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Terms in this set (47)Minority group a group that experiences systematic disadvantage and has a visible identifying trait. The group is self-conscious and membership is usually determined at birth. Members tend to form intimate relations within the group Social Mobility movement up and down the stratification system. Irish and Italian Americans have experienced considerable upward _____ though they faced considerable discrimination in the past Prejudice the tendency of individuals to think and feel negatively towards others The Cognitive Dimension of Prejudice
cognitive prejudice, thinking about groups in terms of stereotypes The Affective Dimension of Prejudice the feeling part, negative emotion responses to other groups Discrimination the unequal treatment of a person based on his or her group membership. Ex: an employer doesn't hire someone because he or she is African American Institutional Discrimination the societal equivalent of individual discrimination. It refers to a pattern of unequal treatment, based on group membership, built into the daily operations of society, whether or not it is consciously intended. Ex: Apartheid in the American South following the Civil War Assimilation the process by which one group learns the culture of another Pluralism multiculturalism is a general term for ______ views that stress inclusion, mutual respect, and a celebration of group diversity Cultural Pluralism groups have not acculturated or integrated and each maintains a distinct identity (different lang, religion, and values). Ex: Native Americans or Amish Structural Pluralism a group has acculturated but not integrated. That is, the group has adopted the Anglo-American culture but does not have full and equal access to the institutions of the dominant society. Cultural differences are minimal but the groups occupy different locations in the social structure. Enclave Minority Group establishes its own neighborhood and relies on a set of interconnected businesses for economic survival. These groups are successful as integration has occurred without acculturation. Ex: Chinatowns in many large American cities Middleman Minority Group relies on interconnected businesses, dispersed throughout a community for economic survival. This type of group has also undergone integration without acculturation. Labor Intensive (production) a form of work in which most of the effort is provided by people working by hand. This was the type of work done by families prior to the industrial revolution. It was not very productive. Capital Intensive technology replaces hand labor with machine labor. The need for human labor in rural areas decreased. Rural population still continued to grow. Peasants began to leave their home villages and move toward urban areas. Here, the urban population tended to increase father than the job supply so many migrants could not find work. In America, people began to move westward, leaving a demand for labor on the east coast. Immigrants began to come to America. Anti-Semitism prejudice or ideological racism directed specifically toward Jews. As immigration continued and the Jewish population in the US grew, _____ increased in intensity and viciousness. Stereotyped as cunning, dishonest merchants. It later became fused with a fear of Communism and other anti-capitalist doctrines. Ethnic Succession the process by which white ethnic groups affected one another's positions in the social class structure. The overall patter was that each European immigrant group tended to be pushed to higher social class levels and more favorable economic situations by the groups that arrived after it. This process can be understood in terms of the second stage of Gordon's model: integration at the secondary level, or entry into public institutions and organizations of the larger society. Structural Mobility refers to rising occupational and social class standing that is the result of changes in the structure of the economy and labor market, as opposed to individual efforts. Industrialization is a continuous process. As it proceeded, the nature of work in America evolved and changed and created opportunities for upward mobility for the white ethnic groups. It is the result of continuing mechanization and automation of the workplace. As machines replaced people in the workforce, the supply of manual, blue-collar jobs that provided employment for so many first- and second-generation European immigrant laborers dwindled. At the same tie, the supply of white-collar jobs increased. Generations began to find it easier to become educated. Many were able to translate their increased human capital into upward mobility in the mainstream job market. Segmented Assimilation has multiple outcomes. Some groups may eventually enter the middle class, but others may be permanently excluded, marginalized, and impoverished. Still other groups may find success in close-knit enclaves. This theory is in contrast to the traditional perspective on assimilation. The Scapegoat Hypothesis holds that people sometimes express their frustrations against substitute targets. When the substitutes are other groups, prejudice increases. It links prejudice to feelings of frustration and aggression. Generally, the actual cause of the frustration has more power than the substitute targets which is why it's safer to attack the substitutes instead. Minority groups can make