Which of the following is not a primary reason why individuals leave and/or disidentify with groups?

chapter 9: group processes

week 4

entitativity

the degree to which a collection of people feels like a cohesive group.

the degree to which a group is cohesive

A group is cohesive when its members:

-Share a common bond as a result of interacting with and depending on each other.
-Share a common identity based on similar characteristics, goals, or challenges

uncertainty-identity theory

Share a common bond as a result of interacting with and depending on each other.
Share a common identity based on similar characteristics, goals, or challenges

social identity theory

Share a common bond as a result of interacting with and depending on each other.
Share a common identity based on similar characteristics, goals, or challenges

group identities are an important part of self-definition and a sense of self-esteem.

ingroup bias

a tendency to favor groups we belong to more than those we don't

why do people join and identify with groups?

-promoting survival and achieving goals
-reducing uncertainty
-boistering self-esteem
-managing mortality concerns

market pricing

_____ refers to the interactions that are based on the idea "I will wash your back if you wash mine."

According to the text, what is the role of group ceremonies and group-made products in the development of group members' beliefs?

both reinforce a group's beliefs from the earliest days of development

Your gender, ethnicity, religious or political affiliation are all examples of:

social categories

Belonging to groups reduces uncertainty because groups reinforce people's faith in their:

cultural worldview

Makita and Beline have recently organized a new environmental club on their college campus. If they want to maximize the effort that club members will put into the group and follow the group's mission statement, they should attempt to increase:

group entiativity

task group

These groups are ones in which members are working toward a common goal.

A line of people waiting to see a newly released movie is an example of a:

loose collective

Hogg's (2007) uncertainty-identity theory predicts that if you were made to feel uncertain of your future as a student, you would more likely feel interested in joining a:

high entitative student group.

true or false: People generally consider social category groups to be higher than loose association groups in entitativity.

true

The text suggests that the closeness that you might feel with your family, neighbors, or friends is because you:

have an innate desire to belong to groups

Two people who are working towards a common goal would form a:

task group

Which example is highest in entitativity?

an individual's group of college friends

If you have a romantic partner, you and this person would form a(n):

intimacy group

interest group

This type of group is a collection of people who have common interests, rather than an interest in each other.

Until the University of Missouri left the Big 12 Conference, one of the biggest college athletic rivalries was between the Missouri Tigers and the University of Kansas Jayhawks. When an athletic event took place between the Tigers and Jayhawks, school spirits at both universities soared as students proudly displayed their team's insignias and chanted their school anthems. According to information discussed in the chapter, this example illustrates how:

a shared threat or common challenge can contribute to the sense of a common identity.

Roncesvalles, a community in Toronto, Canada, is comprised of many families, restaurants, shops, parks, and neighborhood associations (e.g., Crime Watchers). Roncesvalles would be BEST described as a(n):

loose associations group

prisoner's dilemma

demonstrates how distrust escalates competition

A prisoner's dilemma is when two people must decide to cooperate or compete with one another, where the decision depends on how much one trusts one's partner.

resouce dillemmas

demonstrate how cooperation is essential to providing or maintaining valuable shared resources

distribution games

assess whether people distribute resources fairly or unfairly and others' reactions to those decisions

what signals trust and prosocial behaviors?

oxytocin

how do we response to unfairness?

negatively

a desire for fairness and cooperation is...

culturally widespread and likely evolved

social facilitation theory

The theory that the presence of others increases a person's dominant response—that is, the response that is most likely for that person for the task at hand.

social loafing

A tendency to exert less effort when performing as part of a collective or group than when performing as an individual.

deindividuation

A tendency to lose one's sense of individuality when in a group or crowd.

A _____ dilemma is one in which a valued resource can continue to exist only if everyone who used it contributes something to it.

public goods

When people feel they have the resources to meet the task at hand, they experience:

a challenge response

People who avoid paying taxes are considered in social dilemma terms as:

free riders

Social facilitation is the term used to describe the tendency for the presence of others to:

enhance or impair a person's performance

According to the text, solving a _____ dilemma requires cooperation of contributions so that the resource can be maintained.

public goods

Researchers who study responses to anxiety-provoking situations use a standard laboratory paradigm called the_____ Test, in which people give a speech and solve math problems with a panel of researchers evaluating them.

trier social stress

In the prisoner's dilemma, _____ is a competitive strategy in which people choose their self-interest and turn on their partner.

defection

tit-for-tat

a strategy that involves using the same strategy that one's partner used on the previous trial.

group polarization

the tendency for group discussion to shift group members toward an extreme position.

_____ may help account for especially egregious actions that people sometimes engage in during wars, riots, lynching, and incidents in which a crowd panics and people are trampled to death.

deindividuation

perceived dispensability

when people in a group socially loaf because they feel that their own efforts are not that important to the group outcome.

