Which of the following is true about the sociological concept of significant others quizlet?

Which of the following did Max Weber suggest were distinct components of stratification?

A. conformity, deviance, and social control
B. class, status, and party
C. class, caste, and age
D. class, prestige, and esteem

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Terms in this set (143)

People in our society tend to think of themselves in terms of their individuality, but we are also products of our own ___________, such as the time and place we live and the family we were born into

social contexts

The sociological imagination is the capacity to think systematically about how the things we experience as personal problems __________.

are really social issues shared by other living in a similar time and location

According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the relations between ________ in society.

history and biography

At each stage of our development, we are both individuals and ___________.

products of our historical context

When understanding intimate relationships, a sociological imagination allows us to _____________.

observe the natural differences in intimate relationships within our own culture

Which of the following is true of the sociological imagination?

it raises questions about the origin, benefit, and harm of stereotypes

In an ongoing study of more than 2,000 young adults as they progress through college and into their postcollegiate years, sociologist Richard Arum has found that ___________.

24% of graduates in the study were back living with their parents 2 years after graduation

Although psychologists and sociologists study similar subjects and phenomena, what is a significant difference in the types of questions they ask?

sociologists are interested in understanding broad social factors; psychologists are interested in understanding how individuals think

Why would sociologists who study academic performance be interested in the lives of college freshmen before they enter college?

sociologists are particularly well equipped to study the influences of students' backgrounds—such as family influences—on academic performance

Which of the following statements about social contexts would sociologists agree is true?

social contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life

Which social context is likely to have a more significant impact on a child's life experience from birth than the others?

his or her parents' income and wealth

Why is the family of interest to many sociologists?

families are a key to understanding how individuals develop

Living in high-crime areas has obvious risks: being a victim of physical violence, for example. What is one of the more subtle risks faced by people who live in high-crime areas that is mentioned by Pat Sharkey?

impaired job or school performance because of stress

What can applying the sociological imagination tell us about unemployment and homelessness?

unemployment and homelessness can be due to changing social forces beyond an individual's control

Two key components to understanding the social worlds humans create are __________.

social interaction and social structure

Norms, the basic rules of society that help us know what is or is not appropriate in a social situation, govern_____.

social interaction

__________ refers to the way people act together, including how they modify and alter their behavior in response to the presence of others.

social interaction

Sociologists' understanding of social contexts, social interactions, and social structures teaches us that people __________.

present themselves in different ways based on the social situation they are in

__________ refers to the enduring patterns that shape and guide social interaction.

social structure

Which of the following accurately connects the effect communities have on people's life pathways?

living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life

It is easy to see the importance of the social part of social interaction when we __________.

imagine the social sanctions for violating rules

Why were lines between social sciences unclear when they first developed?

the backgrounds of early social scientists were diverse, and they often conducted work in multiple disciplines

__________, the social sciences began to divide into distinctive areas of research.

Between 1880 and 1910

__________, who founded both the first European sociology department and the first major European journal of sociology, is called the "father of sociology."

Emile Durkheim

Which of the following factors pulled people away from farms and into cities during the period of rapid industrialization more so than the others?

jobs

Which of the following statements is true of urban environments that developed from the middle of the nineteenth century onward?

cities had high rates of poverty

Among the social sciences, sociology is the discipline most concerned with __________.

how different parts of society link up to and mutually influence one another

Why is it sometimes difficult for sociologists to define their discipline in short, simple terms?

sociologists cover a wider range of topics than other social sciences

How is a sociological study of the family more likely to differ from a psychological study of the family?

psychological studies tend to study the minds of individuals in a family; sociological studies tend to study families within their larger social contexts

Sociology laid the groundwork for which of the following academic disciplines?

Latino/a studies and industrial relations

Imagine that you are a sociology student in the early twentieth century at the University of Chicago. You are trying to come up with an idea for a research project that you can easily conduct without leaving the city. Which of the following projects best embodies the sociological imagination?

you have observed that the police force is made up almost entirely of a certain immigrant group. You want to interview members of that community and police officers to find out why this group might be drawn to police work

John is taking an introductory sociology class. As a result, he is conscious of his environment and carefully thinks about what he sees rather than jumping to quick conclusions. He notices a homeless man on his way to class every day. Using his sociological imagination, what might John conclude about this man's circumstances?

