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Chapter 1, 3, & 4 Terms in this set (256)1) The cures Mesmer effected in his psychiatric patients were attributed at the time to which of the following (select all that apply): The trancelike state induced in his patients The realignment of magnetic fluids through Mesmer's own powerful magnetic force The suggestion that the patient's ailments would disappear 1) A common belief is that a mental illness implies that an individual has which of the following? a disease 1) An important player in the cognitive revolution of the 1970's was Albert Bandura, a clinical psychologist trained in behaviorism. Bandura 1) The ancient treatment of trephination involved drilling holes in the __________ of the person displaying abnormal behavior in order to allow the spirits to depart. skull The early laws regarding confinement of the mentally ill Europe were which of the following? (Select all that apply). Concerned with the protection of the public Concerned with protection of the ill person's relatives All of the following signify abnormal behavior EXCEPT: not distressing to the individual True or False: In popular culture there are NOT many words to describe abnormal behavior. False Cultural norms play a heavy role in defining ________ behavior. abnormal _______ have strong norms for what is acceptable behavior for men versus women. Cultures Constantly thinking that you are Satan and that you should be punished makes it almost impossible to go to school or have a job. This is an example of which of the four D's of abnormality? Dysfunction According to _______ theories, abnormal behavior is a result of traumas, such as bereavement of chronic stress. Psychological Historians believe that prehistoric people had a concept of insanity rooted in which of the following? Supernatural beliefs In Viking times, Birger started acting irrationally, claiming to hear voices and have visions. What would have been the most likely course of action to cure him? A shaman or healer would have been called in to perform an exorcism Which of the following statements are true about the ancient Chinese concept of yin and yang? (Select all that apply). The human body contained a positive force (yang) If yin and yang were in balance, the individual was healthy The human body contained a negative force (yin) Which of the following statements about the early Greeks and Romans are true? (Select all that apply) Most Greek and Roman citizens saw abnormal behavior as an affliction from the gods. Plato and Socrates said that some forms of abnormal behavior were divine and that the persons afflicted could have prophetic gifts Physicians rejected supernatural explanations of abnormal behavior Hippocrates theorized that mental illness was caused by an imbalance of four fluids called _______. Humors Which of the following statements are TRUE about how abnormal behaviors were viewed in the Middle Ages? (Select all that apply). Severe emotional shock and physical illnesses were most often seen as the cause of abnormal behaviors It was a time of backward thinking dominated by an obsession with supernatural forces While laypeople probably did believe in demons and curses as causes of abnormal behavior, physicians and government officials did not. Beginning in the 11th century, abnormality began to be seen as caused by which of the following? Both witchcraft and Satanism Johann Weyer believed that those accused of being witches were suffering from ________. melancholy and senility Teresa of Avila used the term "Comas enfermas" to describe the behavior she witnessed in nuns. This term means the nuns were acting ________. "as if sick" Psychic ________ are the phenomena in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin. epidemics The conditions patients were exposed to at most of the early asylums could be described as which of the following?
deplorable The mental _______ movement took the view that people developed psychological problems because they had become separated from nature. hygiene Philippe _______ believed that many forms of abnormality could be cured by restoring patients' dignity and tranquility. Pinel Which of the following steps did Pinel take in his treatment of patients? ( Select all that apply) He provided comfortable sleeping quarters He provided patients with clean and sunny rooms He ordered that patients be allowed to walk freely around the asylum William Tuke's asylum focused on restoring which of the following in patients? Self- restraint Which of the following are the three theories of treatment of abnormal behavior that advanced greatly in the early 20th century? Psychological theory, biological theory, & social theory Basic knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, neurology, and chemistry of the body led to an increasing focus on the ________ causes of abnormality. biological Franz Anton ______, an Austrian physician, is credited as the originator of psychoanalytic theory. Mesmer Mesmer's methods were known by what name? Mesmerism Freud collaborated with Josef _______ on the 1893 paper that would prove to be the foundation stone in the development of psychoanalysis. Breuer Ivan P. Pavlov, a Russian neurophysiologist, developed a process known as which of the following? Classical conditioning Pavlov's discoveries inspired which of the following people to study important human behaviors such as phobias? John B. Watson The idea that behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to be repeated