In a study by Latané and colleagues (1979), participants were asked to clap or cheer as loudly as they could either alone, in pairs, in a group of four, or in a group of six. The researchers found that the sound generated per person was highest when people were clapping and cheering _____ and lowest when they were clapping and cheering _____.

alone; in a group of six

People who are high in agreeableness tend to be more cooperative because they:

are considerate of others' needs and feelings

When people feel they do not have the resources to meet the task at hand, they experience:

a threat response

Within any given geographical region, people share resources. For example, people living in developed areas share roads, schools, libraries, parks, sidewalks, water, among many other valuable resources. The MOST effective way to resolve any public goods dilemmas concerning all these common resources is for:

the government to implement a tax system in which people pay a fair share of taxes.

If Sara is leading a group and wants maximum effort from everyone, she can capitalize on these effects by making her:

best performers believe that group success depends on their performance, and her lesser performers to perceive success is based on their performance.

If people who regularly bring their dogs to a public dog park and use the park's resources do not donate money to help with its costs, the park will shut down. This can lead to _____ dilemma among dog owners.

public goods

During a water shortage in California, many municipalities asked people to reduce their water usage by not watering their lawns and taking short showers. Although many people adhered to these requests, some people still watered lawns and took long showers because they felt that everyone else was doing the same. This example specifically illustrates a _____ dilemma.

commons

public goods dilemma

This resource dilemma involves making a decision on whether or not to contribute to a shared resource or to leave that responsibility to others.

In the prisoner's dilemma, both partners would fare best if they:

cooperate with each other and keep quiet

On a college campus, all of the fraternities have set up a competition of several activities that award a point to the winning team and zero points to the losing team. The team with the most points at the end wins the competition, gets a trophy, and a "free pass" from doing any work at the closing barbecue. The team with the fewest points must clean up after the dinner. One fraternity's members are likely to put in the most individual effort into the rope tug event when:

the players are friends and competing against their biggest rival.

The blood bank in Jasper's community is in desperate need of blood. Jasper is unsure whether or not he wants to donate blood because he hates needles and feels nauseous whenever one is used on him. Jasper's decision reflects a _____ dilemma.

social

Celine is asked to perform a difficult piano sonata. According to social facilitation, she would likely perform _____ in front of an audience versus alone if she is a(n) _____ pianist.

better; expert

Mariah has just experienced an increase in oxytocin and is about to participate in a trust game with a person who she regards as self-interested and conniving. Based on the research on oxytocin and trust, the oxytocin is likely to _____ Mariah's willingness to trust her playing partner.

not affect

group polarization

a tendency for group discussion to shift group members toward an extreme position

groupthink

A tendency toward flawed group decision making when group members are so intent on preserving group harmony that they fail to analyze a problem completely.

ways to improve decision making

Increasing group diversity, reinterpreting group cohesiveness, encouraging indivuality, planning to be objective

social dominance theory

The theory that large societies create hierarchies and that people tend to endorse beliefs that legitimatize that hierarchy.

Power distance

Variation in the extent to which members of a culture or an organization (especially those with less power) accept an unequal distribution of power.

Social justification theory

The theory that negative stereotypes get attached to groups partly because they help explain and justify why some individuals are more advantaged than others.

Complementary stereotypes

Both positive and negative stereotypes that are ascribed to a group as a way of justifying the status quo.

Relative deprivation theory

A theory which states that disadvantaged groups are less aware of and bothered by their lower status because of a tendency to compare their outcomes only with others who are similarly deprived.

Collective action

Efforts by groups to resist and change the status quo in the service of group goals.

Identity fusion

A profound feeling of oneness with a group and a perception that one's personal identity and group identity are essentially the same. It is a strong motivator of collective action.

What do effective leaders do?

Match their approach to the needs of their followers- can be charismatic, task oriented, or relationship oriented

How does paper affect people?

Makes them more approach oriented and less inhibited; people in power tend to have less empathy and can be elss generous to those in need. They also act less ethically, but only id doing so served themselves

How to hierarchies change as societies grow?

Work shift from basic divisions of labor to culturally defined rolls

Why do people leave and disidentify with groups?

Promoting survival, reucing uncertainty, boistering self-esteem, managing mortality concerns

Promoting survival

When people sense that belonging to a group increases the risk of being harmed or killed, they tend to break away from the group.

Reducing uncertainty

Subgroups may break away from a parent group when they see it as violating a core value that provides certainty.

Boistering self-esteem

When a group member cannot view the group positively, membership may decrease self-esteem, prompting the person to leave.

Managing mortality concerns

When a group no longer buffers mortality concerns by providing meaning and value, group members may disidentify, especially if they regard the group as temporary.

_____ are two psychological processes that can hinder groups from making good decisions.

Group polarization and groupthink

Research on income and charitable giving indicates that _____ income groups donate a _____ percentage of their income to charity than do high-income groups.

Low; higher

Which statement is true about the usefulness of people working in groups?

In many cases, groups do solve problems and make decisions more effectively than isolated individuals can.

Which statement is true about leadership types?

None of the leadership types are more effective than the others because leadership effectiveness depends on a match between leadership type and the situation.

