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Check out the new look and enjoy easier access to your favorite features Every person has a unique communication style, a way in which they interact and exchange information with others. There are four basic communication styles: passive, aggressive, passive-aggressive and assertive. It’s important to understand each communication style, and why individuals use them. For example, the assertive communication style has been found to be most effective, because it incorporates the best aspects of all the other styles. When we break down these four styles, we’ll better understand the characteristics of each style, standard phrases and what makes them unique. PassiveIndividuals who use the passive communication style often act indifferently, yielding to others. Passive communicators usually fail to express their feelings or needs, allowing others to express themselves. Frequently, a passive communicator’s lack of outward communication can lead to misunderstanding, anger build-up or resentment. At the same time, these communicators can be safer to speak with when a conflict arises, because they most likely will avoid a confrontation or defer to others. Passive communicators often display a lack of eye contact, poor body posture and an inability to say “no.” Passive communicators also act in a way that states “people never consider my feelings.” But passive communicators are also easy to get along with as they follow others and “go with the flow.” Examples of phrases that those who use a passive communication style would say or may believe include:
AggressiveIt’s often apparent when someone communicates in an aggressive manner. You’ll hear it. You’ll see it. You may even feel it. The aggressive communication style is emphasized by speaking in a loud and demanding voice, maintaining intense eye contact and dominating or controlling others by blaming, intimidating, criticizing, threatening or attacking them, among other traits. Learn more about effective communication with Alvernia University’s fully online B.A. in Communication. Aggressive communicators often issue commands, ask questions rudely and fail to listen to others. But they can also be considered leaders and command respect from those around them. Examples of phrases that an aggressive communicator would use include:
Passive-AggressivePassive-aggressive communication style users appear passive on the surface, but within he or she may feel powerless or stuck, building up a resentment that leads to seething or acting out in subtle, indirect or secret ways. Most passive-aggressive communicators will mutter to themselves rather than confront a person or issue. They have difficulty acknowledging their anger, use facial expressions that don’t correlate with how they feel and even deny there is a problem. Passive-aggressive communicators are most likely to communicate with body language or a lack of open communication to another person, such as giving someone the silent treatment, spreading rumors behind people’s backs or sabotaging others’ efforts. Passive-aggressive communicators may also appear cooperative, but may silently be doing the opposite. Ultimately, passive-aggressive communicators are aware of their needs, but at times struggle to voice them. Examples of phrases that a passive-aggressive communicator would use include:
AssertiveThought to be the most effective form of communication, the assertive communication style features an open communication link while not being overbearing. Assertive communicators can express their own needs, desires, ideas and feelings, while also considering the needs of others. Assertive communicators aim for both sides to win in a situation, balancing one’s rights with the rights of others.
One of the keys to assertive communication is using “I” statements, such as “I feel frustrated when you are late for a meeting,” or, “I don’t like having to explain this over and over.” It indicates ownership of feelings and behaviors without blaming the other person. Examples of phrases an assertive communicator would use include:
How to Become an Assertive CommunicatorUnderstanding how others communicate can be key to getting your message across to them. In order to develop a more assertive communication style, here are a few tips to keep in mind:
Establish Yourself as a Key CommunicatorNow that you’ve learned about the four basic communication styles, take that knowledge and apply it to a degree. You’ll learn even more about effective communication with Alvernia University’s fully online B.A. in Communication. Choose your track — either Strategic Communications or PR & Advertising — while learning the fundamentals of mass communication. Alvernia’s students can take advantage of a rich liberal arts education grounded in Franciscan values and taught by personable faculty who have your success in mind. At Alvernia, our program features a flexible online format, allowing you to balance your studies with your busy life. See also: Interpersonal Communication Skills Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another. Every communication involves (at least) one sender, a message and a recipient. This may sound simple, but communication is actually a very complex subject. The transmission of the message from sender to recipient can be affected by a huge range of things. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our location. The complexity is why good communication skills are considered so desirable by employers around the world: accurate, effective and unambiguous communication is actually extremely hard. This page explains more about what we mean by ‘communication’. Defining Communicationcommunication, n. The imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. …The successful conveying or sharing of ideas and feelings. Oxford English Dictionary As this definition makes clear, communication is more than simply the transmission of information. The term requires an element of success in transmitting or imparting a message, whether information, ideas, or emotions. A communication therefore has three parts: the sender, the message, and the recipient. The sender ‘encodes’ the message, usually in a mixture of words and non-verbal communication. It is transmitted in some way (for example, in speech or writing), and the recipient ‘decodes’ it. Of course, there may be more than one recipient, and the complexity of communication means that each one may receive a slightly different message. Two people may read very different things into the choice of words and/or body language. It is also possible that neither of them will have quite the same understanding as the sender. In face-to-face communication, the roles of the sender and recipient are not distinct. The two roles will pass back and forwards between two people talking. Both parties communicate with each other, even if in very subtle ways such as through eye-contact (or lack of) and general body language. In written communication, however, the sender and recipient are more distinct. Categories of CommunicationThere are a wide range of ways in which we communicate and more than one may be occurring at any given time. The different categories of communication include:
