Why are scientific theories an important part of research and understanding quizlet?

Object oriented programming refers to the programming paradigm based on the concept of objects that can also contain data in form of different fields and these fields are known as properties or attributes. It also includes code in the form of procedures, which are known as methods. The aim of object oriented programming is to implement Real world entities such as polymorphism, inheritance, hiding etc. It binds functions and data that operate over them in order to eliminate that no code can access this particular data instead of function. In order to learn about different object-oriented programming concepts, you can easily avail Assignment help in USA, where professionals are always available to help you in writing for the assignments related to oops.

Article Summary

This meticulous article explains in detail the crucial concept of object-oriented programming along with the multifaceted advantages and disadvantages pertaining to it. It further discusses the various fundamentals linked to the implementation of classes in the object-oriented programming language.

Advantages and Disadvantages of object oriented programming

The primary objective behind the development of object oriented approach is basically to eliminate that limitations of procedural programming method. It has proved as best approach for software development but it also includes some disadvantages. Some of the major advantages and disadvantages of OOP are as follows:

Advantages of object oriented programming (OOP)

• Object-oriented programming provides the feature of reusability of classes with the help of which it is easy to use all the classes again that have already been created previously.
• It allows for the parallel development of classes due to which object oriented programming is considered as a quickest way of development for completing the programs.
• It is one of the secure development approaches in which data is hidden that cannot be assessed by any external function.

Disadvantages of object oriented program`ming (OOP)

• It is possible that the relation among all the available classes become artificial that may cause difficulties in the development.
• In comparative to procedural approach, programs development with object oriented programming language are large in size.
• Due to large size of program, there is a need to execute more instructions.

To learn more about benefits and limitations of object oriented programming, you can easily search for best Assignment Help in USA.

Object Oriented Programming – Encapsulation, Objects and instantiation

Program Design

The application is based on a grocery shopping cart. When shopping for groceries online a Customer chooses a Product and places an Order for some quantity of it. The order is added to a Cart. A Date is set for the delivery. More orders can be added to the cart, and they can be changed up until checking out. To get to assignments in short deadlines, you can search for Instant Assignment Help. Programming experts are always available to assist you in completing your assignments on time with high- quality.

The partial UML class diagram below shows the underlying data model you should use to achieve this scenario:

Examples for implementation of classes in object oriented programming language

Product.java

This class contains the data members to store the details of a product such as product code and description etc. Also it consists of the accessors and mutators to access those data members which are declared private. Here, the concept of Encapsulation is used.

You may have heard the word schema as it relates to coding, where it refers to how a database is structured. While a schema in psychology still refers to how information is organized, it focuses on how the human mind does it.

What Is a Schema in Psychology?

A schema is a cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. We use schemas because they allow us to take shortcuts in interpreting the vast amount of information that is available in our environment.

However, these mental frameworks also cause us to exclude pertinent information to focus instead only on things that confirm our pre-existing beliefs and ideas. Schemas can contribute to stereotypes and make it difficult to retain new information that does not conform to our established ideas about the world.

History of Schemas

The use of schemas as a basic concept was first used by a British psychologist named Frederic Bartlett as part of his learning theory. Bartlett's theory suggested that our understanding of the world is formed by a network of abstract mental structures.

Theorist Jean Piaget introduced the term schema, and its use was popularized through his work. According to his theory of cognitive development, children go through a series of stages of intellectual growth.

In Piaget's theory, a schema is both the category of knowledge as well as the process of acquiring that knowledge. He believed that people are constantly adapting to the environment as they take in new information and learn new things.

As experiences happen and new information is presented, new schemas are developed and old schemas are changed or modified.

Schema Examples

For example, a young child may first develop a schema for a horse. She knows that a horse is large, has hair, four legs, and a tail. When the little girl encounters a cow for the first time, she might initially call it a horse.

After all, it fits in with her schema for the characteristics of a horse; it is a large animal that has hair, four legs, and a tail. Once she is told that this is a different animal called a cow, she will modify her existing schema for a horse and create a new schema for a cow.

Now, let's imagine that this girl encounters a miniature horse for the first time and mistakenly identifies it as a dog.