Emily is on the curriculum committee for the university where she's a professor. She always regards herself as being a strong supporter of maintaining high educational standards in graduate programs. When she learns that some other committee members have stronger stances on the issue than she does, she takes an extreme position and advocates for a substantial rise in standards. The amplification in Emily's position is likely due to:

Social comparison processes

_____ theory holds that people have a general tendency to endorse beliefs that legitimatize a social hierarchy.

Social dominance

Which situation would NOT produce group polarization effects?

A committee has someone play the devil's advocate before they vote on a decision.

The characteristics that allow the average leader to be effective:

depend on the specific needs of the group members and the goals of the group.

When members of the same political party discuss their stance on an issue, they tend to take more extreme positions than they would individually. If a group of Democrats want to overcome this issue, they should include a _____ at their group discussions.

Republican or devil's advocate

Wilson is an office manager who strives to be the most effective leader possible. To accomplish this goal, Wilson should:

adapt his style to fit the particular demands of his office and the goals and expectations of his group of employees.

If an organization's board members are experiencing groupthink, they are NOT:

seeking outside criticism.

The members of a psychology student research journal were discussing the selection of students' academic papers for publication in their next issue. The junior committee members were less vocal than were the senior members in offering opinions regarding the quality of each submission. The junior members instead focused on conforming to the opinions of the senior members. In this instance, junior members' opinions were affected by:

Normative influence

Imagine that a group of researchers is running an experiment which asks participants to read a series of scenarios about people choosing between a risky alternative (e.g., taking a new job that pays a lot but may not last) and a conservative alternative (e.g., keeping a current reliable job that does not pay a lot). First, they decide which alternative they personally would choose. Next, they discuss the alternatives with a group of other participants and come to a joint decision about each alternative. The researchers are likely examining the phenomenon known today as:

Group polarization

When asked to characterize different kinds of "groups" of people, respondents consistently answered in terms of four different categories. These are:

intimacy groups, task groups, social categories, and loose associations.

Identify which factor increases entitativity.

common bonds

Bruce goes hunting with his friends. After the hunt, he brings home the catch to share it with his family and close friends. This best illustrates the concept of:

communal sharing

According to uncertainty identity theory, group norms and roles are to _____ as identifying with a group is to _____.

reducing uncertainty; bolstering self-esteem

Amy has a strong sense of pride toward her university. When she thinks of herself as a member of that university, it triggers positive feelings and emotions. She thinks very positively about herself due to her membership to this group. This example best illustrates _____ theory.

social identity

Matt describes his passion for his favorite football team as being "part of who I am," and he thinks that his football team is much better than other football teams. This example BEST illustrates which two concepts?

social identity theory and ingroup bias

Ken lives in California. Even though the state is experiencing an intense drought, he assumes that he can take a long shower because "using a little bit more water isn't going to do much harm." This best illustrates the:

commons dilemma.

Keith works in an office in which everyone shares a community coffee pot. Everyone agrees to take a turn in buying coffee for the month during the year. Keith drinks more than his fair share of coffee and never takes his turn buying coffee for the community. Keith is best described as a ____.

free rider

Jeff receives a boost in oxytocin levels while working with a group on solving a problem that requires trust. Based on research discussed in the text (Kosfeld et al., 2005), which of the following statements is MOST true?

Jeff will be more likely to trust others he is working with as long as social cues indicate they are reliable.

According to Triplett's study, the majority of kids were faster at reeling in the cord when _____ than when they were performing _____.

competing; alone

Martin is preparing to present his senior thesis to the class and his professors. Based on your knowledge of social evaluation and social facilitation, what should Martin do to BEST prepare for this presentation?

Martin should practice the presentation until it becomes automatic.

What occurs when an individual exerts less effort when performing as part of a group than when performing as an individual?

social loafing

Amy decides to take the summer off of work and backpack across Europe. Amy initially wanted to backpack across Europe as a reward for earning her Ph.D. However, she soon meets a group of people who similarly plan to backpack across Europe. These individuals want to do so for different reasons, such as to learn more about history, increase physical stamina, and celebrate life. Following conversations with these individuals, she is even more excited about backpacking in Europe. This best illustrates _____ as an explanation for group polarization.

persuasive arguments theory

Consider that after the president of a nation announces a policy position, any politician who challenges that position is harshly criticized, on social media and by the president directly. As a result, nearly all other politicians (especially those belonging to the president's party) profess support of the president, even though some privately have grave reservations. They keep their misgivings to themselves in order to promote an appearance of unity between the president and the rest of the nation's political leadership. This example best illustrates the concept of:

groupthink.

Mehryn is part of a committee charged with deciding whether or not tuition should be raised at her university for the next academic year. She is assigned by the committee to play the role of "devil's advocate," in which the pros and cons of other options are considered, even if they are not initially endorsed by the committee. This process is important to helping to increase _____ and reduce the pitfalls of _____.

group diversity; groupthink

Haley is a coach at a local high school. She encourages low-income student athletes to give back to their communities and "reach for the stars" through academics and sports. Haley is considered to be a _____ leader.

charismatic

Variation in the extent to which members of a culture or organization accept an unequal distribution of power is referred to as:

power distance.

