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altruisma motive to increaseanother's welfare withoutconscious regard for one'sself-interests.social-exchangetheorythe theory that humaninteractions are transactionsthat aim to maximize one'srewards and minimize one'scosts.egoisma motive (supposedly underlyingall behavior) to increase one'sown welfare. the opposite ofaltruism, which aims to increaseanother's welfare.reciprocity norman expectation thatpeople will help, nothurt, those who havehelped them.social capitalthe mutual support andcooperation enabled bya social network
social-responsibilitynorman expectation thatpeople will help thoseneeding helpkin selectionthe idea that evolution hasselected altruism toward one'sclose relatives to enhance thesurvival of mutually sharedgenesempathythe vicarious experienceof another's feelings;
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Altruism: Helping Others Altruistic or Prosocial Behaviors Parable of the Good Samaritan
| Classic illustration of pure altruism | |
| Luke 10 25On one occasion an expert in the law stood up to test Jesus. "Teacher," he asked, "what must I do to inherit eternal life?" 26"What is written in the Law?" he replied. "How do you read it?" 27He answered: " 'Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind'[3] ; and, 'Love your neighbor as yourself.'[4] " 28"You have answered correctly," Jesus replied. "Do this and you will live." 29But he wanted to justify himself, so he asked Jesus, "And who is my neighbor?" 30In reply Jesus said: "A man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, when he fell into the hands of robbers. They stripped him of his clothes, beat him and went away, leaving him half dead. 31A priest happened to be going down the same road, and when he saw the man, he passed by on the other side. 32So too, a Levite, when he came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. 33But a Samaritan, as he traveled, came where the man was; and when he saw him, he took pity on him. 34He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him. 35The next day he took out two silver coins[5] and gave them to the innkeeper. 'Look after him,' he said, 'and when I return, I will reimburse you for any extra expense you may have.' 36"Which of these three do you think was a neighbor to the man who fell into the hands of robbers?" 37The expert in the law replied, "The one who had mercy on him." Jesus told him, "Go and do likewise." |
Historical Cases
Brickman’s Models of Helping
Social Exchange
| The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to self |
Why Do We Help?
Egoism
Altruism and Egoism
Taxonomy of Helping - Pearce and AmatoSocial Norms
Why Do We Help?
| Evolutionary psychology |
Empathic Joy
When Will We Help?
| Situational influences |
Diffusion of Responsibility
Bystander Effect
| We are slower to interpret an ambiguous event as an emergency when other people are present |
Bystander Effect Experiments
Bystanders will inhibit helping
Time Pressures
Pluralistic Ignorance
Smoke Experiment
Competency Influences
Personal Influences
People who feel guilty
Moods
Personality Traits
Religiosity
Gender
Similarity
Searcy and Eisenberg (1992)
How Can We Increase Helping?
| Undoing the restraints on helping |
Altruistic Personality
Socializing altruism
Alfie Kohn’s Socializing Altruism
| Focus on the positive | |
| Explain the reason | |
| Set an example | |
| Let them help | |
| Promote a prosocial self-image | |
| Be a warm, empathetic parent |
'Righteous Gentiles'
| "non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust." |
Families
| Both European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews during the Nazi era and civil rights activists of the 1950s report that they had warm, close relationships with at least one parent who was a "strong moralist," committed to humanitarian causes. |
Prosocial Models
Overjustification Effect
| Rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism |
Habitat for Humanity
| One of the problems that Habitat for Humanity has had is that they have "too many" volunteers at times!! |
Is this a problem in your church? |