John reacts with sympathy. He considers the social circumstances that may have drawn the homeless man into poverty and wonders why so many are unemployed. He concludes that because of social change, the homeless man has lost his housing along with his job

Karen operates a clothing store. Last summer she hired a young man to work at her store. He was frequently late and did not work particularly hard when he did show up. Karen now feels that most young men do not have the work ethic necessary to meet her demands. Her belief that young men are lazy is an example of __________.

a stereotype

You are a first-year student at a major university. Which of the following describes a social context that could have a positive impact on your academic success?

your parents were able to hire summer tutors for you when you were in high school

You are taking your first sociology course in the fall. About halfway through the semester, you go home for Thanksgiving. At Thanksgiving dinner, you plan to conduct an impromptu sociological experiment by violating some social norms. Which of following actions could you potentially take?

you eat your dinner with your hands, even the mashed potatoes

Thomas, who has never been to a formal dinner, is attending one at his friend's house. Throughout the evening, Thomas observes his friend's behavior in order to fit in and act appropriately. Thomas is learning the social ______ of a formal dinner.

norms

After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, there were reports of increased criminal activity and looting. Looters broke into electronics stores and stole merchandise, and increasing numbers of violent attacks exceeded all police efforts to keep the rising levels of violence in check. How would a sociologist explain these phenomena?

in the absence of social structures, rules are unclear, and everyone has to improvise

You are a social scientist in the mid-nineteenth century. You want to study the forces in society that are driving social change. What human subjects are you most likely to study?

factory workers who live in New York City

It is the late nineteenth century. Robert is a young man who is fascinated by the social world. He is particularly interested in studying the problems of cities and their inhabitants, including the lives of new residents migrating to cities from farms and from abroad. He is familiar with an emerging discipline called sociology and wants to conduct field research as part of his university coursework in the city where he is being educated. What school should Robert contact to gain information about this new field of study?

the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois

You, a sociology student, are approached by an anthropology student who would like to work with you. How should you respond to this offer to participate in an interdisciplinary study?

sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has to offer. Accept.

Industrialization is characterized by the transformation of economies based in agriculture to those based in __________.

family farming and urban development

A large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common set of norms and rules for social interaction is best known as a __________.

society

Urban areas have a population density of at least __________ people per square mile.

1,000

Social theories are analytical frameworks for understanding the relationship between __________ and __________.

individuals; societies

Sociology is different from some of the other social sciences because it has __________ and __________

multiple; competing

One of the three common themes of social theory is social order. This theme is chiefly concerned with __________.

what holds society together

The basis of social order, the nature of the individual, and the circumstances of social change are three themes associated with __________.

social theories

Karl Marx argued that __________.

human history is best understood through the history of a society's economic system

According to Marx, an automated welding machine used to assemble automobile bodies would be an example of __________.

forces of production

Marx argued that the __________ would overthrow capitalism in favor of __________.

proletariat; socilais

Marx argued that groups of people who were treated differently by the economic system would inevitably be in conflict with each other. This is called the theory of __________.

class struggles

Emile Durkheim claimed that any regularity or rule of everyday life in human communities is a __________.

social facts

Unwritten rules of society, such as social norms, are an example of __________.

social fact

When Bill started talking on his cellphone during class he knew he violated a social norm when __________.

the class reacted negatively

Organic solidarity describes a(n) __________ society that is characterized by __________.

modern; an extensive division of labor

Durkheim argues that individuals in modern societies have the freedom to express their own unique preferences, tastes, and beliefs and that this freedom, also referred to as __________, is the basis of social solidarity in modern society.

"the cult of the individual"

Max Weber focused primarily on individual action as a foundation of __________.

social order

According to Max Weber, interpretative sociology is a method for understanding society by focusing on _________.

understanding the motivations of social action

Each year millions of people watch, and many attend, NFL games. A sociologist, observing how the team logos, colors, the field, and the rivalries bring people together in ritual behavior, would label these things as ______.

sacred

According to Weber the mechanisms that make individuals respect hierarchies and obey orders in society are __________ and __________.

power; authority

While driving on the highway, David was pulled over to the side of the road by the police. David accepts that the police are his superiors. Weber would say David obeyed the police as a result of __________.

authority

People, more often than not, obey firefighters in emergency situations because they believe it is the "right thing to do." Weber would refer to this as an example of __________

legitimacy

Weber's concept of __________ have similar kinds of attributes and identities. These may be based on a wide variety of attributes such as race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or social class.

status groups

Susan worked tirelessly as an activist trying to stop the use of children in sweatshop labor. She organized protests, started a boycott campaign of major clothing brands, and founded her own charitable organization to fight against the use of children in sweatshops. How would Weber describe Susan's identity as an activist?

this is her status group membership

A(n) __________ is when groups have inequality that persists over time and can result in conflict between those groups.

stratification system

According to Bourdieu, what differentiates "social" from "symbolic" capital?

social capital is your support system whereas symbolic capital is your reputation

The rigorous training and licensing of doctors controlled by the American Medical Association is an example of Weber's concept of __________.

social closure

Simmel argued that group membership in society was a series of __________.

overlapping social circles

Christine works at the high school, is a deacon at her church, a den mother for the Girl Scouts, a Sergeant in the National Guard, and a kickboxing instructor at her gym. The connection of Christine to other individuals in these groups are her _________.