Group efforts to resist and change the status quo in the service of group goals is known as:

collective action.

Sarah belongs to a group of social advocacy volunteers. She soon finds that most of the members of the group do not care about social justice issues as much as she does, and she forms an intense bond with three of the group members that do. Eventually, Sarah and these three group members decide to start their own, new social justice advocacy group. This example best illustrates what concept?

a schism

Uncertainty reduction theory is to schisms as terror management theory is to:

managing mortality concerns.

The need to survive, managing uncertainty, bolstering self-esteem, and managing mortality concerns all influence why people join groups, as well as:

why people leave groups.

chapter 10: understanding prejudice, stereotyping, and discimination

week 5

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's presumed membership in a particular group.

stereotypes

Overgeneralized beliefs about the traits and attributes of members of a particular group.

discrimination

Negative behavior toward an individual solely on the basis of that person's membership in a particular group.

realistic group conflict theory

A theory which asserts that the initial negative feelings between groups are often based on a real conflict or competition regarding scarce resources.

symbolic racism

A tendency to express negative biases held about a racial outgroup not at the group directly but at social policies seen as benefiting that group.

Judging individuals negatively based on the groups they belong to rather than who they actually are has caused significant societal harm. What is this called?

prejudice

According to social identity theory:

people can gain self-esteem if they think positively about their own group.

The belief that "men are insensitive" would be an example of which concept?

stereotyping

Research found that when reminded of their own mortality, Iranian college students expressed greater support for suicidal martyrdom against Americans. Which theory does this support?

terror management theory

According to Allport, prejudice results from hostility plus categorization. Therefore, if Dan, who is White, is mugged by a Black man, this incident is likely to make him feel more negatively toward Black people generally because:

the mugger's race is more salient, causing the mugger to become associated with Black people, as a group.

Which of Allport's three basic causes of prejudice relates to symbolic racism?

threat to one's worldview

Helga supports tough, punitive anti-crime policies that have been shown to discriminate against minority groups. She probably scores high on which characteristic?

symbolic racism

Raul was ruthlessly interrogated by a foreign government because of his country of origin. Which of the following reasons why social psychologists view prejudice negatively relates to this example?

Prejudice often leads to appalling acts of violence against innocent people.

Cecilia reported stronger feelings toward her countrymen after a terrorist attack within her country. Which theory would predict this phenomenon?

terror management theory

Refusing to serve a person food because of their ethnicity would be an example of which concept?

discrimination

right-wing authoritarian

An ideology which holds that the social world is inherently dangerous and that maintaining security requires upholding society's order and tradition. It predicts prejudice against groups seen as socially deviant or dangerous.

view the social world as dangerous.

are motivated to maintain collective security (societal order, cohesion, stability, tradition).

are prejudiced against groups that threaten to disrupt collective security because they appear dangerous or deviant.

social dominance orientation

An ideology in which the world is viewed as a ruthlessly competitive jungle where it is appropriate and right for powerful groups to dominate weaker ones.

are competitively driven to maintain the dominance of some groups over others.

are therefore prejudiced against groups that they perceive as lower in society's status hierarchy.

institutional discrimination

Unfair restrictions on opportunities for certain groups of people through institutional policies, structural power relations, and formal laws.

ambivalent racism

The influence on White Americans' racial attitudes by two clashing sets of values: a belief in individualism and a belief in egalitarianism.

aversive racism

Conflicting, often nonconscious, negative feelings about African Americans that Americans may have, even though most do in fact support principles of racial equality and do not knowingly discriminate.

implicit prejudice

Negative attitudes or affective reactions associated with an outgroup, for which the individual has little or no conscious awareness and which can be automatically activated in intergroup encounters.

The cluster of personality traits that includes uncritical acceptance of authority, preference for well-defined power arrangements in society, adherence to conventional values and moral codes, and black-and-white thinking is known as:

authoritarian personality

Which of the following is related to the conflicting ideals of individualism and egalitarianism?

ambivalent racism

Those who believe that some groups in society should have a higher social and economic status than others are likely:

high in social dominance orientation.

Juanita prefers to think about things in clear-cut ways and dislikes when issues are ambiguous. She is demonstrating a(n):

high need for structured knowledge

Which of the following concepts is related to bureaucratic forms of discrimination?

institutional discrimination

Shawn believes that the social world is inherently dangerous and unpredictable. Shawn is probably:

high in right-wing authoritarian

Tom sees a motorist stranded on the side of the road. According to research on aversive racism, he will be:

less likely to help a Black than a White motorist if he expects that other cars are likely to pass by who could also help the motorist.

Those high in right-wing authoritarianism tend to believe that:

society must uphold tradition and order to maintain security in the face of the dangers of the social world.

Marco dislikes feminists very much. He feels that they are deviating from old-fashioned values, which are the best way to live. Marco is likely:

high in right-wing authoritarianism.

John believes that "Once our government leaders and the authorities condemn the dangerous elements in our society, it will be the duty of every patriotic citizen to help stomp out the rot that is poisoning our country from within." He is likely:

high in right-wing authoritariansim

illusory correlation

A tendency to assume an association between two rare occurrences, such as being in a minority group and performing negative actions.

why do we apply stereotypes?

