1 Show Name the researcher who showed that when a child's attention to relevant aspects of the conservation task is improved, the child is more likely to conserve. 2 Name the cognitive theorist who emphasized the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction. 3 Name the Italian physician-turned-educator who at the beginning of the twentieth century crafted a revolutionary approach to young children's education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. 4 The substage of preoperational thought in which a young child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present is known as the _____ function substage. 5 Identify the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and the perspective of another. 6 Identify the term that refers to the awareness that altering an object's or a substance's appearance does not change its basic properties. 7 The approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and asserts that knowledge is mutually built and constructed is called the social _____ approach. 8 The term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children is known as the zone of _____ development. 9 The term that refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others is "theory of _____. 10 Aubrey is in a school that takes into account the typical development of children within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child. It also emphasizes the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect the child's interests and capabilities. This view represents a method known as _____. 11 The Reggio Emilia approach is employed in a(n) A) nutrition program for young children. 12 Sandra is informed by a pediatrician that her 4-year-old son Manuelhas gained 6 pounds over the past year. Sandra should be A) alarmed, because Manuel
has gained a lot of weight. 13 During early childhood, girls are _____ than boys. A) much lighter 14 By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys. A) fatty 15 A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that there are A) congenital differences. 16 What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide? A)
nationality and culture 17 Who among the following 5-year-olds is most likely to be the tallest? A) Timothy, who is a White, urban, middle-socioeconomic-status, later-born boy 18 _____ is a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells. A) Centration 19 _____ involves an increase in the speed and efficiency of information traveling through the nervous system during brain development in children between the ages of 3 and 5. A) Centration 20 Scientists have discovered that there are _____ the brains of children in the 3- to 5-year age range. A) dramatic changes in local patterns within 21 Identify a characteristic of autobiographical memory. A) It pertains to information acquired during adolescence rather than childhood. 22 Among 3- to 6-year-olds, the volume of autobiographical memory is directly linked to A)
the volume of self-knowledge. 23 Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas of the brain. A) temporal 24 Toby is 3years old. His parents are concerned because he always runs and jumps around. He cannot sit still. Even when watching his favorite cartoon on TV, he fidgets and wiggles. It is especially frustrating for his parents when Toby does not sit still through dinner. Which of the following should Toby's parents do? A) They should have him tested for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 25 When 4-year-olds and 5-year-olds scramble over jungle gyms and race their friends, they demonstrate their A) cognitive skills. 26 Fred and Wayne are 4-year-olds. When they are together, they often wrestle, run, race, push, and shove each other. Although their activities often aggravate their parents, these activities will A) help the boys develop their gross motor skills. 27 Irene is a 3-year-old girl. Her father takes her to a nearby park in the evening. In the context of the development of gross motor skills in children her age, which activity is Irene most likely to engage in at the park? A) She will hop and jump just for the sheer delight of performing these activities. 28 Debra is a very active child. She loves to tumble and show off. She always trieswhat her parents consider"hair-raising" stunts. She also loves running and believes she can run faster than her parents. This type of activity level and confidence is most characteristic of A) 1-year-olds. 29 Jim, a 3-year-old boy, gets a box of colorful blocks as a birthday gift from his uncle. He is excited to see the gift and demands to play with the blocks immediately. In the context of physical and cognitive development in early childhood, when playing with the blocks, Jim is most likely to A) place each block on top of the other with intense concentration. 30 Based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization (2019), a child's life should center around A) meals. 31 Four-year-old Nathan is good at stacking blocks to make tall structures; however, he occasionally knocks them down. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this? A) His gross motor skills are underdeveloped. 32 Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children? A) competing activities 33 Which of the following determines the categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight? A) weight 34 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as A) obese. 35 According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), a person with a body mass index (BMI) at the 90th percentile is A) obese. 36 Six-year-old Gina has a body mass index (BMI) at the 95th percentile. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), she is A) obese. 37 Which of the following statements about childhood obesity is true? A) Children who are overweight at age 3 are also at risk of being overweight at age 12. 38 The World Health Organization recommends that young children engage in about _____ of physical activity per day total. A) 15 minutes 39 Many young children from low-income families suffer from a lack of all of the following, EXCEPT A) iron. 40 The leading cause of death in young childrenin the United States is A) heart