was proposed by which of the following teams? Thorndike and Skinner Cognitive therapy, which focused on the irrational thoughts of people with psychological problems, was developed by Aaron ______. Beck The psychologist who argued that people prone to psychological disorders are plagued by irrational negative assumptions about themselves and the world was which of the following people? Albert Ellis Important breakthroughs in drug treatments for some of the major forms of abnormality were made at which time? In the mid- twentieth century As advocated by the patients' rights movement, which of the following processed aimed to integrate mental patients into the community? Deinstitutionalization The movement that was launched in 1963 by President John Kennedy was called which of the following? Community mental health movement After deinstitutionalization, which of the following community-based programs were instituted? (Select all that apply). Community mental health centers Day treatment centers Halfway houses Which of the following mental health experts has an MD degree? Psychiatrists A PsyD differs from a PhD in psychology in what way? A PsyD emphasizes clinical training more than research training Which type of therapist helps couples and children overcome problems that are interfering with their well-being? Marriage and family therapist Clinical social workers focus on helping people with psychological problems do which of the following? Overcome social conditions contributing to their problems Licensed mental health counselors have graduate training in which of the following? Counseling Mesmerism was later known as _________. hypnosis Cognitions are which of the following? (Select all that apply). Thought processes that influence behaviors and emotion Internal thought processes that mediate the relationship between stimulus and response True or false: An advantage of understanding cultural relativism is that it advocates for imposing one's own cultural understanding of what is considered normal and abnormal over someone else's. False An alternative to the hypothesis that trephination was used to drive evil spirits away was that it was used for which of the following reasons? As a means of removing blood clots and for other medical purposes Mesmer focused on the treatment of which type of psychological disorders? Hysterical disorders The goals of managed care are which of the following? (Select all that apply). To coordinate services for an existing medical problem To prevent future medical problems In what ways does managed care address some of the problems of deinstitutionalization? By helping patients to find appropriate care By helping to coordinate care offered by other providers By ensuring that patients have access to appropriate care Currently, mental disorders are viewed as a collection of problems in which of the following areas? (select all that apply) Social behavior Thinking Emotional responding CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODS ... Which of the following describes the threshold approach to research in abnormal psychology? Studies focus on people with disorders of various severities or on comparisons of people with diagnosed disorders. A basic series of steps designed to obtain and evaluate information relevant to a problem in a systematic way is often called the ______________. scientific method The prediction that there is no relationship between the phenomena being studied is called the ____________. null hypothesis A(n) ___________ is a factor or characteristic that can change within an individual or between individuals. variable All colleges and universities have ___________ participants committees to ensure that in studies with people, the benefits of the study substantially outweigh any risks to the participants have been minimized. human Which of the following describes the continuum approach to research in abnormal psychology? studies focus on people with symptoms that range in severity from the everyday to the highly impairing and likely to meet criteria for a disorder Children or adults with mental impairments participating in a research study must be able to understand the risks of a study. If they do NOT, which of the following must make the judgement about their participation in the study? Responsible adults Guardians Parents Which of the following are steps in the scientific method? (Select ALL that apply.) 1) Select and DEFINE the problem. 2)Formulate a hypothesis. 3)Document the RESULTS in a research report. In research, results often support the _______ instead of the researcher's primary testable prediction. null hypothesis Participants in research should EXPECT __________. their IDENTITY to be held in STRICT confidence Because they can change over time, weight, mood, and attitudes are ALL known as ____________. variables In the famous Milgram study on obedience, participants were "strongly urged" to continue even when distressed over the procedure. Which participant right was VIOLATED by this treatment? Right to WITHDRAW Colleges and universities must have human participant committees that evaluate the ETHICALITY of the research. Which of the following are some of the common names applied to such committees? (Select ALL that apply.) Ethics committee Human subjects committee Institutional review board Miranda participated in a research study in which the researchers DID NOT obtain a written agreement for her participation. Which of Miranda's rights of participation were