1. Stereotypes Are Cognitive Tools for Simplifying Everyday Life

2. Stereotypes Justify Prejudices

3. Stereotypes Help Justify Violence and Discrimination Against Outgroups

4. Stereotypes Justify the Status Quo

5. Stereotypes Are Self-Esteem Boosters

justification suppression model

The idea that people endorse and freely express stereotypes in part to justify their own negative affective reactions to outgroup members.

dehumanization

The tendency to hold stereotypic views of outgroup members as animals rather than humans.

infrahumanization

The perception that outgroup members lack qualities viewed as unique to human beings, such as language, rational intelligence, and complex social emotions.

sexual objectification

The tendency to think about women in a narrow way as objects rather than full humans, as if their physical appearance is all that matters.

objectification theory

A theory which proposes that the cultural value placed on women's appearance leads people to view women more as objects than as full human beings.

ambivalent sexism

The pairing of hostile beliefs about women with benevolent but patronizing beliefs about them.

outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency to view individuals in outgroups as more similar to each other than they really are.

shooter bias

The tendency to mistakenly see objects in the hands of Black men as guns.

ultimate attribution error

The tendency to believe that bad actions by outgroup members occur because of their internal dispositions and good actions by them occur because of the situation , while believing the reverse for ingroup members.

linguistic intergroup bias

A tendency to describe stereotypic behaviors (positive ingroup and negative outgroup) in abstract terms while describing counterstereotypic behaviors (negative ingroup and positive outgroup) in concrete terms.

Which theory explains how women are turned into objects through the focus on female physical appearance?

objectification theory

kernel of truth hypothesis

This suggests that stereotypes might be based in some truth, but only to a very limited degree, and that they should not be applied to every member of a group.

Recently, several high-profile cases have emerged where police officers (both Black and White) have shot and killed unarmed Black males. Which of the following concepts might explain this tragic occurrence?

shooter bias

social role theory

This suggests stereotypes might emerge from the roles and behaviors that societal pressures may impose on particular groups.

Juliet watches the news as a member of another race beats up innocent protesters. She will probably assume that person has anger or personality problems because of which phenomenon?

ultimate attribution error

Which of the following is an example of a communal trait?

emphathic

chapter 11: responding to and reducing prejudice

week 5

master status

The perception that a person will be seen only in terms of a stigmatizing attribute rather than as the total self.

stigma consciousness

The expectation of being perceived by other people, particularly those in the majority group, in terms of one's group membership.

person-group discrimination discrepancy

The tendency for people to estimate that they personally experience less discrimination than is faced by the average member of their group.

self-objectification

A phenomenon whereby intense cultural scrutiny of the female body leads many girls and women to view themselves as objects to be looked at and judged.

stereotype threat

The concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one's group either in one's own eyes or the eyes of someone else.

stereotype threat is strongest when

The stigmatized identity is made salient in the situation (e.g., being the only women in a high-level math class).

That identity is chronically salient, due to high stigma consciousness or high identification with the group.

The task is characterized as a diagnostic measure of an ability for which one's group is stereotyped as being inferior.

Individuals are led to believe that their performance is going to be compared with that of members of the group stereotyped as superior on the task.

Individuals are explicitly reminded of the stereotype.

disidentification

The process of disinvesting in any area in which one's group traditionally has been underrepresented or negatively stereotyped.

Arthur Ashe, the first Black male tennis champion stated, "Like many other Blacks, when I find myself in a new public situation, I will count. I always count. I count the number of Black and brown faces present, especially to see how many, if any, are employed by the hosts." This demonstrated his awareness of:

the master status

Beth, a teenage girl, is about to take an exam. Her performance on the exam is likely to be poorest if she wears:

very revealing clothing

target empowerment model

A model which suggests that targets of bias can employ strategies that deflect discrimination, as long as those methods aren't perceived as confrontational.

rejection identification theory

The idea that people can offset the negative consequences of being targeted by discrimination by feeling a strong sense of identification with their stigmatized group.

attributional ambiguity

A phenomenon whereby members of stigmatized groups often can be uncertain whether negative experiences are based on their own actions and abilities or are the result of prejudice.

According to the _____ theory, people need to view themselves as good and competent.

self-affirmation

techniques to counter the effects of stereotype threat

reappraisal of anxiety

identification with role models

self-affirmation

Mark is having a casual discussion with some of his friends. They are on the topic of religion and one of his friends makes a stereotypical remark regarding Muslims. Mark believes that the comment is not only offensive, but is also highly inappropriate. Even so, he does not say anything to his friend. Which of the following does this exhibit?

the do-nothing effect

Chris has been married for six years and he and his wife have two daughters. Chris has always had sexual feelings for other men but has never truly expressed himself. He often feels like he is not really being himself and is unhappy in his marital relationship. Chris is MOST likely engaging in:

concealment

In the context of attributional ambiguity, which of the following people would be MOST likely to experience LOWER self-esteem by attributing a negative outcome to discrimination?