disease. 41 Which of the following statements about parental smoking is true? A) Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes. 42 Which of the following can enhance a child's safety and reduce the likelihood of injury? A) a decrease in home/school partnerships 43 Which of the following steps can be taken to enhance children's safety and prevent injury, specifically in the context of family and home? A) activesurveillance ofenvironmental hazards 44 According to the National Center for Health Statistics (2019), which of the following isthe most common cause of accidental death in young children in the United States? A) drowning 45 Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by reductions in A) nutrition. 46 Which of the following statements is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A) In this stage, a child can perform operations independently without adult
supervision. 47 Six-year-old Patricia loves to draw pictures and describe them. Her ideas are more balanced now than earlier. She has started to analyze and understand things. However, she is egocentric and holdswhat her parents describe as, "magical beliefs." Patricia is in Piaget's _____ stage of development. A) sensorimotor 48 Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development A) cannot yet perform reversible mental actions. 49 Brian is 2 1/2years old. He dwells in his own imaginary world and represents objects that are not present. On walls, he often scribbles patterns that represent clouds, trees, birds, and so on. Brian's behavior indicates that he is in Piaget's _____ of cognitive development. A) symbolic function substage 50 Three-year-old Ruth draws a picture with lavender, purple, and blue colors intermixed with green, yellow, and brown. "It is a boat in the ocean at sunset, with whales jumping all around it!" she explains to her teacher. Which of the following does this explain? 51 The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as A) animism. 52 Wendy, a 4-year-old girl, decides to gift her father a teddy bear on his birthday, because Wendylikes teddy bears. She asks her elder brother to help her wrap the gift. She does not consider the fact that her father may not like the gift or have no use for it. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates A) animism. 53 Olivia, a 3-year-old girl, loves to play with her toy train. She names it Max and takes it with her everywhere. One day, while drinking milk, she spills the milk on the floor. To avoid being scolded, Olivia tells her mother that Max has spilled the milk. Another day, she blames Max for soiling her dress. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of A) egocentrism. 54 "My computer does not like me. It keeps eating my pictures," says 3-year-old Kimberly. This is an example of A) animism. 55 The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of A) reversible mental actions. 56 Derek, a 4-year-old boy, is curious by nature and exhausts his parents with "why" questions; however, he is not able to comprehend ideas. His imagination does not resemble reality. Whenhe sees a rainbow, he believes that a fairy has painted it with watercolors. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates A) Piaget's sensorimotor stage. 57 Piaget called the second substage of the preoperational stage "intuitive" because children know something, but they know it without the use of A) symbolic function. 58 Juan and his little sisterAnneare each given a large cookie. Their mother breaks Anne's cookie into four pieces to enable her to eat it easily. Juan immediately begins to cry and says that it is not fair that his sister got more cookies than him. Juan is showing a lack of A) constancy. 59 Which of the following best describes the relation between centration and conservation? A) Conservation requires centration. 60 Diego is 3 years old. His mother pours orange juice for him and his older sister Maria. Because theirmother does not have two glasses of the same size, she pours Maria's juice into a taller glass than she uses for Diego. Though both glasses have the same amount of juice, Diego starts to cry because he thinks his sister has more juice. In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of A) egocentrism. 61 In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changing an object's appearance A) does not change its basic properties. 62 In Piaget's theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates A) that a child is at the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. 63 According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation. A) the age of a child 64 The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for A) a young adult's cognitive development achieved through interaction with children. 65 According to research, which of the following factors can enhance the effectiveness of the zone of proximal development? A) ambivalent attachment 66 Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support. He can walk to the middle of a room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking? A) Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself 67 Three-year-old Sharon can solve four-piece jigsaw puzzles on her own but needs her parents' help to solve six-piece jigsaw puzzles. Which of the following represents the upper limit of Sharon's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for solving such puzzles? A) Sharon moving on to 10-piece puzzles 68 Which of the following did Vygotsky call the "buds" or "flowers" of development? A) tasks a child can accomplish independently 69 When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children indicate that they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw their support. This shows the adults' involvement in the children's A) zone of proximal development. 70 Which of the following refers to teachers' adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of the skills of their students? A)
