 Show 12 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.Discuss Allport's concept of the psychologically healthy personality. 2.Discuss Allport's concept of personal dispositions and explain how personal dispositions differ from traits. 3.Describe Allport's theory of motivation through the concept of functional autonomy and give examples of functionally autonomous behaviors. 4.Allport's principal concern in personality theory was with A. factor analysis. B. the uniqueness of the individual. C. the heritability of personality traits. D. early childhood experiences. E. unconscious motivation. 5.Which concept best describes Allport's view of personality? A. reactive B. unconscious motivation C. uniqueness D. abnormal development 6.For Allport, which of the following is the most basic question underlying all personality theory? A. What is a proper balance between universal laws and individual uniqueness? B. How can behavior be determined and yet free? C. What is the proper sequence of experiences for optimum personality growth? D. How can psychologists be sure of the validity and reliability of data? E. How can the major influences on personality be studied? Functional autonomy of motives is a concept in Allport’s theory of personality. This theory of personality challenged Freud’s theory on many points. One of the important points was with regard to historical determinism- which is the importance of the past in determining our present. Allport believed that humans are not prisoners of childhood conflicts and past experiences, as Freud believed through his unconscious forces. Instead, Allport believed that we are guided more by the present and by our view of the future.
Allport emphasized the importance of a person’s present situation not only in his personality theory but also in his view of motivation. he believed that an individual’s current state is important, not what happened in childhood, during toilet training, school, or some other childhood crisis. He believed that the past is no longer active and does not explain adult behavior unless it exists as a current motivating force. Thus, Allport attempted to explain the present in terms of the future rather than in terms of the past and thus gave the concept of functional autonomy. Allport’s concept of functional autonomy proposes that motives in the normal, mature adult are independent of their childhood experiences in which they originally appeared. The forces that motivated us early in life become autonomous, or independent of our original circumstances, in an adult human. To simplify it, Allport offered an example of a tree. The tree’s development can be traced back to its seed. Yet when the tree is fully grown, the seed is no longer required as a source of nourishment. The tree becomes self-determining, no longer functionally dependent on its seed. Similarly, as humans grow they become independent of their past. Even though the past is related to them but they don’t functionally depend on it neither does the past control nor guide their lives. Therefore, according to Allport adult motives cannot be understood by exploring the person’s childhood, as Freud believed, but by understanding the current behavior of a person. According to Allport Functional autonomy has the following two levels:
1. Perseverative functional autonomyThis level of functional autonomy is related to behaviors that are low-level and repetitive behaviors, such as habitual ways of performing some routine, everyday task. These behaviors continue or persevere on their own without any external reward and are not considered an integral part of one’s personality. Allport cited examples of both animals and humans as evidence for perseverative functional autonomy. When a rat that has been trained to run a maze for food is given more than enough food, it may still run the maze, but obviously for some purpose other than the food. At the human level, he noted our preference for routine, familiar behaviors that we continue to perform even in the absence of external reinforcement. 2. Propriate functional autonomyThe propriate functional autonomy is essential for understanding adult motivation. The word “propriate” is derived from the word proprium, which is Allport’s term for the ego or self. Propriate functional autonomy is the level of functional autonomy that relates to our values, self-image, and lifestyle. It determines how we perceive the world, what we remember from our experiences, how our thoughts are directed and these processes are selective. Propriate motives are unique to each individual. The propium determines which motives will be maintained and which will be discarded. We retain motives that enhance our self-esteem or self-image. Thus, a direct relationship exists between our interests and our abilities: We enjoy doing what we do well. However, the original motivation for learning a skill may have nothing to do with our interests. For example, in childhood, we may be forced by our parents into taking piano lessons and to practice. As we become proficient, however, we may become more committed to playing the piano. The original motive (fear of parental displeasure) has disappeared, and the continued behavior of playing the piano becomes necessary to our self-image What is functional autonomy in psychology?Essentially, functional autonomy refers to “any acquired system of motivation in which the tensions involved are not of the same kind as the antecedent tensions from which the acquired system developed” (Allport 1961, p. 229).
Which of the following is an example of functional autonomy?Workmanship is a good example of functional autonomy. A good workman feels compelled to do clean-cut jobs even though his security, or the praise of others, no longer depends upon high standards. In fact, in a day of jerry-building his workman-like standards may be to his economic disadvantage.
Which of the following is an example of the functional autonomy of motives?Which of the following is an example of the functional autonomy of motives? The seed of a tree is not required for its nourishment when the tree is fully grown.
What is Propriate functional autonomy?Propriate functional autonomy is the level of functional autonomy that relates to our values, self-image, and lifestyle. It determines how we perceive the world, what we remember from our experiences, how our thoughts are directed and these processes are selective. Propriate motives are unique to each individual.
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Functional autonomous behaviors do not need constant reinforcement in order to maintain themselves.
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