Julia, who believes she was rejected for a job because she is obese

superordinate goal

A common problem or shared goal that groups work together to solve or achieve.

Allport's four principals for positive intergroup contact

Equal status between groups in the situation

Contact that is intimate and varied, allowing people to get acquainted

Contact involving intergroup cooperation toward a superordinate goal—that is, a goal that is beyond the ability of any one group to achieve on its own

Institutional support, or contact that is approved by authority, law, or custom

multicultural ideology

A worldview in which different cultural identities and viewpoints are acknowledged and appreciated.

Which Supreme Court decision ruled school segregation as unconstitutional?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Which of the following ideologies regarding differing cultures is often preferred by minority groups?

multiculturalism

Which of the following teachers was able to demonstrate that direct contact is not the only way for people to learn empathy?

elliott

Intergroup contact between individuals will only reduce prejudice toward the entire outgroup if the individual outgroup member is:

seen as representative of the outgroup

_____ is a powerful tool for reducing prejudice because it increases empathy for a target's situation and creates a sense of connection between oneself and an outgroup.

persepective-taking

If a person is motivated by _____, they may resent having to censor their views and attitudes.

external forces

Mrs. Guiu, a 5th grade teacher, is covering the topic of the Presidents of the United States in her class. She divides this topic into several subtopics, such as influential presidents, how the executive branch of the government relates to the other branches, and how the president is elected. She then divides her class into racially mixed groups, where one person in each group is given the responsibility of learning one of the subtopics. The group then has to create a poster outlining what they have learned. Mrs. Guiu is using the technique known as the _____ classroom in her lesson.

jigsaw

The _____ ideology says that we should approach group differences as something to be celebrated.

multicultural

The second process in the dual process approach, which is employed to regulate or control the degree to which stereotypes and biased thoughts and attitudes affect a person's behavior and judgment is known as:

a reflective process

Charlotte is a White, middle-aged woman who has had little contact with African Americans. She has been paired with a new employee at her company to show her around the office and tell her about the work she needs to do. This new employee is an African American woman named Cecelia. Charlotte begins by taking Cecelia out to lunch, during which the two share some private information about themselves and Charlotte comes to see Cecelia as a member of her team, rather than as an African American. This is an example of:

decategorization

Mary is talking to Jerome about her views on immigration policy in the United States. Mary says that the United States is a wonderful "melting pot," meaning that all of the cultures that make up the country should come together as one common culture. Mary is displaying a _____ ideology.

colorblind

People can often keep implicit biases from influencing their decisions and judgments if they are motivated by _____ forces.

internal

Don is a middle-aged White man who lives in a part of the United States that has predominately White residents. He has rarely seen a Hispanic person, other than those portrayed in the media. When he thinks of Hispanics, he thinks of Jennifer Lopez, who is an actress and singer that he really likes. What type of attitude regarding Hispanics is he likely to have?

He is likely to be more tolerant and less prejudiced against Hispanic people.

Chapter 12: Interpersonal Aggression

...

Aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm another person or persons (or any living thing).

Affective Aggression

Harm-seeking done to another person that is elicited in response to some negative emotion.

Instrumental Aggression

Harm-seeking done to another person that serves some other goal.

Eros

Freud's term for what he proposed is the human inborn instinct to seek pleasure and to create.

Thanatos

Freud's term for what he proposed is the human inborn instinct to aggress and to destroy.

dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)

responds when there is a conflict between our expectations and the situation we are in

hypothalamus and amygdala

fear and anger; often elicit aggressive behaviors; fight or flight

differences in humans vs animals

technology makes us more aggressive bc there is no clear winner

human mind makes us less aggressive because we have self-control

prefrontal cortex

The region of the brain that regulates impulsive behavior.

serotonin

A neurotransmitter that regulates our experience of negative affect.

Preventing a rise in status is an example of:

denying benefits

Research by Denson and colleagues suggests that after being insulted, people will show _____ activation in their dACC, which will be _____ correlated with how much anger they felt toward the experimenter.

increased; positively

Domingo is in a research study in which he will interact with Celeste, another participant whose role is to evaluate Domingo's intelligence and social skills. Once Domingo receives this feedback, he will determine how much hot sauce Celeste, who is sensitive to spicy food, will have to consume in a taste test. Domingo is MOST likely to give Celeste the maximum amount of hot sauce if:

she insults his intelligence and social skills in front of other participants.

The way that aggression is typically studied in laboratory experiments is by:

making participants falsely believe they have the ability to harm another person in some way.

Because of the unique self-regulatory capacities afforded by their cerebral cortex, humans:

are equipped to curb the reactive aggressive responses observed in other animals.

Many aggressive acts that harm other people or even animals are regarded as criminal behaviors and punished by imprisonment, probation, or fines. According to the text, these punishments for aggressive behavior suggest that:

nonaggressiveness is evolutionarily adaptive.

