control mechanisms. The dysfunction may be intermittent or transient, and multiple mechanisms are probably involved. Factors that may be involved are the infant having a poor sleep arousal mechanism, an inability to detect elevated CO2 levels in the blood, or a cardiac channelopathy that affects heart rhythm. Fewer than 5% of infants with SIDS have episodes of prolonged apnea before their death, so the overlap between the SIDS population and infants with recurrent prolonged apnea is very small. The definite association between a prone (on stomach) sleeping position and an increased risk of SIDS has been documented strongly. Many risk factors for SIDS apply to non-SIDS infant deaths as well. 
The diagnosis of SIDS, while largely one of exclusion, cannot be made without an adequate autopsy to rule out other causes of sudden, unexpected death (eg, intracranial hemorrhage, meningitis, myocarditis). An autopsy may be required in many states. Also, the care team (including social workers) should sensitively assess the likelihood of infant suffocation or
nonaccidental trauma (see Overview of Child Maltreatment
Overview of Child Maltreatment Child maltreatment is behavior toward a child that is outside the norms of conduct and entails substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. Four types of maltreatment are generally... read more
Parents who have lost a child to SIDS are grief-stricken and unprepared for the tragedy. Because no definitive cause can be found for their child’s death, they usually have excessive guilt feelings, which may be aggravated by investigations conducted by police, social workers, or others. Family members require support not only during the days immediately after the infant’s death but for at least several months to help them with their grief and dispel guilt feelings. Such support includes, whenever possible, an immediate home visit to observe the circumstances in which SIDS occurred and to inform and counsel the parents concerning the cause of death. Autopsy should be done quickly. As soon as the preliminary results are known (usually within 12 hours), they should be communicated to the parents. Some clinicians advise a series of home or office visits over the first month to continue the earlier discussions, answer questions, and give the family the final (microscopic) autopsy results. At the last meeting, it is appropriate to discuss the parents’ adjustment to their loss, especially their attitude toward having other children. Much of the counseling and support can be complemented by specially trained nurses or by lay people who have themselves experienced the tragedy of and adjustment to SIDS (visit the American SIDS Institute for more information and resources). The American Academy of Pediatrics (see SIDS and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment) recommends that infants be placed supine (on their back—see the Safe to Sleep® campaign) for sleep unless other medical conditions prevent this. Side sleeping or propping is too unstable. The incidence of SIDS increases with overheating (eg, clothing, blankets, hot room) and in cold weather. Thus, every effort should be made to avoid an overly hot or an overly cold environment, to avoid overwrapping the infant, and to remove soft bedding, such as sheepskin, pillows, stuffed toys/animals, and comforters, from the crib. Pacifiers may be helpful, because they help open the airway. Parents/caregivers should not have the infant sleep in their bed. To help prevent flat spots from developing on the infant's head, infants should spend some time on their tummy when they are awake and someone is watching them. To help make the infant's head round, parents should change the direction that the infant lies in while in the crib each week and avoid leaving the infant for too long in car seats, carriers, and bouncers. Mothers should avoid smoking during pregnancy, and infants should not be exposed to smoke. Breastfeeding is encouraged to help prevent infections. There is no evidence that home apnea monitors reduce the incidence of SIDS and therefore are not suggested for prevention.
The following are some English-language resources that may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of these resources
Click here for Patient Education What are 5 risk factors for SIDS?Risk factors. Sex. Boys are slightly more likely to die of SIDS .. Age. Infants are most vulnerable between the second and fourth months of life.. Race. For reasons that aren't well-understood, nonwhite infants are more likely to develop SIDS .. Family history. ... . Secondhand smoke. ... . Being premature.. What are the risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome select all that apply?The potential factors that contribute to the occurrence of SIDS include inadequate prenatal care, low birth weight (<2499gr), premature infants, intrauterine growth delay, short interval between pregnancies and maternal substance use (tobacco, alcohol, opiates).
What are the 4 factors that are associated with SIDS?Who Is at Risk for SIDS?. their mother smoked, drank, or used drugs during pregnancy and after birth.. their mother had poor prenatal care.. they were born prematurely or at a low birth weight.. there's a family history of SIDS.. their mothers were younger than 20 when they gave birth.. they are around tobacco smoke after birth.. Which of the following is a risk factor for SIDS?Factors that may place a baby at higher risk of dying from SIDS include the following: Babies who sleep on their stomach rather than their back. Babies who sleep on soft surfaces, have loose bedding, and are covered by many blankets. Babies who share a bed with other children or adults.
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Which risk factors are related to sudden infant death syndrome SIDS select all that apply?
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