False sensory experiences such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

A sensory experience in the absence of stimulation of receptors is called

1. Delusion
2. Paranoia
3. Hallucinations
4. Illusions

Answer (Detailed Solution Below)

Option 3 : Hallucinations

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 A psychological disorder is a designation often used interchangeably with the terms mental disorder, psychiatric disorder, or mental illness. It is a syndrome characterized by​ a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress in social, occupational, or other important activities.

MAJOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS:

1. Anxiety Disorders
2. Somatoform Disorders
3. Dissociative Disorders
4. Mood Disorders
5. Schizophrenic Disorders: Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perception and hallucinations, and inappropriate effect are the ones most often symptoms found in schizophrenia.

Hallucination: 

• Schizophrenics may have hallucinations, i.e. perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli.
• Types of hallucinations:
  1. Auditory hallucinations: Patients hear sounds or voices that speak words, phrases, and sentences directly to the patient (second person hallucination) or talk to one another referring to the patient as s/he (third-person hallucination).
  2. Tactile hallucinations (i.e. forms of tingling, burning),
  3. Somatic hallucinations (i.e. something happening inside the body such as a snake crawling inside one’s stomach),
  4. visual hallucinations (i.e. vague perceptions of color or distinct visions of people or objects),
  5. gustatory hallucinations (i.e. food or drink taste strange), and
  6. olfactory hallucinations (i.e. smell of poison or smoke)

Delusion:

• A delusion is a false belief that is firmly held on inadequate grounds.
• It is not affected by rational argument and has no basis in reality.
• Delusions of persecution are the most common in schizophrenia. People with this delusion believe that they are being plotted against, spied on, slandered, threatened, attacked, or deliberately victimized.
• People with schizophrenia may also experience delusions of reference in which they attach special and personal meaning to the actions of others or to objects and events.
• In delusions of grandeur, people believe themselves to be specially empowered persons and in delusions of control, they believe that their feelings, thoughts, and actions are controlled by others.

Hence, A sensory experience in the absence of stimulation of receptors is called hallucinations.

Paranoia:

• An unrealistic distrust of others or a feeling of being persecuted. Extreme degrees may be a sign of mental illness.
• Paranoia is the feeling that you're being threatened in some way, such as people watching you or acting against you, even though there's no proof that it's true.
• It happens to a lot of people at some point. Even when you know that your concerns aren't based in reality, they can be troubling if they happen too often.

Illusions: 

• Our perceptions are not always veridical. Sometimes we fail to interpret the sensory information correctly. This results in a mismatch between the physical stimuli and its perception. These misperceptions resulting from misinterpretation of information received by our sensory organs are generally known as illusions.
• These are experienced more or less by all of us.
• They result from an external stimulus situation and generate the same kind of experience in each individual. That is why illusions are also called “primitive organisations”.
• Although illusions can be experienced by the stimulation of any of our senses, psychologists have studied them more commonly in the visual than in other sense modalities.

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Is a false belief that may accompany psychotic disorders?