VIOLATED? Right to INFORMED CONSENT When participating in research, participants _________. must be able to understand the NATURE of the research ____________ studies are detailed histories of individuals who have some form of psychological disorder. They have been used for centuries as a way to understand the experiences of individuals and make general inferences about the sources of the psychopathology. Case Marianne participated in a research study at her college. Her results were so unique that the researcher shared her information with his colleagues. Which basic right of research participation did this VIOLATE? Confidentiality Which of the following are ADVANTAGES of doing a case study? Select ALL that apply. Captures the uniqueness of the individual Invaluable in generating new ideas May be the only way to study rare problems Martin was a student in General Psychology. A requirement for the course was to participate in two graduate student or faculty research studies. Martin elected not to do so and received a deduction in his grade. Which participant right was violated? Right to REFUSE If you want to study the relationship between two or more variables that researchers CANNOT experimentally manipulate, which of the following research methods would be the BEST to use? Correlational study Usually, consent to participate in a research study is __________. documented in writing A _________ variable is measured along a continuum. continuous The effects of strokes, brain injuries, and unique situations that occur to a single person are best studied using ________. a case study Correlation scores ranges from ______ to _______. -1, +1 A researcher finds that when a person scores high on the common depression assessment tools, he tends to rate his self-esteem as being lower. This is an example of: negative correlation No other type of research captures the uniqueness of an individual as much as the _____ study. case A correlation of +1.00 or -1.00 indicates ______ correlation. a perfect __________ studies look at the relationship between two variables without manipulating either of them. Correlational The ________ of a result is an index of how likely the result occurred simply by chance. statistical significance A variable that is measured along a continuum is called ________ variable. continuous Both larger _______ and larger sample sizes increase the likelihood of correlations achieving statistical significance. correlations A(n) _______ is a statistic used to represent the relationship between variables. correlation coefficient Roger has found that there is a generational relationship with depression. If one parent has clinical depression, the chances a child will have it are higher than in families where depression is NOT present in either parent. From this, he can state _________. that though related, this connection does NOT show a casual link A researcher is looking at the connection between class attendance and performance on various assessment tools (exams, quizzes, in-class assignments). He finds that the more students attend class, the better they tend to do when they are assessed. This is an example of: positive correlation The _____ of a correlation is the degree to which the variables move in tandem with each other. magnitude The index of how likely a result occurred simply by chance is called _________. statistical significance A(n) ________ is a group of people selected from the ________ that the researcher wants to study. sample; population Which of the following factors increase the likelihood of achieving statistical significance? Larger correlations Larger sample sizes A representative sample is similar to the population of interest in terms of which of the following common characteristics? Age Ethnicity Sex Just because there is a strong correlation between two or more variables, we CANNOT say ________. one variable causes the other The extent to which a study's results can be generalized to real-life phenomena is known as which of the following? External validity Which of the following demonstrate advantages of longitudinal studies over cross-sectional studies? (Select all that apply.) Researchers can DETERMINE whether there are differences between the groups before the crucial event occurs. Researchers can follow groups long enough to assess both short- term and long-term reactions to the event. A(n) _________ is a group of people selected from the population that the researcher wants to study. sample __________ is the study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population. Epidemiology A _____ sample is a sample that is highly similar to the population of interest in terms of sex, ethnicity, age, and other important aspects. representative The _____ of a disorder is the proportion of the population that has the disorder at a given point or period in time. prevalence __________ validity is the extent to which a study's results can be generalized to real-life phenomena. External The number of new cases that develop during a specified period of time is called ________. incidence In _________ correlational studies, researchers can determine whether there are differences between the groups before the critical event occurs. longitudinal Information gathered from epidemiological studies ______. (Select ALL that apply.) Can be used to test hypotheses about why people are at higher risk Can give us important clues as to who is at highest risk for a disorder The study of the frequency and distribution of a disorder, or