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Terms in this set (20)
Classical Definitions of personality
allport: personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustments to his environment
cattell: personality is that which permits prediction of what a person will do in a given situation. it is concerned with all the behavior of the individual, both overt and under the skin
Eysenck: personality is the more or less stable and enduring organization of a persons character, temperament, intellect and physique, which determines his unique adjustment to his environment
sullivan: personality is the relatively enduring pattern of interpersonal situations which characterize a human life
The 4 strategies of personality
It is shared assumptions, and typically a focus on specific aspects of personality that link the approaches within strategies together while distinguishing them from the others
Psychoanalytic Strategy
guiding assumption: personality is driven by one or more underlying forces within the person
-driving forces that motivate all human behavior
dispositional strategy
basic assumption that personality is a set of enduring characteristics, with individuals differing on how much of each characteristic they possess
-aimed at the identification and measurement of individual differences among people
environmental strategy
shaped by an enormous set of external conditions and
circumstances impinging on the individual
-concerns itself with both how and what the individual learns through interactions with the environment
Representational Strategy
basic assumption that personality is a reflection of the ways individuals mentally represent themselves and the people, objects, and events they experience
4 fundamental concerns in the study of personality must address each of these
1. theory of personality
2. an approach to the assessment
3. research procedures for testing hypotheses
4. applications derived from the theory including methods of personality change
(Theory, assessment, research, and applications)
Theoretical constructs
One characteristic distinguishes all theoretical constructs, they have been invented to describe and explain observations
Why are they desirable or necessary?
-they economically tie together meaningful relationships among observations that would otherwise soon become a hopeless quagmire of raw facts
3 Functions of a theory
1. to organize and clarify observations
2. to provide a sense of understanding of the subject matter
3. guide future
research
Criteria for Evaluating Theories
Empirical validity
parsimony (simplicity or conciseness)
comprehensiveness
coherence
testability
usefulness
acceptability
on the correctness of a theory (not one of the accepted criteria for evaluating theories)
implicit theories of personality
Self-Reports: Interviews and questionnaires. Strength and weaknesses
advantages
-providing information quickly and easily
-our only access to the person subjective internal experiences
disadvantages
-provide an incomplete picture
-what people say about themselves may be subject to memory lapses, misunderstandings, and a variety of other distortions, especially when sensitive content is involved
Direct observations of behavior. Pros and Cons
Naturalistic observation
pros: may have more credibility than interviews or questionnaires
cons: often expensive or impractical; observation of even a single individual is more than a small number of situations is usually out of the question for personality assessment
impressions of others
using the impressions of others to judge personality has a subtle implicaiton: it blurs the lines between objective judgment and mere opinion
applications and personality change
change in personality actually has two meanings:
1. naturally occurring developmental changes over time
2. planned changes when personality "problems" arise
5 recurring philosophical questions when studying personality
Free will vs determinism
objective vs subjective aspects of personality
the person/situation controversy
human nature and individuality
Goals of personality psychology: description, prediction, control, and understanding
Free will vs determinism
hard determinism : human behavior is entirely determined by factors beyond the control of the person
free will: we control our own destinies
objective vs subjective aspects of personality
objective: sole concern should be with observable behavior
-scientific study of personality must rest entirely on objective evidence
subjective: must acknowledge and explain private, subjective experiences as well
-outward appearances may not adequately reflect a persons real personality
The Person/Situation Controversy
definitions and theories of personality differ in the way they deal with the inconsistencies in a persons behavior in different situations or at different times
Human Nature and Individuality
3 levels to the question of human nature and individuality
1. universals in human nature
-primarily the mechanisms and processes of personality, how personality
works
2. we try to categorize people according to the type of personality or array of personality traits they possess (the content of personalities is considered)
3. confront the idea of uniqueness in personality
-this level specific content (traits and characteristics) is crucial
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