Which term would the nurse use to document a patients involuntary or accidental urine loss

Chapter55:ManagementofPatientswithUrinaryDisorders



1.Afemalepatienthasbeenexperiencingrecurrenturinarytractinfections.Whathealtheducationshould

thenurseprovidetothispatient?

A)Bathedailyandkeeptheperinealregionclean.

B)Avoidvoidingimmediatelyaftersexualintercourse.

C)Drinkliberalamountsoffluids.

D) Voidatleastevery6to8hours.

Ans:C

Feedback:

Thepatientisencouragedtodrinkliberalamountsoffluids(wateristhebestchoice)toincreaseurine

productionandflow,whichflushesthebacteriafromtheurinarytract.Frequentvoiding(every2to3

hours)isencouragedtoemptythebladdercompletelybecausethiscansignificantlylowerurinebacterial

counts,reduceurinarystasis,andpreventreinfection.Thepatientshouldbeencouragedtoshowerrather

thanbathe.

2.A42-year-oldwomancomestothecliniccomplainingofoccasionalurinaryincontinencewhenshe

sneezes.Theclinicnurseshouldrecognizewhattypeofincontinence?

A)Stressincontinence

B)Reflexincontinence

C)Overflowincontinence

D)Functionalincontinence

Ans:A

Feedback:

Stressincontinenceistheinvoluntarylossofurinethroughanintacturethraasaresultofsudden

increaseinintra-abdominalpressure.Reflexincontinenceislossofurineduetohyperreflexiaor

involuntaryurethralrelaxationintheabsenceofnormalsensationsusuallyassociatedwithvoiding.

Overflowincontinenceisaninvoluntaryurinelossassociatedwithoverdistensionofthebladder.

Functionalincontinencereferstothoseinstancesinwhichthefunctionofthelowerurinarytractis

intact,butotherfactors(outsidetheurinarysystem)makeitdifficultorimpossibleforthepatientto

TestBank-Brunner&Suddarth'sTextbookofMedical-SurgicalNursing14e(Hinkle2017)1035

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, including urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidney. UTIs are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).  Among UTIs acquired in the hospital, approximately 75% are associated with a urinary catheter, which is a tube inserted into the bladder through the urethra to drain urine.  Between 15-25% of hospitalized patients receive urinary catheters during their hospital stay.  The most important risk factor for developing a catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is prolonged use of the urinary catheter.  Therefore, catheters should only be used for appropriate indications and should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed.

Resources for Patients

Frequently Asked Questions about CAUTIs

Guideline

CDC, in collaboration with other organizations, has developed guidelines for the prevention of Catheter-associated UTIs and other types of healthcare-associated infections.

• Guideline for Prevention of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections 2009

Prevention

Facilities can monitor the rates of Catheter-associated UTIs and assess the effectiveness of prevention efforts through CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).

• Targeted Assessment for Prevention (TAP) Strategy
• TAP CAUTI Implementation Guide
• Strategies to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Acute Care Hospitals: 2014 Updateexternal icon

This article provides an overview of when and how to use a catheter valve

Nội dung chính Show

• Introduction
• Types of catheter valve
• Device selection
• Also in this series
• Patient information
• Which term would the nurse use to document a patient's involuntary or accidental urine loss?
• Which disorder would the nurse associate with a patient's clinical manifestations of urgency urinating approximately 10 times?
• Which organism would the nurse present as the primary cause of health care associated urinary tract infections?
• Which instruction to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections UTIs would the nurse provide female patients?

Abstract

This article, the fifth in a six-part series on urinary catheters, provides an overview of when and how to use a catheter valve for bladder drainage.

Citation: Yates A (2017) Urinary catheters 5: teaching patients how to use a catheter valve. Nursing Times [online]; 113: 5, 25-27.

Author: Ann Yates is director of continence services, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board.

• This article has been double-blind peer reviewed
• Scroll down to read the article or download a print-friendly PDF here
• Click here to see other articles in this series

Introduction

Urinary catheterisation is associated with a number of complications including catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), tissue damage, and bypassing and blockage. The risk of complications means catheters should only be used after considering other continence management options, and should be removed as soon as clinically appropriate (Loveday et al, 2014).

During the insertion procedure, tissue trauma and poor aseptic technique can lead to CAUTI; this risk continues as long as the catheter is in place. Appropriate catheter drainage and support devices, along with hand hygiene and associated infection prevention strategies, can reduce this risk.

Catheterisation can have a profound effect on patients’ lifestyle and sexual relationships (Prinjha and Chapple, 2013; Royal College of Nursing, 2012). It is vital that they are involved in the selection of drainage devices such as catheter bags and catheter valves, and that their ability to manage these independently is assessed.

