Presentation on theme: "Thinking Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating."— Presentation transcript:
1 Thinking Cognition refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating.
2 Solve this problem quickly…
A bat and a ball cost $1.10 in total. The bat costs $1 more than the ball. How much does the ball cost? $1.00 for the bat - $0.10 for the ball = $0.90, not $1.00 The correct answer is $1.05 for the bat, $0.05 for the ball OUR HUMAN
INTUITION IS LIMITED!
3 A banana, apple, or orange Red or Blue A car
Take out a piece of paper and number Respond to the categories listed with the very first example that comes to mind. A fruit A color A motor
vehicle A hero A game A banana, apple, or orange Red or Blue A car Superman, Batman, or a fireman Monopoly or other board game
4 Concepts and Prototypes
We often think using concepts, which are rules in
how we see everything in the world around us. Our concept of mom is very different from our concept of dad, which is different from our concept of lobster. Very often we base our concepts on prototypes, or what we think is the best example of that concept. For example, when I think of the concept of funny, the prototype Melissa McCarthy may pop up in my head. If I am watching TV and some character is similar to her (my prototype of funny) than I may
think of that character as humorous. Concepts- mental groupings of similar objects, events, people i.e. guy Hierarchies- subdividing categories to use them more efficiently i.e. boy/man Definition- anatomically male Prototypes- mental image or best example- Ian
5 Problem Solving: the results of thinking
6 Algorithms vs. Heuristics
An algorithm is a rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method. A heuristic is a rule of thumb or shortcut that
generally, but not always, solves the problem.
7 Representativeness Heuristic
Who went to Harvard? Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind. Sometimes we misuse: thinking everyone from East Cobb has money Someone with glasses is nerdy Blondes aren’t smart Sonia Dara is a Sports
Illustrated swimsuit model. You might make certain quick judgments (heuristics) about her…like about her interests or intelligence. But she is an economics major at Harvard University.
8 Availability Heuristic
Availability Heuristic: Judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that
come to mind initially. In other words, you take personal experiences and overestimate their significance. For example, as a student at Pope High School, you may judge Pope students as being smarter than students from other schools because you are more familiar with the smart students at Pope and do not have any information "available" about smart students from other schools.
9 Hurdles to problem solving
Mental Set While in many cases we can use our past experiences to help solve the issues we face, it can make it difficult to see novel or creative ways of fixing current problems. Functional Fixedness An example of rigidity or mental set
Thinking of things only in terms of their usual functions a.k.a. rigidity The tendency to fall into established thought patterns.
10 Hurdles to problem solving
Confirmation Bias- The tendency to search for information that confirms one’s
perconceptions Belief Bias- The tendency for our beliefs to distort our logic by accepting conclusions we agree with without deep consideration or by making invalid conclusions seem valid Belief Perseverance- maintaining a belief even after it has been proven wrong
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Presentation on theme: "Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. In general, cognition = thinking."— Presentation transcript:
1 Cognition The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating. In general, cognition = thinking.
2 What is thought? There are basically two types of thought… 1.Concepts (schemas)…usually based on prototypes. 2.Images Our concept of men may include all of the following guys…. But they are based on our prototype (ideal) male…..
3 Problem Solving
4 Unscramble S P L O Y O C H Y G
5 Algorithm all 907,208 combinations Heuristic throw out all YY combinations other heuristics? PSYCHOLOGY !
6 Algorithms A rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem. Usually by using a formula. They work but are
sometimes impractical.
7 Heuristics A rule of thumb that generally, but not always, can be used to make a judgment to solve a problem. It is fast, but is… Prone to errors Two major types of heuristics….
8 Representativeness Heuristic Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes. E.G. - thinking everyone from WWHS is a redneck/hunter, or someone with glasses is nerdy, or a blonde is not smart. If I tell you that Sonia Dara is a Sports Illustrated swimsuit
model, you would make certain quick judgments (heuristics) about her…like about her interests or intelligence. She is an economics major at Harvard University. Who went to Harvard? Dan is a smart dude, but did not go to Harvard (but he looks like he did).