accommodation 71 Over the past week, Walter has been learning to tie his shoelaces. Initially, his mother held his hands and worked his fingers through the process. Now that Walter is better at it, she only guides him verbally. This is an example of A) how heredity shapes cognitive development. 72 Natalie is 4 years old. When she buttons her shirt, she talks to herself and describes the steps. This helps her in self-regulating and guiding her behavior. In the context of cognitive and physical development in early childhood, this scenario illustrates the concept of A) centration. 73 Which of the following describes Lev Vygotsky's belief about the development of thought and language? A)
Thought and language are merged early in development, and they later separate. 74 For Vygotsky, private speech is A) immature. 75 Kristi works in a daycare center. She notices that Pablo, a 4-year-old boy, often indulges in private speech when doing any activity on his own. She has heard him talking to himself when solving puzzles. Kristi believes in Piaget's theory of cognitive development in children. After seeing Pablo's behavior, Kristi is likely to assume that Pablo's usage of private speech is A) egocentric. 76 Four-year-old Michelle talks to herself frequently. She does this especially when she is trying to solve a difficult problem. Lev Vygotsky would say that Michelle is A) engaging in egocentric and immature thinking. 77 Three-year-old Amy looks at her grandmother's collection of glass animals and says, "Those are a 'no-no.'Do not touch." It appears that Amy is using _____ to regulate her own behavior. A) mindstream 78 Which of the following is an appropriate application of Vygotsky's theory in education? A)
IQ should be assessed to test a child's learning capabilities. 79 Which of the following scenarios best represents Vygotsky's view of mental and behavioral development? A) A teacher assigns challenging tasks
that students must complete on their own. 80 Based on Vygotsky's theory, which of the following educational strategies should be incorporated in classrooms? A) making each child responsible for his or her work without relying on peers or teachers for support 81 According to Gauvain (2016) and Holzman (2017), the main implication of Vygotsky's theory is that students need A) many opportunities to learn with more-skilled peers. 82 In moving from Piaget to Vygotsky, the conceptual shift is one from A) the individual to collaboration. 83 In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, Vygotsky argued that A) formal, standardized tests are the best way to assess children's learning. 84 Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through A) self-discovery. 85 In the context of theories of cognitive development, unlike Vygotsky, Piaget believed that A) children construct knowledge through social interaction. 86 Tools of the Mind is a program that is grounded in _____ theory of cognitive development. A) Vygotsky's 87 In a Tools of the Mind classroom, _____ has a central role. A) nutrition 88 Ted is in a Tools of the Mind classroom. His teacher guides him in planning his own message by drawing a line to stand for each word he says. Ted then repeats the message, pointing to each line as he says the word. Finally, he writes on the lines, trying to represent each word with some letters or symbols. This process is best described as A) model drawing. 89 Which of the following is among the criticisms of Vygotsky's theory? A) Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals. 90 According to McClelland and others (2017), _____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances. A) salient 91 _____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. A) Salient 92 A police officer visits Heather's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles. Later, Heather tells her parents all about the balloons and bubbles but cannot remember any of the safety rules the officer talked about. Heather obviously paid more attention to what was A) salient. 93 A police officer visits Timothy and Evelyn's class to discuss safety rules. To attract the children's attention, the officer brings colorful balloons and jars of bubbles for the children to blow. Later, Timothy tells his parents about all the safety rules discussed by the officer. Timothy obviously paid attention to what was A) salient. 94 Patsy is a 5-year-old girl. She participates in a laboratory experiment in which random letters of the alphabetare rapidly read out to her. After 20 seconds, she is asked to recall those sequences. In the context of information processing, this experiment has been conducted to assess Patsy's A) command over syntax. 95 The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to A) school readiness and focus. 96 When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining allthe details before making a judgment. The children exhibit a lack of A) conservation. 97 Regarding short-term memory, which of the following statements is true? A) One method of assessing short-term memory is the memory-span task. 98 Irene conducts a laboratory experiment to test the memory of children. She rapidly reads out a list of colors to three children aged 4, 6, and 13 years. The children are then asked to repeat the names of the colors. Irene notices that the 6-year-old and the 13-year-old are able to recall more colors than the 4-year-old. This experiment illustrates that A) younger children tend to rehearse information more than older children do. 99 Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means A) preparing for a memory-span test. 100 Research with the memory-span task suggests that A) short-term memory increases inearly childhood. 101 In a study comparing the memory spans of preschool and elementary school children, the latter group consistently scored better. This apparent increase in memory span with age could be explained partly by how A) peer groups play a part in short-term memory. 102 Six-year-old Shirley, a witness to a robbery, was asked to testify at a trial. The defense argued that her testimony could be invalid because A) at her age, she has no long-term memory. 