The traditional method of free drainage into a urine drainage bag can cause problems for some patients (Van den Eijkel and Griffiths, 2006). As the bag fills, it becomes heavy and uncomfortable, which can be socially restricting and cause anxiety and embarrassment. This method can also result in the loss of normal bladder function as continuous urine drainage means the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall is not able to stretch and relax in response to bladder filling and emptying (Fig 1).

Source: Peter Lamb

Catheter valves have been available for many years and are a popular alternative to the more customary urine drainage bag. These tap-like devices fit into the end of a urethral or suprapubic catheter, allowing urine to be stored in the bladder and then emptied into a toilet or receptacle at regular intervals during the day. They can help maintain bladder function, capacity and tone by allowing the filling and emptying of the bladder, mimicking normal function.

Catheter valves are particularly useful for people who:

• Require long-term catheterisation, as they do not require a drainage bag (Dougherty and Lister, 2015);
• Have failed a trial without catheter, as using valves can preserve bladder capacity and function;
• Require help with bladder retraining before a long-term catheter is removed.

The advantages of catheter valves are listed in Box 1.

Box 1. Benefits of catheter valves

• Allow the bladder to fill and empty, maintaining normal function
• Reduce the risk of catheter blockage because the catheter is intermittently flushed with urine (Sabbuba et al, 2005)
• Potentially reduce the risk of infection as intermittent drainage flushes the catheter with urine (Health Talks, 2015)
• Reduce the risk of cross infection as catheter valves are generally operated by the patient rather than carers
• Reduce trauma to the bladder wall as it is lifted away from the catheter when the bladder contains urine
• Offer more-discreet continence support than leg bags
• Reduce traction on the bladder neck and associated trauma caused by the weight of urine in drainage bags
• Help maintain independence as the catheter valve is closed off, except when the bladder is drained 4-5 times per day
• Can promote activities that are difficult for individuals to manage with a urine drainage bag, such as swimming

Assessment

A full patient assessment is required before using a valve as some patients may not be suitable (Fig 2a). Cautions that should be considered are outlined in Box 2. Poor manual dexterity is often cited as a problem that may prevent a patient from using a catheter valve. However, it could be argued that patients with catheters need to be able to manipulate the valve on a drainage bag, which involves a similar technique to using a catheter valve; the critical issue is how much help they require to do this.

Box 2. Cautions when considering a valve

Valves may not be suitable for certain groups of patients, including those with:

• Severe cognitive impairment – they may not remember when or how to operate the valve, leading to bladder distension
• Uncontrolled detrusor overactivity (characterised by involuntary detrusor contractions) – the bladder contracts unpredictably on bladder filling, which might cause urine to bypass the catheter
• Ureteric reflux (urine flows from the bladder back to the kidneys) – can put kidney function at risk. Individuals at risk of this include men with acute or chronic retention of a significant amount of urine due to having an enlarged prostate or prostate problems
• Renal impairment
• Small bladder capacity – the valve will need to be released more frequently, which can be inconvenient for the patient
• Poor manual dexterity – patients will need to operate the valve every 3-4 hours

Valves should not be used after prostate or bladder surgery as pressure caused by a distended bladder may lead to bladder perforation (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). An indwelling urinary catheter is usually required for a short post-operative period and free drainage is the preferred method.

A patient may have access to help so they can empty a drainage bag twice a day, but catheter valves need to be released every 3-4 hours, and help may not be readily available so frequently. It is essential that valves are released that often to ensure the bladder does not become over-distended with urine as this can cause pain and discomfort as well as bypassing, when urine leaks around the catheter. Allowing regular over-distension of the bladder to occur can also have a detrimental effect on renal function.

Types of catheter valve

A number of different types of catheter valves are available on prescription in England and Wales; however, some characteristics are common to all of the various types. They are:

• Single-use devices;
• Should be replaced every 5-7 days;
• Approximately 8-10cm long and weigh about 10g;
• Made from a range of materials but all are latex free;
• CE marked;
• Sterile packed.

Valves attach to the indwelling catheter via either a smooth (Fig 2b) or ridged (Fig 2c) connector; there are three main types of tap: lever, twist and bayonet (Fig 2d).

Most valves have a soft connector at the end to allow for easy attachment of the drainage bag. Patients may choose to attach their valve to an overnight drainage bag to allow free drainage of urine while they sleep; some attach a leg bag when it is inconvenient to release their valve, for example, if making a long train journey or taking a flight.

Device selection

Selecting the right device for the individual patient will optimise patient care. It is important that health professionals consider the characteristics not only of the individual patient but also of the individual valve, and that patients have an opportunity to try out different devices and find the one that suits them. How to use the valve should be clearly explained and demonstrated, and information with text and pictures should be supplied.

Valves should fit securely without excessive effort and should not become loose. Some are easier to open than others; this may be an important issue if the patient has poor dexterity (Fig 2e). The valve should resist accidental opening, and should be leak free and discreet.