excellent targets. The Theory of Authoritarian Personality links prejudice to childhood experiences with stern, severe parents. On the surface, children of authoritarian families respect and love their parents. Internally, however, they resent and fear their severe and distant parents. They scapegoat their fear and anger by expressing these emotions as prejudice against minority groups. It has been widely criticized for several flaws: focusing solely on internal dynamics of personality without taking sufficient account of the social setting in which an individual acts. We need to see connections with social structure, social class and the context and history of group relations. Selective Perception the tendency to see only what one wants to see. It can reinforce and strengthen stereotypes to the point that the highly prejudiced individual simply does not accept evidence that challenges his or her views. These overgeneralizations can become closed perceptual systems that screen out contrary information and absorb only the sensory impressions that ratify the original bias. Split Labor Market Theory argues that higher-priced dominant-group labor uses prejudice and discrimination to limit the ability of lower-priced minority group labor to compete for jobs. Agrees with the Marxist idea that prejudice and racist ideologies serve the interest of a specific class but it identifies a beneficiary. In the theory, there are three actors in the economic sector: first, the elites and then two other groups that are segments of the working class. The labor market is divided into higher-priced labor and cheaper labor. It is in the economic self-interest of the capitalist class to use cheaper labor. Higher-priced labor will attempt to exclude heaper labor from the marketplace. The major beneficiary is the more powerful element of the working class. Social Distance refers to the degree of intimacy a person is willing to accept for members of other groups. On this scale, the most intimate relationship is close kinship, and the most distant is exclusion from the country. Karl Marx A German philosopher, economist, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. Author of the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto. Theories collectively hold that human societies develop through class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat classes of the capitalistic social infrastructure. Described as one of the most influential figures in human history whose work has been both applauded and criticized. Cited as one of the principal architects of modern sociology and social science. Max Weber one of Marx's major critics, a German sociologist who did most of his work around the turn of the 20th century. Marx saw social class as a matter of economic position or relationship to the means of production but Weber argued that inequality was more complex and included dimensions other than just the economic. Individuals could be members of the elite in some ways but not in others. He identified three separate stratification systems. Gerhard Lenski a contemporary sociologist who expands on Weber's ideas by analyzing stratification in the context of societal evolution or the level of development of a society. He argues that the degree of inequality or the criteria affecting a group's position is closely related to subsistence technology, the means by which the society satisfies the basic needs such as hunger and thirst. Patricia Hill Collins A distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, she was the president of the American Sociological Association. Her educational endeavors focus on issues involving feminism and gender within the African American community. Author of Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment in 1990, she was also credited for the sociological term, "intersectionality." Robert Park An American urban sociologist considered one of the most influential figures in early U.S. sociology, teaching at Tuskegee Institute, the University of Chicago and the Chicago School of sociology. Noted for work in human ecology, race relations, migration, assimilation, social movements, and social disorganization. He created the race relations cycle Milton Gordon An American sociologist who made a major contribution to theories of assimilation in his book, Assimilation in American Life, in 1964. Noted for the theory on the Seven Stages of Assimilation. Credited for the sociological terms, "the primary and secondary sectors." Human Capital Theory the view that upward mobility (status attainment) is a direct result of effort, personal values and skills, and investment in education. National Origins Act of 1924 established a quota system limiting the number of immigrants that the US would accept each year from each sending nation. Quotas were set based upon the proportion of each nationality in the US of 1890. This year gave nearly 70% of immigration slots to the nations of Northern and Western Europe. It banned immigration from Asian nations all together and provided almost no slots for parts of Africa that were still the colonial possessions of various European nations. Variations in Assimilation the way degree of similarity, religion, social class, and gender shaped the overall assimilation of the descendants of the mass European immigration. Also investigates the way in which immigrants' reasons for coming to this country have affected the experiences