People do not act on every aggressive impulse they experience because these impulses are regulated by regions of their prefrontal cortex, in particular the:

MPFC and DLPFC

_____ is the study of animal behavior in its natural context.

ethology

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Originally the idea that aggression is always preceded by frustration and that frustration inevitably leads to aggression. Revised to suggest that frustration produces an emotional readiness to aggress.

displaced aggression

Aggression directed to a target other than the source of one's frustration.

cognitive neoassociationism model

A model of aggression that emphasizes three causal factors: stressors, hostile feelings, and cues associated with aggression.

weapons effect

The tendency for the presence of firearms to increase the likelihood of aggression, especially when people are frustrated.

factors that increase aggression

if the frustration seems arbitrary rather than justified.

if there is an expectation of physical or verbal attack, insult, or social rejection.

in response to physical pain, heat, and discomfort.

if the individual has residual arousal from prior events.

where can we learn aggressiveness

electronic media

family life

culture

_____ occurs when the reason for the frustration is justified.

nonarbitrary frustration

Individualistic cultures tend to have _____ than do collectivistic cultures.

more interpersonal aggression

After years of research, Berkowitz provided a particularly valuable additional answer to the "_____" question about aggression in the form of his cognitive neoassociationism model.

when

Longitudinal research discussed in the text found that:

the more violent programs an individual watches as a child, the more likely that individual is to be violent up to twenty-two years later as an adult.

Triggered displaced aggression and displaced aggression differ in that:

only triggered displaced aggression requires a second provocation.

dominance hierarchies

Dominance hierarchies are characterized by the differing positions of status that animals hold within a group.

_____ are those in which people's status in the culture depends upon their personal and group honor.

cultures of honor

Learning aggression that results from the consequences of behaviors is called:

operant conditioning

Marina grew up in a violent household in which the parents abused the children. Her friend Vicka grew up in a calm and nonaggressive household and was never spanked. According to research discussed in the text, Marina has a ____ percent likelihood of growing up to be an abusive parent, whereas Vicka has a _____ percent likelihood.

30; 2 to 4

who is more likely to be physically abusive

males

who is more likely to be verbally abusive

women

hostile attribution bias

The tendency to attribute hostile intent to others' actions, even when others' intentions are innocent.

why do drugs contribute to aggression?

illegal business activities are often regulated through violence

drugs can increase arousal and create a sense of paranoia

why does alcohol influence aggression

it impacts higher-order thinking

we expect it to lead to aggression

it impedes a potential victim's ability to read social cues

Sarah demonstrates the hostile attribution bias if someone disagrees with her post on social media about a natural cure for cancer, and Sarah interprets it as hostility. There is approximately a _____ percent probability that she will respond aggressively. If Sarah does not attribute the post to hostility, there is a _____ percent probability that she will respond aggressively.

76; 25

Research on gender differences in aggression suggests that:

men and women differ in type but not amount of aggression.

reducing aggression societally

reduce frustration b improving quality of life

gun control

punishing aggression

reduce or reframe media depictions of agression

reducing aggression interpersonally

improve prenatal care

strengthen social connections

enhance empathy

reducing aggression indvidually

improve emotional self-awareness

increase self-regulatory strength

teach how to minimize hostile attributions

improve people's sense of self-worth and significance

According to research on male offenders, the _____ is a man who generally is not violent, but builds up resentments from various aspects of his life and eventually uses his relationship partner as a target for his displaced aggression.

overcontrolled abuser

Trying to reduce aggressive impulses by watching a violent film is an example of:

vicarious catharsis

_____ refers to when someone forces any type of sexual behavior, such as kissing, fondling, or sexual penetration on another person.

sexual coercion

Chapter 13 Prosocial Behavior

...

Prosocial Behavior

An action by an individual that is intended to benefit another individual or set of individuals.

Kin Selection

The idea that natural selection led to greater tendencies to help close kin than to help those with whom we have little genetic relationship.

Norm of Reciprocity

An explanation for why we give help: If I help you today, you might be more likely to help me tomorrow.

Social Exchange Theory

A theory which maintains that people provide help to someone else when the benefits of helping and the costs of not helping outweigh the potential costs of helping and the benefits of not helping.

People do a quick cost-benefit analysis to determine whether to help someone.

Empathy-Altruism Model

The idea that the reason people help others depends on how much they empathize with them. When empathy is low, people help others when benefits outweigh costs; when empathy is high, people help others even at costs to themselves.

People can feel empathy, and this empathy leads to genuinely altruistic acts.

Altruism

a desire to help others with no regard to your own benefit

Empathy Gap

The underestimation of other people's experience of physical pain as well as the pain of social rejection.

Communal Orientation

A frame of mind in which people don't distinguish between what's theirs and what is someone else's.