Source: Catherine Hollick

Procedure

In hospitals, catheter valves should be connected by staff using an aseptic technique. They should be changed when clinically indicated or in line with the manufacturers’ guidelines – which usually states every 5-7 days.

Helping patients and carers to attach a catheter valve

Patients changing their own catheter valve should use a clean technique and be taught to:

1. Empty their bladder before removing the valve if possible, to prevent urine leakage during the procedure.
2. Wash their hands thoroughly with soap and hot running water to reduce the risk of infection.
3. Remove the old valve and attach the new sterile valve without touching the end connecting to the catheter. This helps to help reduce the risk of CAUTI.
4. Dispose of the used valve in general waste.
5. Wash their hands again.

A securing device, such as a leg strap, can be used to support the catheter and valve (Health Talks, 2015); this will help reduce movement of the catheter which can lead to trauma and CAUTI.

When carers change patients’ catheter valves they should use a clean technique and put on gloves after washing their hands but before handling the catheter valve; they should then follow steps 3-5 of the procedure that has been outlined above.

The nurse should document in the patient’s notes:

• The type of valve used;
• Batch/lot numbers (if available) in case of failure;
• Date of valve change;
• Next due date for changing.

Helping patients attach a drainage bag to the valve

If patients need a drainage bag for part of the day or night, they (or their carer) can attach it to the end of the catheter valve by pushing the connector of the bag into the inlet of the valve. They should:

1. Wash their hands thoroughly with soap and hot running water before connecting the bag. The patient or carer should then put on gloves.
2. Attach the connector of the bag by pushing it into the islet at the end of the valve.
3. Avoid contact with the connector of the bag as this helps to reduce the risk of CAUTI.
4. Open the catheter valve once the bag is attached, so urine can drain into the bag.

Leg bags that are used during the day should be secured onto the leg (Fig 2f). Overnight, a night drainage bag should be attached to a catheter stand. The stand should be positioned below the level of the bladder to allow free drainage and prevent reflux of urine into the bladder, which increases the risk of infection. Bags should be used and disposed of according to manufacturers’ instructions, and replaced with a new bag every time the drainage system is broken (see part 3 of this series).

Also in this series

• Urinary catheters 1: male catheterisation
• Urinary catheters 2: inserting a catheter into a female patient
• Urinary catheters 3: catheter drainage and support systems
• Urinary catheters 4: teaching intermittent self-catheterisation
• Urinary catheters 6: removing an indwelling urinary catheter

Patient information

Professionals and patients must understand the device being used and how to obtain adequate supplies. Patients need the telephone number of an appropriate health professional who they can contact with any questions or concerns.

Dougherty L, Lister S (2015) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical Nursing Procedures. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Health Talks (2015) Living with a Urinary Catheter: Catheter Valves.

Loveday HP et al (2014) epic3: national evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in NHS hospitals in England. Journal of Hospital Infection; 86: S1, S1–S70.

Prinjha S, Chapple A (2013) Living with an indwelling urinary catheter. Nursing Times; 109: 44, 12-14.

Royal College of Nursing (2012) Catheter Care: RCN Guidance for Nurses. 

Sabbuba NA et al (2005) Does valve regulated release of urine from the bladder decrease encrustation and blockage of indwelling catheters by crystalline proteus mirabilis biofilms? Journal of Urology; 173: 1, 262-266.

Van den Eijkel E, Griffiths P (2006) Catheter valves for indwelling urinary catheters: a systematic review. British Journal of Community Nursing; 11: 3, 111-114.

Which term would the nurse use to document a patient's involuntary or accidental urine loss?

Summary. Incontinence is any involuntary or accidental leakage of urine (wee) or faeces (poo).

Which disorder would the nurse associate with a patient's clinical manifestations of urgency urinating approximately 10 times?

Interstitial cystitis is a severely debilitating disease of the urinary bladder. Symptoms of interstitial cystitis include excessive urgency and frequency of urination, suprapubic pain, dyspareunia and chronic pelvic pain.

Which organism would the nurse present as the primary cause of health care associated urinary tract infections?

The most common bacteria found to cause UTIs is Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Which instruction to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections UTIs would the nurse provide female patients?

Personal hygiene. The nurse should instruct the female patient to wash the perineal area from front to back and wear only cotton underwear. Fluid intake. Increase and fluid intake is the number one intervention that could stop UTI from recurring.

Which term would the nurse use to document a patient's involuntary or accidental urine loss?

Which term would the nurse use to document blood in the urine?

Which disorder would the nurse associate with a patient's clinical manifestations of urgency urinating approximately 10 times within a 24 hour period?

Which term would the nurse use to document a patient's report of discomfort and pain when voiding?