103 _____ refers to an umbrella-like concept that consists of a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex, which play a role in managing thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control. A) Executive attention 104 Theory of _____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others. A) self-awareness 105 Eighteen-month-old Alan hates spinach but says, "Yum!" when he sees his mother eating her favorite spinach casserole. This indicates that A) he will also like spinach when he grows up. 106 Children begin to understand three mental states from 18 months to 3 years of age. One of these is _____, illustrated bychildren's realization, by 3 years of age,that looking leads to knowing what's inside a container. A) suspicion 107 Russell conducts an experiment to study children's theory of mind. He selects participants and divides them into two groups. The first group consists of 3-year-olds, whereas the second group consists of 5-year-olds. Russell takes a crayon box and places candies in it. He opens the box and shows it to both groups. Next, he asks the first group what a child who has never seen the box will think is actually inside the box. The group replies, "Candies!" To the same question, the second group replies, "Crayons!" This scenario illustrates that A) children refer to cognitive states earlier than
they refer to desires. 108 _____ includesseveral operationssuch as inhibition and planningthat are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and are also connected to theory of mind development. A) Operational thought 109 Executive function involves A) managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control. 110 Recent research results have indicated that fathers' _____ improved young children's executive function (Meuwissen & Carlson, 2018). A) employment status 111 A recent study (Zelazo & others, 2018) has shown that a six-week group training program focusing on _____was no more effective than a _____ training program in improving young children's executive function. A) mindfulness and reflection; literacy 112 A comparison of data from the original "marshmallow" experiment and more recent data found that young children in the 1960s waited an average of _____than their counterparts in the 2000s, showing a distinct change in children's ability to delay gratification. A) 2 minutes less 113 The increase in delay of gratification in recent years likely is due to A) increases in symbolic thought. 114 Pointing to a tree, young Leo says, "Bird flied away." Leo's interesting but incorrect use of "-ed" in "flied" shows that he is trying to learn the _____ rules of language. A) phonological 115 Three-year-old Zelda always asks questions like "Where Daddy is going?" and "What Mommy is doing?" This indicates that she hasyet to learn the auxiliary-inversion rule and to apply the rules of A) pragmatics. 116 Jean Berko's experiment involving "wugs" demonstrated that young children who took part in the experiment were able to apply A) phonological rules. 117 _____ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly. A) Vertical
thinking 118 According to Harris, Golinkoff, and Hirsh-Pasek (2011), which of the following is a key principle in young children's vocabulary development? A) Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are given less emphasis. 119 In the context of cognitive development in early childhood, which of the following is true of pragmatics? A) It refers to relating a word to its referent quickly. 120 Five-year-old Donna uses shorter, simpler sentences when talking to her baby brother. She speaks in a very informal way with her friends, and she uses a more formal language with her father's friends. Donna is demonstrating her grasp of A) pragmatics. 121 In the context of early childhood education, developmentally appropriate practice emphasizes A) the importance of creating settings that encourage active learning and reflect children's interests and capabilities. 122 _____ is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities. A) The child-centered kindergarten 123 Nicole, a 3-year-old girl, goes to a school that follows the Montessori approach to education. Which of the following is likely true regardingNicole's teachers? A) They will make all the decisions for her. 124 Nurturing is a key aspect of _____, which emphasizes the education of the whole child and concern for his or her physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development. A) the child-centered kindergarten 125 Dorothy is enrolled in a preschool where she spends much of her time in unstructured activities. She plays with the toys she chooses, and her teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Which of the following approaches is Dorothy's preschool using? A) the kindergarten approach 126 Which of the following is among the criticisms of the Montessori approach? A) It putsa lot of emphasis on social interaction. 127 _____ is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child. A) The child-centered kindergarten 128 In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through A) the Maria Montessori Program. 129 Karla is a single mother of a 5-year-old boy. She works in a bakery on a meager salary. Recently, she found out about a government-funded program that provides children from low-income families with the opportunity to acquire the skills important for success in school. The program aims to improve substandard education and alleviate poverty. Karla decides to apply for the program. The program being referred to in this scenario is A) the child-centered kindergarten. 130 Which of the following is true of Head Start programs? A) They provide for low-income families. 131 Two current controversies in early childhood education involve A) the curriculum, and the idea of universal preschool education in the United States. 132 According to Feeney, Moravcik, and Nolte (2019), competent early childhood programs should focus A) on cognitive development and socioemotional development. 