Her parents explain to her that the animal is actually a very small type of horse, so the little girl must at this time modify her existing schema for horses. She now realizes that while some horses are very large animals, others can be very small. Through her new experiences, her existing schemas are modified and new information is learned.

Types of Schemas

While Piaget focused on childhood development, schemas are something that all people possess and continue to form and change throughout life. Object schemas are just one type of schema that focuses on what an inanimate object is and how it works.

For example, most people in industrialized nations have a schema for what a car is. Your overall schema for a car might include subcategories for different types of automobiles such as a compact car, sedan, or sports car.

What are the four types of schemas? They include:

• Person schemas are focused on specific individuals. For example, your schema for your friend might include information about her appearance, her behaviors, her personality, and her preferences.
• Social schemas include general knowledge about how people behave in certain social situations.
• Self-schemas are focused on your knowledge about yourself. This can include both what you know about your current self as well as ideas about your idealized or future self.
• Event schemas are focused on patterns of behavior that should be followed for certain events. This acts much like a script informing you of what you should do, how you should act, and what you should say in a particular situation.

How Schemas Change

The processes through which schemas are adjusted or changed are known as assimilation and accommodation.

• In assimilation, new information is incorporated into pre-existing schemas.
• In accommodation, existing schemas might be altered or new schemas might be formed as a person learns new information and has new experiences.

Schemas tend to be easier to change during childhood but can become increasingly rigid and difficult to modify as people grow older. Schemas will often persist even when people are presented with evidence that contradicts their beliefs.

In many cases, people will only begin to slowly change their schemas when inundated with a continual barrage of evidence pointing to the need to modify it.

How Schemas Affect Learning

Schemas also play a role in education and the learning process. For example:

• Schemas influence what we pay attention to. People are more likely to pay attention to things that fit in with their current schemas.
• Schemas also impact how quickly people learn. People also learn information more readily when it fits in with the existing schemas.
• Schemas help simplify the world. Schemas can often make it easier for people to learn about the world around them. New information could be classified and categorized by comparing new experiences to existing schemas.
• Schemas allow us to think quickly. Even under conditions when things are rapidly changing our new information is coming in quickly, people do not usually have to spend a great deal of time interpreting it. Because of the existing schemas, people are able to assimilate this new information quickly and automatically.
• Schemas can also change how we interpret incoming information. When learning new information that does not fit with existing schemas, people sometimes distort or alter the new information to make it fit with what they already know.
• Schemas can also be remarkably difficult to change. People often cling to their existing schemas even in the face of contradictory information.

Challenges of Schemas

While the use of schemas to learn, in most situations, occurs automatically or with little effort, sometimes an existing schema can hinder the learning of new information. 

Prejudice is one example of a schema that prevents people from seeing the world as it is and inhibits them from taking in new information.

By holding certain beliefs about a particular group of people, this existing schema may cause people to interpret situations incorrectly. When an event happens that challenges these existing beliefs, people may come up with alternative explanations that uphold and support their existing schema instead of adapting or changing their beliefs.

Resistance to Change

Consider how this might work for gender expectations and stereotypes. Everyone has a schema for what is considered masculine and feminine in their culture. Such schemas can also lead to stereotypes about how we expect men and women to behave and the roles we expect them to fill.

In one interesting study, researchers showed children images that were either consistent with gender expectations (such as a man working on a car and woman washing dishes) while others saw images that were inconsistent with gender stereotypes (a man washing dishes and a woman fixing a car).

When later asked to remember what they had seen in the images, children who held very stereotypical views of gender were more likely to change the gender of the people they saw in the gender-inconsistent images. For example, if they saw an image of a man washing dishes, they were more likely to remember it as an image of a woman washing dishes.

Gender Schema Theory and Roles in Culture

A Word From Verywell

Piaget's theory of cognitive development provided an important dimension to our understanding of how children develop and learn. Though the processes of adaptation, accommodation, and equilibration, we build, change, and grow our schemas which provide a framework for our understanding of the world around us.

Why are Scientific theories important part of research and understanding?

Why is theory important in research quizlet?

Why is a theory more important in science than a fact?

What is the scientific theory?