a group of disorders, in a population is called _______. epidemiology *Dr. Edgarson is studying the effects of alcohol on reaction time. To do this, she needs a place where she can give her participants a specific dose of alcohol, allow time for the alcohol to be metabolized, and then have a computer set up with a program to test for their reaction time. What type of study is she conducting? Experimental In ________ studies, researchers attempt to control the independent variable and any potentially problematic third variables rather than simply observing them as they occur naturally. experimental What type of study creates situations that capture key characteristics of real-world events? human laboratory study When researchers want to ensure that their study demonstrates that changes in the dependent variable can confidently be attributed to manipulation of the independent variable and not other factors, then the study has high ___________. internal validity During a recent outbreak of the flu, the ________ was found to be 450 cases during the month of January. incidence Epidemiological studies have provided valuable information on which of the following factors? (Select ALL that apply.) Prevalence Risk factors Incidence The condition in which participants have all the same experiences as the treatment group(s) EXCEPT they DO NOT receive the treatment is called a(n) ____________. control group Hermione recently participated in a psychological study in which the researchers were interested in the effects of alcohol on reaction time. The study was most likely a ___________. human laboratory study ________ assignment occurs when each participant has an equal chance of being selected to be in the experimental group or the control group. Random
Dr. Anders conducted an experiment in which he determined that the amount of alcohol consumed affected lecture note-taking ability. Dr. Anders gave each group a different amount of alcohol and nothing else. A student correctly pointed out that Dr. Anders did NOT control for amount of liquid consumed and that this may have, indeed, caused the observed results. Dr. Anders' study had low _________. internal validity Mathieu participated in a study in which he received a vitamin supplement and then had to lift increasingly heavier weights. He correctly guessed that the vitamin supplement was to enable him to lift greater weights, so he tried harder to do so. This situation demonstrated the presence of _________. demand characteristics You sign up to work on an experiment to get some experience, and the study you're working on looks at the effect of caffeine on memory. Your job is to give participants a mixture of orange juice and caffeine that has been premixed by another researcher. You don't know how many milligrams of caffeine have been added to the orange juice . When you ask the lead researcher about this, she says that she does not want you to inadvertently influence the participant's performance. This is an example of a _________ experiment. double -blind In human laboratory studies, the control group has all the same experiences as the _____________ group EXCEPT they DO NOT receive the same manipulation. experimental In a human laboratory study, researchers have more control over which of the following? (Select ALL that apply.) :The dependent variable The third variable The independent variable In ________ studies, researchers attempt to control the independent variable and any potentially problematic third variables rather than simply observing them as they occur naturally. experimental Suliat participated in a study on the effects of stress on test taking. She was selected to be in the treatment group when her name was picked from a huge bowl of names of all available participants. This type of assignment is called ________ assignment. random Experimental studies designed to test whether a specific therapy reduces psychopathology in individuals who receive it are called _________. therapy outcome studies __________ occur when situations arise that cause participants to guess the purpose of the study and change their behavior as a result. demand characteristics Participants who do not receive the experimental therapy but are tracked for the same period of time as the participants who do receive the therapy are called the _______________. simple control group Because a researcher who comes in contact with participants might inadvertently influence their behavior in a treatment -based experiment, _______ studies are often used to prevent this. double-blind The primary advantage of a human laboratory study is ____________. control 1) Dr. Gillund is researching the effectiveness of a new medication for the treatment of depression . He has two groups - one receives the medication and the other group receives a similar tablet made of cornstarch and a slight bittering agent. After two months, he evaluates the levels of depression in each group and finds that the participants in the medication group showed improvement, whereas those in the other group did not. The group that received the cornstarch tablet was a(n) __________. placebo control group When doing therapy outcome studies, we are most likely testing the ___________. effectiveness of treatments When the same person serves as both the subject and control in a study, researchers are using a ________. single -case experimental Participants in a study who DO NOT receive the therapy but then are placed on a list to receive the intervention at a