133 Which of the following was arguedby Zigler and his colleagues in support of universal preschool in the United States? A) It is more important to improve preschool education for young children who are disadvantaged than to fund preschool education for all 4-year-old children. 134 Critics of the idea of universal preschool education argue that A) quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success. 135 One of the arguments made against universal preschool education is that A) quality preschools prepare children for school readiness and academic success. 136 The theorist _____ (provide the last name only) stated that the psychological stage of childhood was "initiative versus guilt 137 The theorist _____(provide the last name only) suggested that children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong in order to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment 138 The theorist _____(provide the last name only) proposed that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women in societies where women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources. 139 The theorist _____(provide the last name only) proposed four classifications of parenting, involving combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on one hand and demand and control on the other 140 The theorist _____ (provide the last name only) described the three important characteristics of sibling relationships as emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, and variation. 141 In the context of how parents talk with their children about emotions, the _____ approach is taken by parents who monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and assist them in labeling their emotions. (Note the term must be hyphenated.) 142 According to Jean Piaget, _____ morality is the first stage of moral development in which children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world. 143 The social _____ theory of gender states that children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior 144 Nathan's parents are highly involved in his life but place few demands and controls on him. They believe that the combination of warm involvement and few restraints will produce a creative, confident child, so they allow him to do whatever he wants. Nathan's parents practice what Diana Baumrind would call _____ parenting 145 _____ is the name for the parenting technique for handling misbehavior in children that is characterized by removing the child from a setting that offers positive reinforcement? (Note the term must be hyphenated.) 146 _____ is the term for the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child. 147 In the context of the types of children's play, _____ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation and occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution. 148 According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is A) initiative versus guilt. 149 According to Erik Erikson, the great governor of initiative is A) conscience. 150 In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop _____, which is the representation of self, the substance, and content of self-conceptions. A) self-control 151 Four-year-old Harlan says, "I'm always happy!" Researchers suggest that Harlan, like other kids his age, has self-descriptions that are typically
152 _____ especially plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others. It is an important component of executive function. A) Moral integrity 153 Hans feels ashamed when his parents say, "You should feel bad about biting your sister!" To experience a _____ emotion like shame, Hans must be able to refer to himself as distinct from others. A) social 154 In the context of expressing emotions, at what age does self-awareness occur? A) at 2 months of age 155 Brianna is extremely upset because she got scolded by her teacher. Her mother decides to facilitate an open discussion about what happened and why Brianna is upset to help her figure out how to deal with the negative emotions. Her mother's approach of talking to Brianna about her emotions indicates that Brianna's mother is a(n) A) emotion-dismissing parent. 156 _____ parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents. A) Emotion-dismissing 157 The children of _____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than the children of emotion-dismissing parents. A) emotion-coaching 158 Developmental psychologists describe Jennifer as an emotion-dismissing parent to her son. Which of the following actions is Jennifer most likely to display? A) Jennifer will praise her son when he performs a task well. 159 Barbara monitors her children's emotions. Her daughter is upset because she got reprimanded by her teacher. Barbara initially ignores her daughter's lamentations but then decides to try to change her daughter's emotions by saying that everyone gets reprimanded and that it is not a big deal. Barbara's approach of talking to her daughter about her negative emotions indicates that Barbara is a(n) A) indulgent parent. 160 Marjorie's son places last in a running race in his school. This makes him upset. He comes home and tells his mother about the result of the competition. His mother initially ignores him, thinking that he will stop thinking about the competition. Later, when she sees that her son is still upset, she tries to distract him from the negative emotion by trying to change it. Marjorie's way of talking to her son about his negative emotions indicates that Marjorie is a(n) A) emotion-coaching parent. 161 A recent study found that young children who were more skilled in emotion regulation were
162 Toddlers' lower emotional competence has been linked in a recent study to
163 Which of the following involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people? A) immanent justice 164 According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the A) id. 165 Which of the following aspects of moral development most likely involves anxiety and guilt? A) moral reasoning 166 According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thus forming the