Instead of imagining that a poor person might have suffered an injury, had their money stolen, or grown up in a bad home, people often assume that these individuals brought on their own suffering. These assumptions are known as:

causal attributions

Which of the following concepts related to people deserving their own misfortune is particularly strong in individualistic cultures?

dispositional attribution

Two individuals of the same race are more likely to help each other get promoted at work than two individuals who belong to different racial groups. This phenomenon is known as:

aversive racism

Which of the following terms describes how people often approach helping others with whom they have a close relationship?

communal orientation

prosocial behavior is increased by

-positive moods and emotions
-friendship
-reminders of mortality that lead people to help someone who supports their worldview
-religion

bystander effect

A phenomenon in which a person who witnesses another in need is less likely to help when there are other bystanders present to witness the event.

pluralistic ignorance

A situation in which individuals rely on others to identify a norm but falsely interpret others' beliefs and feelings, resulting in inaction.

diffusion of responsibility

A situation in which the presence of others prevents any one person from taking responsibility (e.g., for helping).

Which of the following concepts relates to people being more likely to help others when they are in a good mood?

positive affect

Positive affect can increase prosocial behavior because people who are in a good mood:

want to avoid feeling guilty for not helping.

altruistic personality

A collection of personality traits, such as empathy, that render some people more helpful than others.

gender and prosocial

women are seen as more prosocial, but men help more

altruistic personality traits

sense of social responsibility

moral reasoning

empathy

In the context of an altruistic personality, research on the effects of the situation combined with the potential helper's personality on prosocial behavior suggests that:

personality has the largest impact on helping behavior when the situation is ambiguous.

In the United States, conservatives tend to base their morality on more dimensions than liberals, but two dimensions that both groups value are:

avoiding harm and maintaining fairness.

1) A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called

prejudice.

1) Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _______, whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called _______.

A. gender-role norms; gender stereotypes

3) Between classes, you notice how smokers congregate outside the doors of the building. When interacting with one another, they seem to behave as if they identify as quite different from the non-smokers who happen to be outside the door. What term would best describe the group of smokers?

A. an ingroup

3) _______ occurs when groups of individuals who do not fit their stereotype are thought of as "exceptions to the rule."

A. Subtyping

3) When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to

A. a stereotype threat.

3) Most terrorism is considered _______ aggression.

A. instrumental

3) The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that activating the ___________ can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans.

A. amygdala

3) The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called

A. frustration.

3) Arthur did not work very hard on his last class essay assignment, so he was relieved at first to find that he had gotten a C. But when he learned that most of his classmates had gotten B's and A's, he felt unhappy and angry about his grade. Arthur's experience is best explained in terms of

A. the relative deprivation principle.

3) Research suggests that the sight of a ______________ can prime aggressive thoughts.

A. weapon

3) Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers?

A. Joni

12) You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the

A. social-exchange theory.

13) The free address labels that come with mailings that solicit donations to philanthropic causes likely follow the

A. reciprocity norm.

14) The idea that altruism towards one's close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as

A. kin selection.

15) Hoffman (1981) reported that infants cry more when they hear another infant crying. This is an example of

A. empathy.

16) A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latané, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency?

A. You must notice the stranger.

17) Pursuing one's self-interest to the collective detriment of one's community or society is the central pattern in

A. a social dilemma.

18) Despite official government warnings of a severe water shortage, most citizens fail to conserve in the belief that their personal water consumption will have little effect on the community's total water supply. The eventual depletion of the community's water resources provides an example of

a. the tragedy of the commons.

18) John believes that he is hardworking and that his wife Rachel is lazy. Rachel believes that she is hardworking and that John is lazy. This is an example of

a. mirror-image perception.

18) After their town was ravaged by a disastrous tornado, two rival community groups set aside their differences and worked together on repairing the damage. This cooperation best illustrates the importance of

a. superordinate goals.

1) What is a social trap? Provide an example from research and real life.

...

1) What are the 3 different communication strategies for conflict resolution and how do they differ?

...

1) Identify two strategies for effectively uniting conflicting groups. What techniques did Sheriff use in his Robber's Cave experiment?

...

1) Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.

A Prisoner's Dilemma occurs when two people must decide whether to cooperate or protect themselves. Their choice will influence the outcome for both parties. The prisoner's dilemma shows how distrust increases competition. The Tragedy of the Commons

1) Explain the concepts of group think and group polarization.

...

1) What is the difference between prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination?

...

1) Explain at least two ways to reduce prejudice.

...

1) Discuss how the group definition of who you are (i.e., your race, religion, gender, academic major, etc...) may promote an ingroup bias.

...

1) Describe hostile and instrumental aggression and give an example for each.

...

1) Describe the Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment. What theory is this study related to?

...

1) What is relative deprivation and how is it related to crime?

...

1) Explain what the bystander effect is and what factors can lead to it.

The bystander effect is a phenomena that when more people are around in a situation, the less likely people are to step in and help.

Compare and contrast the three theories of helping: social exchange, social norms, and the evolutionary theory.

...

1) Imagine that you are in an emergency situation in which you need help. Identify three things that you could do to help ensure that someone will come help you and EXPLAIN why these techniques would be more likely to get you help.

...

What occurs when an individual exerts less effort when performing as part of a collective or group than when performing as an individual?

When asked to characterize different kinds of groups of people respondents consistently answered in terms of four different categories these are?

Which of the following is a characteristic of a working group quizlet?

Which of the following is considered a major dimension of group processes?