later date after completion of the study are part of a(n) ___________ group. wait list control The ABAB design in a single-case experiment is also known as the ________ design. reversal A placebo control group is often used in studies of the effectiveness of __________. drugs ________ studies provide researchers with even more control over laboratory conditions than is possible in _________ studies. Animal; human laboratory Which of the following are types of genetic studies? (select ALL that apply.) Adoption studies Twin studies Molecular genetic studies Linkage analysis True or false: A single-case design experiment exposes the individual to some manipulation or intervention. True A ______ history study demonstrates that genetically transmitted disorders show up more often in families of people who have the disorder than in families who do not have the disorder. family 1) Denada was in a study that looked at the effect of a drug on weight loss. Denada did not receive the active weight loss ingredient but was placed on a list to receive it after the study was completed. Denada was in a(n) control group. wait list _______ twins shares 100% of their genes, whereas ________ twins share 50% of their genes. Monozygotic; dizygotic The single -case experimental design in which an intervention is introduced, withdrawn, and then reinstated and the behavior of the participant is examined both on and off the treatment is ________. the ABAB design _________ studies have capitalized on the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Twin Which of the following are reasons why researchers use animals instead of humans? Exposing animals to conditions that would not be ethical to impose on humans Better control over laboratory conditions Better control over third variables In an adoption study, if a disorder is strongly influenced by environment, then investigators should see ____________. higher rates of the disorder among the adoptive relatives Family history studies, twin studies, and adoption studies are all types of _________. genetic studies Which type of study attempts to locate links between genes to assess risk for mental illness? Linkage analysis A ________ twin is an identical twin, whereas a dizygotic twin is not. monozygotic Researchers who are investigating the similarities and difference across culture in the nature, causes, and treatment of psychopathology are engaging in ________ - cultural research. cross Between whom do we expect to see the highest concordance rates in genetic testing? Monozygotic (identical) twins What type of analysis is helpful in determining what the overall trend in several studies indicates? Meta- analysis In which of the following ways can an adoption study be carried out? (select ALL that apply.) Determine the rates of the disorder in the adoptive relatives of the adoptees who have the disorder of interest Identify a person who has a disorder of interest Determine the rates of the disorder in the biological relatives of the adoptees who have the disorder of interest Which of the following are problems with a meta-analysis? (Select ALL that apply.) Flawed studies are often included along with stronger studies, influencing the overall results Studies that DO NOT support the hypothesis are less likely to get published There is the file drawer effect ______ studies are used to investigate the connection between genes and behavioral disorders. Molecular genetic What type of research attempt to understand similarities and differences related to psychopathology across cultures? Cross-cultural research ________ is a statistical technique for summarizing results across several studies. Meta-analysis An advantage of a meta-analysis is that _________. It can pool the data of many studies with small samples to provide more power CHAPTER 3 : Diagnosis: ... Like all aspects of abnormal psychology, assessment and diagnosis exist along a ____________________ wherein some behaviors are diagnosed as normal and others are diagnosed as abnormal. CONTINUUM A procedure in which a clinician provides a formal evaluation of an individual's cognitive, personality, and psychosocial functioning is referred to as which of the following? ASSESSMENT The accuracy of a test in assessing what it is supposed to measure is called its __________________. VALIDITY A test is said to have __________________ validity when, on face value, the items seem to measure what the test is intended to measure. FACE Michael's doctor decided to give him a test for depression. Michael noticed that the questions only asked about physical symptoms. There were no questions about cognitive or emotional symptoms. This test probably lacked what type of validity? CONTENT VALIDITY An assessment designed to understand symptoms along a continuum would ask which of the following questions? TO WHAT EXTENT OR DEGREE DOES THIS SYMPTOM OCCUR? ___________________ is the process of gathering information about people's symptoms and the possible causes of these symptoms. ASSESSMENT ________________ validity is the extent to which a test yields the same results as other, established measures of the same behavior, thoughts. or feelings. CONCURRENT The concept of validity of a psychological test refers to which of the following ideas? A TEST MEASURES WHAT IT WAS DESIGNED TO MEASURE Kanisha took the SATs and averaged about 720 on each part. She went to an Ivy League school and did very well. The SATs had what type of validity? PREDICTIVE When Jermain was answering a questionnaire, he