167 Which of the following terms refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings? A) anxiety 168 When her mother asks Selena why she feels so sad, Selena says it is because her best friend just lost her puppy. Selena is exhibiting A) guilt. 169 The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as A) correspondence. 170 Which of the following is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development? A) autonomous morality 171 From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality. A) 1 to 3 172 Susan, a 5-year-old, thinks of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people. In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of moral development, Susan is most likely in the stage of moral reasoning known as A) heteronomous morality. 173
According to Piaget's theory, from _____ years of age, children are in a transition, showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage, autonomous morality. A) 1 to 4 174 At about _____ years of age and older, children show autonomous morality. A) 4 175 Jerome, 6, and Hani, 10, get up early on Saturday morning to make "breakfast in bed" for their mother. While reaching for the bed tray in the back of the hall cabinet, they accidentally break their mother's favorite porcelain doll. Jerome knows that he's going to get into "big trouble." Hani tells him not to worry and that their mom would understand that it was an accident. In what stage would Jean Piaget categorize the moral reasoning of Jerome and Hani? A) Jerome—autonomous morality; Hani—heteronomous morality 176 Ben, a 12-year-old, judges the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of moral development, Ben will most likely be classified as a(n) A) autonomous moralist. 177 Julie believes that Jason's accidental act of breaking 12 plates is worse than Peter intentionally breaking two plates. Julie can be best described as a(n) A) moral autonomist. 178 Dante is a 10-year-old boy who likes to play soccer during recess. One day, a friend teaches him a different set of rules about the game. Dante accepts the rules and now plays soccer in a new way. Dante is in which stage of moral development? A) autonomous morality 179 Katrina, a 6-year-old, becomes extremely upset when her brother tries to change the rules of their game and yells, "You can't do that! You can't change rules!" Which of the following types of moral reasoning is Katrina exhibiting?
180 In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of moral development, which of the following is a characteristic of children showing heteronomous morality? A) They believe intentions are more important than consequences when judging behavior. 181 Older children, who are _____, recognize that punishment occurs only if someone witnesses the wrongdoing and that even then, punishment is not inevitable. A) moral autonomists 182 Maria believes that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. In the context of Jean Piaget’s theory of moral development, this scenario indicates that Maria believes in the concept of A) immanent justice. 183 Piaget concluded that the changes in moral reasoning in children come about through
184 According to Jean Piaget, parent-child relations are less likely to advance moral reasoning than peer relations because A) parents are inconsistent in delivering the consequences for broken rules. 185 Which of the following approaches holds that the processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior? A) Freud's psychoanalytic approach 186 Twice each month, Gini helps to serve dinner at the "Community Table," a program that assists homeless people in the town. She brings her two children (aged 9and 11)with her and talks to them about the need to share time, food, and kindness with others who are less fortunate. Social cognitive theorists would say that Gini's children A) are likely to develop moral behavior that includes helping others. 187 _____ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being a girl/woman, boy/man, another gender, or no gender. A) Gender role 188 Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender A) roles. 189 Meena is a 3-year-old. She is aware that she is a girl and understands and accepts being a female. This indicates that Meena is conscious of her A) gender neutrality. 190 Gender _____ refers to acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. A) acquisition 191 Social role theory suggests that A) a social hierarchy and division of labor are important causes of gender differences in power, assertiveness, and nurturing. 192 The _____ of gender stems from the view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. A) psychoanalytic theory 193 The psychoanalytic theory of gender stems from Freud's view that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. Which of the following refers tothis condition in girls? A) the Galatea effect 194 According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the A) Oedipus complex. 195 From a young age, Karen has always been praised by her parents for her feminine behavior. Her parents reward her behavior by saying such statements as "Karen, you look very pretty in your frock." Her brother, on the other hand, is reprimanded for playing with Karen's dolls. In the context of social influences on gender development, this scenario is in accordance with the _____ of gender. A) psychoanalytic theory 196 According to a research review by Bronstein (2006), which of the following statements is true of parental influences on children's gender development? A) Mothers socialize their sons to be more obedient and responsible than their daughters. 197 Who among the following is most likely to be rejected by peers based on conformation to gender roles? A) a little girl in boy's clothing 198 Around the age of _____, children already show a preference forspending time with same-sex playmates. A) 1 199 Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of A) mixed ages. 200 In the context of the size of same-sex groups of children, from about 5 years of age onward A) boys are more