The desired outcome or goal of any communication process is mutual understanding. The Communication ProcessA message or communication is sent by the sender through a communication channel to a receiver, or to multiple receivers. The sender must encode the message (the information being conveyed) into a form that is appropriate to the communication channel, and the receiver(s) then decodes the message to understand its meaning and significance. Misunderstanding can occur at any stage of the communication process. Effective communication involves minimising potential misunderstanding and overcoming any barriers to communication at each stage in the communication process. See our page: Barriers to Effective Communication for more information. An effective communicator understands their audience, chooses an appropriate communication channel, hones their message to this channel and encodes the message to reduce misunderstanding by the receiver(s). They will also seek out feedback from the receiver(s) as to how the message is understood and attempt to correct any misunderstanding or confusion as soon as possible. Receivers can use techniques such as Clarification and Reflection as effective ways to ensure that the message sent has been understood correctly. Communication channels is the term given to the way in which we communicate. It is therefore the method used to transmit our message to a recipient, or to receive a message from someone else. There are multiple communication channels available to us today. These include face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, text messages, email, the Internet (including social media such as Facebook and Twitter), radio and TV, written letters, brochures and reports. Choosing an appropriate communication channel is vital for effective communication. Each communication channel has different strengths and weaknesses. For example, broadcasting news of an upcoming event via a written letter might convey the message clearly to one or two individuals. It will not, however, be a time- or cost-effective way to broadcast the message to a large number of people. On the other hand, conveying complex, technical information is easier via a printed document than a spoken message. The recipients are able to assimilate the information at their own pace and revisit anything that they do not fully understand. Written communication is also useful as a way of recording what has been said, for example by taking minutes in a meeting. See our pages: Note Taking and How to Conduct a Meeting for more. Encoding MessagesAll messages must be encoded into a form that can be conveyed by the communication channel chosen for the message. We all do this every day when transferring abstract thoughts into spoken words or a written form. However, other communication channels require different forms of encoding, e.g. text written for a report will not work well if broadcast via a radio programme, and the short, abbreviated text used in text messages would be inappropriate in a letter or in speech. Complex data may be best communicated using a graph, chart or other visualisation. Effective communicators encode their messages so that they fit both the channel and the intended audience. They use appropriate language, conveying the information simply and clearly. They also anticipate and eliminate likely causes of confusion and misunderstanding. They are generally aware of the recipients’ experience in decoding similar communications. Successful encoding of messages for the audience and channel is a vital skill in effective communication. You may find our page The Importance of Plain English helpful. Decoding MessagesOnce received, the recipient needs to decode the message. Successful decoding is also a vital communication skill. People will decode and understand messages in different ways. This will depend on their experience and understanding of the context of the message, how well they know the sender, their psychological state and how they feel, and the time and place of receipt. They may also be affected by any Barriers to Communication which might be present. There are therefore a wide range of factors that will affect decoding and understanding. Successful communicators understand how the message will be decoded, and anticipate and remove as many as possible of the potential sources of misunderstanding. FeedbackThe final part of a communication is feedback: the recipient lets the sender know that they have received and understood the message. Recipients of messages are likely to provide feedback on how they have understood the messages through both verbal and non-verbal reactions. Effective communicators pay close attention to this feedback as it is the only way to assess whether the message has been understood as intended, and it allows any confusion to be corrected. Bear in mind that the extent and form of feedback will vary with the communication channel. Feedback during a face-to-face or telephone conversation will be immediate and direct, whilst feedback to messages conveyed via TV or radio will be indirect and may be delayed, or even conveyed through other media such as the Internet. Effective communicators pay close attention to this feedback as it is the only way to assess whether the message has been understood as intended, and it allows any confusion to be corrected. You can always ask! You may be unsure if a message has been successfully received and decoded, especially if you do not get much feedback from the recipient. If so, you can always ask! A quick question is a good start, for example: “Is that OK?” or “Are you clear about that?” If you want more detailed feedback or to check that the recipient has really understood, you might say something like: “So, let’s just run over that one more time. I think I am going to do x, and you are going to do y. Is that your understanding too?” Bear in mind that the extent and form of feedback will vary with the communication channel. Feedback during a face-to-face or telephone conversation will be immediate and direct, whilst feedback to messages conveyed via TV or radio will be indirect and may be delayed, or even conveyed through other media such as the Internet. More on feedback: see our pages on Reflection, Clarification and Giving and Receiving Feedback.
Further Reading from Skills You Need Our Communication Skills eBooks Learn more about the key communication skills you need to be an effective communicator. Our eBooks are ideal for anyone who wants to learn about or develop their communication skills, and are full of easy-to-follow practical information and exercises. Being able to communicate effectively is the most important of all life skills. Understanding is the first step to improvementUnderstanding more about communication and how it works is the first step to improving your communication skills. A good understanding of the process, and how it operates, will help you to become better at encoding and decoding messages. Is communication based on a person's use of voice and body rather than on the use of words?Nonverbal communication is based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.
What is verbal nonVerbal communication is using speech or spoken word to exchange information, emotions, and thoughts. Conversely, non-verbal communication is conveying and exchanging messages without the use of spoken words.
Whats is verbal communication?Verbal communication is about language, both written and spoken. In general, verbal communication refers to our use of words while nonverbal communication refers to communication that occurs through means other than words, such as body language, gestures, and silence.
What is verbal and nonverbal communication with examples?Spoken or Verbal Communication, which includes face-to-face, telephone, radio or television and other media. Non-Verbal Communication, covering body language, gestures, how we dress or act, where we stand, and even our scent.
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Which term best describes the following communication based on a persons use of voice and body rather than on the use of words?
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