9 Availability
Heuristic Judging a situation based on the availability of information in memory. Which city has the highest murder rate? New York, NY Philadelphia, PA The crime rate of Philadelphia, PA is much higher than that of New York City. Click here for the 2013 stats.here
10 Read each question and decide the choice
you think is correct. Which of the following is the more frequent cause of death in the World? 1. all accidents or strokes? 2. electrocution or asthma? 3. homocide or diabetes? 4. motor vehicle (car, truck, bus) accidents or colon cancer? 5. leukemia or drowning? Which country has the larger population? 6. Morocco or Saudi Arabia? 7. Australia or Myanmar? 8. Vietnam or South Africa ? 9. Libya or Sri Lanka? 10. Tanzania or Iraq ? Which city has the higher murder rate (per capita)? 11. San Juan or
Detroit ? 12. Chicago or Baltimore? 13. Manhattan or Gary, IN? 14. Boston or New Haven, CT? 15. Flint, MI or Dallas ? 16. San Francisco or Durham, NC?
11 Read each question and decide the choice you think is correct. Which of the following is the more frequent cause of death in the World? 1. all accidents
(35.9) or strokes (61.4)? 2. asthma (1.7) or electrocution (.07)? 3. homocide (5.7) or diabetes (23.6)? 4. motor vehicle (car, truck, bus) accidents (15.6) or colon cancer (20.8)? 5. leukemia (6.2) or drowning (1.4) ? Which country has the larger population? 6. Morocco (31m) or Saudi Arabia (23m)? 7. Australia (19m) or Myanmar (42m)? 8. Vietnam (80m) or South Africa (44m ? 9. Libya (5m) or Sri Lanka (19m)? 10. Tanzania (36m) or Iraq (23m) ? Which city has the higher murder rate (per capita)? 11.
San Juan (665) or Detroit (572) ? 12. Chicago (371) or Baltimore (551) ? 13. Manhattan (184) or Gary (556) ? 14. Boston (216) or New Haven (274) 15. Flint, MI (384) or Dallas (315) ? 16. San Francisco (170) or Durham (238)?
12 One day, as you walk through the commons, you find this key. How would you use an
algorithm to find the lock to which this key belongs? What about a heuristic?
13 Hurdles to problem solving
14 Mental set your “formula” for success
in a regular class vs AP a.k.a. rigidity The tendency to fall into established thought patterns.
15 Functional Fixedness (example of mental set) The inability to see a new use for an object. Think of as many uses as you can for a ……
16 Confirmation Bias Looking for evidence to confirm our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them. i.e. - One believes that all Italians are in shape and go tanning, then they turn on MTV. Look…I knew it was true!!! But is it really?
17 Framing 90% of the population will be saved with this medication…..or 10% of the population will die despite this medication. You should not drink more than two drinks per day….or You should not drink more than 730 drinks a year. Look at the following question
and think about how the question is worded may effect the way it is answered. How can businesses become more socially responsible? The way a problem is presented can drastically effect the way we view it.
18 Overconfidence Our confidence is not a good indicator of how right we are. Belief
Perseverance- maintaining a belief even after it has been proven wrong Belief Bias- People will tend to accept any and all conclusions that fit in with their systems of belief, without challenging or seriously considering what it is they believe
19 Artificial Intelligence designing computer systems to simulate human thinking and do intelligent things computer neural networks – computer circuits that mimic the brain’s neural cells, performing tasks such as learning to recognize visual patterns or cells
20 CREATIVITY convergent.divergent thinking convergent.divergent thinking Almost impossible to define. Little correlation between creativity and intelligence. Convergent Thinking versus Divergent Thinking
21 Divergent ThinkingConvergent Thinking used to solve problems that have multiple solutions used to solve problems that have one solution its
use requires creativity or thinking “outside the box” its use requires a narrow focus; the ability to correctly interpret the problem/question both are types of thinking used to solve problems / answer questions How would you use both to win a couples dance contest?