noticed that all the questions concerned an unhappy mood, apathy, loss of appetite, and sleep. He concluded that the questionnaire was probably about depression. This questionnaire is said to have what kind of validity? FACE A client takes an MMPI-2 test in January and then takes the same test again in March. The scores each time are quite similar. This illustrates what CONCEPT? RELIABILITY ____________________ validity is the extent to which a test assesses all the important aspects of a phenomenon that it purports to measure. CONTENT Test- ___________________ reliability describes how consistent the results of a test are over time. RETEST Hermione took the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. She got an IQ of 125 and 123, respectively. Both tests have what type of validity? CONCURRENNT A test has _________________ validity if it is good at predicting how a person will think, act, or feel in the future. PREDICTIVE The ________________ of a test indicates the consistency of the scores it produces. RELIABILITY When people's answers to different forms of a test are similar, the tests are said to have _________________ form reliability. ALTERNATE Marge was found to have about the same level of depression based on an assessment she completed in February and again in November. The test was likely a good example of what type of reliability? TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY ____________________ reliability is the type of reliability in which there is similarity in people's answers among different parts of the same test. INTERNAL One important way to improve both validity and reliability is to ________________ the administration and interpretation of tests. STANDARDIZE Cranshaw took the Mummified Depression Scale Form A and received a score of 43. Six months later, he took Form B of the scale and received a score of 44. The test apparently was a good example of what type of reliability? ALTERNATE FORM When there is similarity in people's answers among different parts of the same test, the test is said to be a good example of what type of reliability? INTERNAL Which of the following are components of the mental status exam? (Choose all that apply.) OBSERVATION OF THE INDIVIDUALS' INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING STUDY OF THE INDIVIDUALS'S THOUGHT PROCESSES ASSESSMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL'S APPEARANCE AND BEHAVIOR OBSERVATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL'S MOOD AND AFFECT In order to quickly assess a person's symptoms, a clinician or
researcher may want to use which of the following? SYMPTOM QUESTIONNAIRE Marissa is a clinician-in-training who is administering intelligence tests. Her supervisor reminds her that it is crucial that she follow the exact instructions in the administration and scoring of the test each time she administers it. To what important concept is the supervisor referring? STANDARDIZATION Shannon has been asked to complete a self-report test that is designed to assess her thoughts, behaviors, and emotions. This is most likely which type of test? PERSONALITY INVENTORY ________________ is the abbreviation for the most widely used personality inventory in professional clinical assessments. MMPI When people's answers to different forms of a test are similar, the tests are said to have ___________ form reliability. ALTERNATE Criticisms of the MMPI include which of the following? (Choose all that apply.) THE NORMS ARE NOT CULTURALLY DIVERSE THE TRANSLATED VERSIONS ARE NOT COMPARABLE TO THE ENGLISH VERSION The assessment process typically begins with which of the following? CLINICAL INTERVIEW Which of the following are features of behavioral assessment? (Choose all that apply.) ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES ARE NOTED ACTIONS ARE RECORDED A symptom ______________ is used when clinicians or researchers want a quick way to determine a person's symptoms. QUESTIONNAIRE Which of the following are disadvantages of behavioral observation? (Choose all that apply.) DIFFERENT OBSERVERS MAY DRAW DIFFERENT CONCLUSIONS IT MAY ALTER PEOPLE'S BEHAVIOR WHEN THEY KNOW THEY ARE BEING WATCHED AN INDIVIDUAL MAY MISS THE DETAILS OF AN INTERPERSONAL INTERACTION The purpose of personality testing is which of the following? TO UNDERSTAND A PERSON'S THOUGHTS, BEHAVIORS, & EMOTIONS A(n) ____________________ test can be used to get a sense of an individual's intellectual strengths and weaknesses. INTELLIGENCE Which of the following are components of the MMPI? (Choose all that apply.) SENTENCES ABOUT PHYSICAL CONDITIONS SENTENCES DESCRIBING MORAL & SOCIAL ATTITUDES "TRUE", "FALSE", OR "CAN'T SAY" QUESTIONS Which of the following statements are true? (Choose all that apply.) IQ TESTS MEASURE AN INDIVIDUAL'S SCORE W/ THE PERFORMANCE OF OTHER INDIVIDUALS IN THE SAME AGE GROUP AN AVERAGE PERSON'S IQ IS 100 Which of the following is a major criticism of the MMPI? IT DOES NOT REFLECT VARIATIONS ACROSS CULTURES, AGE GROUPS, OR SOCIAL CLASSES Intelligence tests are considered controversial because of which of the following reasons? (Choose all that apply.) THEY ARE BIASED IN FAVOR OF FORMS OF REASONING FAVORED BY EUROPEAN AMERICANS THERE IS LITTLE CONSENSUS ON WHAT IS MEANT BY INTELLIGENCE THEY DO NOT ASSESS TALENT OR SKILLS SUCH AS ARTISTIC ABILITY The term ________________ observation refers to clinicians looking at a person's specific behaviors and what precedes and follows these behaviors. BEHAVIORAL Paper-and-pencil __________________ tests may be useful in detecting specific cognitive deficits. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL Which of the following is an advantage of behavioral observation? IT DOES NOT RELY ON INDIVIDUALS REPORTING & INTERPRETING THEIR OWN BEHAVIORS The Bender-Gestalt Test assesses which of the following in an individual? SENSORIMOTOR SKILLS Which of the following best describe the uses of intelligence tests? THEY ASSIST IN DETERMINING FUTURE ACADEMIC SUCCESS THEY HELP DETERMINE A PERSON'S INTELLECTUAL STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES An IQ score of 100 is _______________. AVERAGE Clinicians use brain ___________ to search for differences in brain activity or structure between people with a psychological disorder and people with no disorder. IMAGING True or false: Some psychologists argue that success in life is as strongly influenced by talents not measured by intelligence tests as it is by intelligence. TRUE Neuropsychological tests are useful when a clinician suspects what type of impairment in a person? NEUROLOGICAL When a clinician wants images of structural damage to the brain, which of the following is used? CT SCAN A frequently used neuropsychological test is which of the following? BENDER- GESTALT TEST A researcher wants to be able to see what level of brain activity is occurring when a person is solving a puzzle. Most likely she would use which of the following techniques? PET The electroencephalogram (EEG) does which of the following? MEASURES ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE BRAIN Which of the following describes how brain imaging is used? TO SEARCH FOR DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN ACTIVITY OR STRUCTURE BETWEEN PEOPLE WITH A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER AND PEOPLE WITH NO DISORDER Josh will not provide accurate statements on a self-report inventory, so Josh's psychologist has decided to use a(n) _______________ test, in which the examiner asks the test-taker questions about an ambiguous item. PROJECTIVE In the Rorschach Inkblot Test, examiners are interested in what aspects of the respondents' answers? CONTENT & STYLE Which of the following is an enhanced X-ray procedure? COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) The Thematic Apperception test (TAT) is considered to be a _________________________ test. PROJECTIVE Which of the following about the SPECT scan, compared with the PET scan, is true? LESS ACCURATE According to the text, because much of the information a clinician needs must come directly from the person being assessed, _____ can be a formidable problem. RESISTANCE __________________________ tests are used to detect changes in the brain and nervous systems that reflect emotional and psychological changes. PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL What are some of the problems with children describing their emotions and behaviors? (Select all that apply.)
CHILDREN CANNOT DESCRIBE THEIR FEELINGS AS WELL AS ADULTS CAN CHILDREN MAY SHOW DISTRESS ONLY IN NONVERBAL BEHAVIORS CHILDREN MAY TALK ABOUT PHYSICAL ACHES & PAINS RATHER THAN EMOTIONAL PAIN WHEN DISTRESSED A technique in which a psychologist asks a client questions about ambiguous figures is called which of the following? PROJECTIVE Cultural biases can arise when people are speaking the same language but have different cultural _______________________. BACKGROUNDS The projective test that involves an examiner asking a respondent to discuss various cards containing symmetrical inkblots is known as the __________________ Inkblot Test. RORSCHACH People from other _________________ may often think and talk about their psychological symptoms differently than the psychologist. CULTURES In the Thematic Apperception Test, individuals are asked to make up a _____________________ about what is happening in each of a series of pictures. STORY Which of the following statements about a syndrome are true? (Select all that apply.) SEVERAL SYMPTOMS MAKE UP A SYNDROME NOT EVERYONE EXPERIENCES THE SAME SYMPTOMS OF A SYNDROME FOR A PARTICULAR DISORDER PEOPLE DIFFER IN WHICH OF THE SYMPTOMS OF A SYNDROME THEY EXPERIENCE MORE STRONGLY One of the greatest challenges to obtaining valid information from an individual can be which of the following? RESISTANCE TO PROVIDING INFORMATION The set of syndromes and the rules for determining if the symptoms are part of one of the syndromes is called which of the following? CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM Parents are often used as a resource when assessing children. Which of the following statements are problematic about this practice? (Select all that apply.) PARENTS PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR CHILDRENS WELL BEING CAN BE INFLUENCED BY THEIR OWN SYMPTOMS AND PERCEPTIONS PARENT AND CHILD MAY DISAGREE ON WHAT THE PROBLEM IS PARENTS ARE NOT ALWAYS ACCURATE IN THEIR ASSESSMENT OF THEIR CHILDREN'S FUNCTIONING THE PARENTS MAY BE THE SOURCE OF A CHILD'S PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS There is evidence that African Americans in the United States are over diagnosed as having symptoms of SCHIZOPHRENIA DSM stands for the __________________ and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DIAGNOSTIC Which of the following statements is true regarding assessment across cultures? PEOPLE FROM SOME CULTURES DESCRIBE THEIR SYMPTOMS EMOTIONALLY, WHEREAS OTHERS DISCUSS THEM PHYSICALLY