likely to associate together in larger clusters than girls are. 201 According to research on how gender influences children's friendship groups (Maccoby, 1998, 2002), which of the following statements is true of how boys and girls interact in same-sex groups? A) Girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner. 202 A _____ is a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions. A) format 203 A gender _____ organizes the world in terms of female and male. A) role 204 Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and to act in accordance with their developing A) preferences. 205 Bit by bit, children pick up what is gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate in their culture and develop gender _____ that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember. A) identities 206 Which of the following fuels gender typing? A) gender schema B) gender identity C) gender bias 207 Who of the following is most likely to engage in gender-stereotyping, according to the latest research? A) a 3-year old boy 208 Suzie, aged 3, must eat everything on her plate at dinner. When she does not, her father punishes her by sending her to bed without dinner the next day. Suzie also has strict schedules for playing, watching television, and studying, and any disobedience leads to spanking and punishment. Suzie's father is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 209 Juan, a father of two, tells his children, "In my house, my word is the law." He spanks his children frequently when they do not follow his rules. His children are fearful of Juan and try their best to avoid him when he is around. In the context of Diana Baumrind’s parenting styles, Juan is best classified as a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 210 A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of his or her children is a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 211 Lucy frequently spanks her children, enforces rigid household rules, and exhibits rage toward them when those rules are broken. Her children are unhappy and have weak communication skills. Lucy also pressures them to eat when they are already full. In the context of Diana Baumrind’s parenting styles, Lucy is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 212 A parent who encourages his or her children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 213 Logan is a warm and loving parent, but he also has high expectations of his kids. As Logan encourages independent and age-appropriate behavior from his children, Baumrind would classify him as a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 214 Ursula can set her own schedules for playtime and for studying. Her mother drives her to her ballet classes and soccer practice. However, Ursula needs to keep her grades up and must go to bed early on most weeknights. Ursula's mom is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 215 In the context of Diana Baumrind’s parenting styles, children of authoritative parents differ from children of authoritarian parents in that children of authoritative parents A) cope poorly with stress. 216 According to Baumrind, a parent who is uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness nor control, is displaying a(n) _____ parenting style. A) authoritarian 217 According to Baumrind, a parent who is highly involved with his/her children but places few demands or controls on them is displaying a(n) _____ parenting style. A) authoritarian 218 Josh's mother makes his favorite food—burgers, fries, and pizza—every night for dinner. His mother lets Josh play as much as he wants to and study only when he feels like it, and she imposes no fixed bedtime. Josh's mom is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian
parent. 219 Bernard brought home his report card and placed it on the television set. Bernard told his dad that he was required to take the card back to school tomorrow with the signature of one of his parents. Bernard's dad told him to move out of the way, as he could not see the television set. The next morning, Bernard found his report card where he had left it the previous day and it was unsigned. He signed his dad's name and put it in his backpack. Bernard's dad is most likely a(n) A) authoritarian parent. 220 Misha was sent to his room for hitting his baby sister. Later, his mother talks to him about why he cannot treat his sister this way and about other, more acceptable ways for him to express his anger. Which parenting style does this exemplify?
221 In which parenting style do parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior?
222 Which parenting style could lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children? A) authoritarian parenting 223 Which parenting style leads to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children?
224 Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being accepting and responsive? A) authoritarian parenting 225 In the context of Diana Baumrind’s parenting styles, which of the following is a characteristic of parents following an indulgent parenting style? A) They let their children do what they want. 226 Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but also rejecting and unresponsive? A) authoritarian parenting 227 Which parenting style is demanding and controlling while also being rejecting and unresponsive? A) authoritarian parenting 228 Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but is also accepting and responsive? A) authoritarian parenting 229 Research conducted by Ruth Chao suggests that A)
the high control of Asian parents is best conceptualized as "training" and is distinct from the domineering control characteristic of an authoritarian style of parenting. 230 According to most child psychologists, which of the following is an effective way of handling a child's misbehavior? A) mild spanking that would not hurt the child 231 Four-year-old Becky has just hit her sister again. According to most developmental psychologists, Becky's mother should A) spank Becky; she is too young to understand reasoning. 232 Which of the following is true about the controversy over the effects of punishment on children's development?