of different groups. Degree of Similarity The degree of resistance, prejudice, and discrimination encountered by the different European immigrant groups varied, in part by the degree to which they differed from these dominant groups. Difference include: religion, language, cultural values, and physical characteristics. Protestant immigrants from Northern and Western Europe experienced the least resistance. The most similar groups immigrated earlies and the least similar tended to be the last to arrive. Resistance to any one group tended to fade as new ones arrived. The New Immigration was far larger than the Old Immigration. A preference hierarchy was formed that privileged Northern and Western Europeans and Protestants. Religion Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish immigrants lived in different neighborhoods, occupied different niches in the workforce, formed separate networks of affiliation and groups and chose their marriage partners from different pools of people. She also found that the pool of marriage partners for the children and grandchildren continued to be bound by religion but not so much by ethnicity. Social Class a central feature of social structure. It combined with religion to shape the social world of the descendants of the European immigrants. Gordon states that US society combines four major melting pots (one for each of the religious/ethnic groups and one for African Americans). Social class divided these melting pots. Ethclass the group formed by the intersection of the social class and ethnic or racial group, ex: working-class Catholic Gender Most accounts of immigration history focus on the immigration experience in general or the experiences of men. Many women came from patriarchal traditions and had much less access to leadership roles, education, and prestigious, high-paying occupations. Immigrant women, however, played multiple roles during immigration and assimilation. They were involved as wife and mother but they also were prominent among the first wave of immigrants and began the process of acculturation and integration. Sojourners immigrants who intend to return to their country of origin, birds of passage Multi-culturalism a general term for some versions of pluralism in the US. Generally, ________ stressed mutual respect for all groups and celebrates the multiplicity of heritages that have contributed to the development of the United States. Gunnar Myrdal's "Vicious Cycle"
a process in which a condition (ex: a minority-group inferiority) is assumed to be true and forces are then set in potion to create and perpetuate that condition. In step one (inferior status), the dominant group uses its power to force the minority group into an inferior status. This individual prejudice and racist belief system is then accepted by the dominant group in step 2 (prejudice/racism). This inferiority is enforced until the belief motivates further discrimination and unequal treatment of step 3 (discrimination). This discrimination then reinforces the inferior status and the cycle begins again. Marxist Analysis sees class inequality as a result of the capitalist economic system. The theory claims that those who control the means of production in a society also control the belief systems and the intellectual activity of the society. Elite classes who subordinate or exploit a minority group will develop and institutionalize ideologies to justify or explain social arrangements. An example of this situation is when elites used their Christianity to encourage slaves to accept their status by emphasizing Biblical virtues of meekness and humility. Herbert Blauner American sociologist theory of Group Interests argues that prejudice is activated when groups feel that they are threatened by other groups they see as beneath them. The dominant group has the highest status in a society and is likely to use prejudice as a weapon when it feels that its superior position and privileges are in peril. Gunnar Myrdal Swedish economist proposed the idea that prejudice is perpetuated through time by a self-fulfilling prophecy - a Cycle of Prejudice in which minority-group inferiority is assumed and forces are set in motion to create and perpetuate the cycle of prejudice. The dominant group uses its power to force the minority group into an inferior status - such as slavery. Partly to motivate the construction of a system of racial stratification and partly to justify its existence, individual prejudice and racist belief systems are invented and accepted by the dominant group. Muzafer Sherif a social psychologist known for the Robber's Cave experiment which theorizes that one common factor accounts for the origin of all prejudices - competition between groups in which one group successfully dominates, takes resources from, or eliminates a threat from some other group. In the three stages of his experiment, he believes that he proved this theory. Race Relations Cycle the idea that group relations follow a predictable cycle starting with conflict but leading to eventual assimilation. First Three of Milton's Seven Stages of Assimilation 1) acculturation Other sets by this creatorChapter 1453 terms m_allen7 Chapter 1519 terms m_allen7 Chapter 1316 terms m_allen7 Chapter 1226 terms m_allen7 Verified questionssociology What was Weber’s contribution to the sociological study or religion? Verified answer
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