Which of the following were criticisms of the DSM-I and the DSM-II? THE RELIABILITY WAS LOW THE CRITERIA WERE VAGUE DESCRIPTIONS THE CRITERIA WERE HEAVILY INFLUENCED BY PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY A set of symptoms that tend to occur together is called which of the following? SYNDROME Which of the following were improvements from older editions that were made in the DSM-III and DSM-IV? THE CRITERIA FOR DISORDERS WERE SPECIFIC AND CONCRETE THE CRITERIA REFLECTED THE FACT THAT NOT ALL SYMPTOMS OF A DISORDER NEED TO BE PRESENT IN EVERY INDIVIDUAL A classification system is which of the following? THE SET OF SYNDROMES AND THE RULES FOR DETERMINING IF THE SYMPTOMS ARE PART OF ONE OF THE SYNDROMES Which of the following distinguish later editions of the DSM from the earlier editions? (Select all that apply.) THE CRITERIA FOR MOST DISORDERS REQUIRE THAT THE SYMPTOMS INTERFERE WITH OCCUPATIONAL AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING LATER EDITIONS SPECIFY HOW LONG A PERSON MUST SHOW SYMPTOMS IN ORDER TO BE GIVEN THE DIAGNOSIS THERE IS AN EMPHASIS ON THE LENGTH OF SYMPTOMS AND SEVERITY Which of the following are concerns regarding the DSM-5 classification system? (Select all that apply.) WHAT OF THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF SOME OF THE NEW DIAGNOSES? WHY WAS THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPING THE DSM-5 DISMISSIVE OF ALTERNATIVE POINTS OF VIEW? WHAT WAS THE EMPIRICAL JUSTIFICATION FOR INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION OF DISORDERS? Which of the following is the most widely used classification system in the United States? DSM ___________________ trials were conducted during the development of the DSM-IV to increase its reliability. FIELD The DSM-I and the DSM-II were which of the following? BASED ON PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Which of the following statements are true about the the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.) IT FULFILLS THE DESIRE OF RESEARCHERS TO HAVE SIMILAR DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS AROUND THE WORLD IT HAS BEEN BROUGHT IN LINE WITH THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES IT HAS MOVED AWAY FROM THE MULTIAXIAL SYSTEM The main problem with the earlier editions of the DSM was which of the following? LOW RELIABILITY OF THE DIAGNOSES The _____________________ of diagnoses can impede progress in research and treatment as researchers focus on understanding the causes of and treatments for the diagnosis rather than on the biological, psychological, and social problems that underlie the disorder. REIFICATION The setting of the threshold between what is considered normal and abnormal along the continuum is a _________________ judgment. SUBJECTIVE Which of the following perspectives did the DSM-5 attempt to incorporate? CONTINUUM OR DIMESIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON MENTAL DISORDERS When diagnostic criteria define where normality ends and psychopathology begins, this is called what kind of a diagnostic system? CATEGORICAL Which of the following is true of the reliability of DSM-5 diagnoses following further field trials? THE RELIABILITY OF DIAGNOSES REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED When people are diagnosed with more than one disorder, this is referred to as which of the following? COMORBIDITY A significant change in the multiaxial system of the DSM-5 compared to previous editions is which of the following? IT HAS MOVED AWAY FROM THE MULTI AXIAL SYSTEM Some argue that the DSM-5 guidelines do not go far enough in recognizing _______________ variation in what behaviors, thoughts, and feelings are considered healthy or unhealthy. CULTURAL Which of the following is the tendency to see a diagnosis as real and true, rather than a set of judgments about how symptoms tend to go together? REIFYING DIAGNOSES Which of the following is a problem with the continuum perspective of diagnosis as introduced in the DSM-5? IT IS EASIER FOR CLINICIANS TO THINK IN TERMS OF CATEGORIES THAN CONTINUUMS Prior to the DSM-5, many people met the criteria for more than one disorder due to which of the following? OVERLAP OF SYMPTOMS Which of the following did Szasz believe regarding the diagnosis of mental disorders? (Select all that apply.) PEOPLE WHO SEEM TO BE SUFFERING FROM THEM ARE OPPRESSED BY SOCIETY MENTAL DISORDERS ARE REALLY ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF BEHAVING & LOOKING AT THE WORLD THEY DO NOT REALLY EXIST Which of the following explains why addressing cultural issues is important in diagnosis? DIFFERENT CULTURES HAVE DIFFERENT WAYS OF CONCEPTUALIZING MENTAL DISORDERS In a study by David Rosenhan, colleagues had themselves admitted to different mental hospitals. On intake, they reported hearing voices. After being labeled as schizophrenic and admitted, they behaved normally. Which of the following results occurred? (Select all that apply.) UPON DISCHARGE, THE PSUEDOPATIENTS WERE GIVEN A DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA IN REMISSION THEY WERE NEVER DETECTED AS NORMAL BY THE HOSPITAL STAFF SOME OF THE OTHER PATIENTS IN THE HOSPITAL DETECTED THE PSUEDOPATIENTS' NORMALITY Which critic of psychiatry argued that biases inherent in determining mental illness render the entire system of diagnosis to be corrupt? THOMAS SZASZ In a study by which psychologist were colleagues admitted to hospitals with false symptoms to highlight the role of misdiagnosis? 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