233 Tom and Katie have recently split up, but for the benefit of their child, they attempt to provide one another support in jointly raising their child. This is an example of A) joint parenting. 234 The public and many professionals use the term child abuse to refer to both abuse and neglect; developmentalists, however, increasingly use the term
235 Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitute A) verbal
abuse. 236 In the context of child maltreatment, which of the following would most likely constitute child neglect? A) beating a child 237 Damian's parents fail to provide for his basic needs; he is often unfed and dirty when he gets to school. This constitutes A) physical abuse. 238 Nine-year-old Tadako's uncle has been taking pictures of her naked body and selling them on the Internet. This constitutes A) verbal abuse. 239 In 2018, what percentage of maltreated children were physically abused? A) 11 percent
240 Eight-year-old Sara's mom has repeatedly called her fat and worthless, which has caused Sara to become withdrawn at home and in school. These actions are best characterized as A) child neglect. 241 Which of the following is true about childhood maltreatment? A) Two-thirds of parents who are
abused go on to abuse their own children. 242 Laurie Kramer, who has conducted a number of research studies on siblings, says that A) it is best to not intervene
in sibling conflict and to allow the siblings to work it out on their own. 243 Which of the following is true of the characteristics of sibling relationships as described by Judy Dunn? A) There is no observable variation in sibling relationships. 244 In the context of birth order, research indicates that firstborn children are _____ than later-born children. A) more
rebellious 245 Why do many researchers think that birth-order influences on child development have been emphasized too strongly? A) There are no clear patterns of birth-order influences on personality. 246 Which of the following is true of how parents' work affects the development of their children? A) The nature of parents’ work has more influence on children’s development than whether a parent works outside the home. 247 In the context of working parents, a consistent finding is that in contrast to children whose mothers are not employed outside the home, children of working mothers A) have
more egalitarian views of gender. 248 Maribel works as a housekeeper at a hotel. She has no autonomy in her work, works long hours, and feels quite stressed by her job. Kim is a lawyer who works long hours but has control over her work and a great office environment. Ann Crouter would say that A) Kim's children are likely to experience less
effective parenting than Maribel's children. 249 Which of the following is true of children in divorced families? A) Most children in divorced families have a harder time adjusting than
those from nondivorced families. 250 Bernice is raised by two lesbian mothers, whereas Jessica is raised by a heterosexual couple. According to research, in the absence of other factors it is most likely that A) Bernice is more popular than Jessica, whereas Jessica is more psychologically adjusted than Bernice. 251 The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families A) are also homosexual. 252 In contrast withlower-socioeconomic status parents, higher-socioeconomic status parents
253 Which of the following is the essence of the "deficit model" in the study of ethnic differences in parenting and child development? A) Children and adolescents in ethnic minority groups have been inherently challenged and overwhelmed by stressors. 254 All of the following factors determine whether and how ethnic minority families deal with stress, EXCEPT A) the parents' immigration status. 255 Which of the following is most likely a function performed bya child's peer group that would bedifficult for a sibling to perform? A) having a same-sex friend 256 Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because A) it helps a child master anxieties and conflicts. 257 Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because A) it helps children release tension. 258 Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play? A) Play is important for developing motor skills and coordination. 259 _____ play, which can be engaged in throughout life, involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports. A) Pretense 260 In the context of the types of children’s play, identify a true statement about practice play. A) Practice play primarily involves social interactions with peers. 261 In the context of the types of children’s play, identify a true statement about pretense play.
262 In the context of the types of children’s play, the play in which infants engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions in the second quarter of the first year of life is known as A) practice play. 263 In the context of the types of children’s play, which of the following is a form of play that occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution?
264 In the context of the types of children’s play, which of the following is most likely a characteristic of constructive play? A) It involves deriving pleasure from exercising sensorimotor schemes. 265 Which of the following refers to activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals? A) symbolic play 266 A meta-analysis of studies in 14 countries (Mares & Pan, 2013) found that children's shows such as Sesame Street
What did Vygotsky believe about language?Vygotsky believed that language develops from social interactions, for communication purposes. Vygotsky viewed language as man's greatest tool, a means for communicating with the outside world.
Which of the following is among the criticisms of Vygotsky's theory quizlet?Criticism of Vygotsky's Theory: -Not specific enough about age-related changes. -Did not adequately describe how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development. -Overemphasized role of language in thinking.
Which of the following would Lev Vygotsky have discussed?Which of the following would Lev Vygotsky have discussed as a limitation of the work of Piaget in regard to children's cognitive development? He did not take into consideration the impact of social environment on cognitive development. The Albertsons establish and enforce rules for their children to follow.
Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive?Which of the following is true of Lev Vygotsky's view of cognitive development? A child gains knowledge of the world by interacting socially and collaboratively with parents, teachers, and other members of the community.
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