social networks

Luthor has been part of the football team for two years, but he still feels like an outsider with many of the players. His teammates never asked him to hang out after practices or get together at any other time separate from team functions. Simmel would describe Luthor's experience as being a result of his __________.

social distance

Simmel's concept of social distance can be used as __________.

a way to describe how close or distant an individual feels from others within a group

A number of popular celebrities, such as Morgan Freeman, have fallen victim to rumors of their death spread on the Internet. Whether the news is passed through electronic messages or face-to-face, insights gleaned from __________ could help to explain how this misinformation is passed through social circles.

network analysis

By carefully researching the lives of African Americans in a predominantly black neighborhood of Philadelphia, W. E. B. Du Bois demonstrated that __________ shaped every aspect of the lives of African Americans.

limited opportunities

Dominant theories of race during the time of W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that race __________.

biologically determined different levels of intelligence in individuals

When Derek arrived at his new high school for the first day of school he noticed that there weren't any other black students in his classrooms. Derek had never felt so aware of his race before. Du Bois would argue that Derek is experiencing __________.

double consciousness

Which of the following statements about social theorists is chronologically accurate?

Marx wrote before Bourdieu

By attempting to develop a unified theory for sociology, Talcott Parsons argued that the key elements of any society were __________.

organized around the broader and often hidden needs of society

Parsons's theory of an overarching social system guiding the individuals, groups, and social institutions of society would become known as __________.

structural functionalism

According to structural functionalism, within a social system individuals take on particular roles and while in those roles______.

tend to act in a certain way

The structural functionalist view on social change is that society __________.

changes gradually by norms and institutions adapting to new social challenges

Conflict theorists were critical of Parsons's structural functionalist theory because they argued it presented __________.

an unrealistic image of consensus and harmony in society

According to C. Wright Mills, President Donald Trump, Bill Gates, and a CEO of a large company are all members of the __________.

power elite

Conflict theory was developed primarily from the work of sociologists looking for new ways of thinking about __________ and __________.

society; individuals

For symbolic interactionists, social order __________.

starts from individuals and the meanings they give to objects

____________ theory focuses on how everyday social interactions and the meaning people give to objects, relationships, and events are the beginning of understanding social order.

symbolic interactionist

Imagine you are sitting at a table thinking about love. How would Herbert Blumer distinguish the three types of objects that could be subject to interpretation in your situation?

the table (physical), the person (social), and the idea (abstract)

In The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Goffman compares social life to __________ and claims that we are __________.

the theater; actors playing roles

According to __________, social programs such as food stamps and "Obamacare" are concessions made to the working class to make capitalism easier to accept for poor people.

neo-Marxists

The capitalist world system is a theory of globalization that argues __________.

capitalism is an economic system that has consequences between countries and not just within them

The interlocking nature of social inequality and how different inequalities are experienced together is also known as __________.

intersectionality

The NSA's ability to tap phone lines and review our email is a form of surveillance that Foucault would argue is part of __________.

the modern day Panopticon

Sandy and John recently went to an art museum together. While they were there, Sandy discovered that John was very knowledgeable about art history and contemporary art. Bourdieu would argue that John has high __________.

cultural capital

Structural individualism is a theory of analytical sociology that argues that society is based on the choices and actions that individuals and groups make while __________.

the actions that follow from these choices are constrained by society

Researchers who use both qualitative and quantitative evidence are engaging in __________.

mixed method research

Qualitative research relies on __________.

words, observations, or pictures

Good research questions are both feasible and __________.

relevant

_________ guide and shape a sociologist's research, including questions asked and methods used.

theoretical traditions

Sociologists decide what to research and what questions to ask once they are familiar with __________.

what other sociologists have already discovered

What role do values play in sociological research?

values influence sociologists' research questions, but they do not determine findings

Which of the following statements about a code of ethics and sociological research is true?

all social scientists commit to a shared code of ethics

For which of the following reasons do sociologists and other social scientists abide by codes of ethics?

given the nature of their research, social scientists must commit to do no harm to those they study

Along with informed consent, what other ethical obligation do sociologists have regarding their professional responsibilities and conduct?

they must disclose their identity as researchers

Informed consent has two components. Research participants must understand that their participation is __________ and based on a full understanding of possible risks and benefits involved.

voluntary

In hindsight, what was the primary flaw of the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted in the 1970s?

the experiment inflicted harm on its participants

What is an institutional review board?

a body that reviews researchers' proposals before work begins in order to assess potential harm and possible benefits to participants

What does it mean to operationalize a research question?

operationalizing is determining the operations and techniques to be used to assess a research question's key concepts

How do sociological researchers define the term dependent variable?

the variable expected to fluctuate in relation to other variables under study

An independent variable is predicted to__________.

influence or cause a particular outcome

In a hypothesis about crime that makes a causal claim that an increase in the level of inequality in society will result in an increase in the crime rate in that society, __________ is the independent variable.

the level of inequality

In a hypothesis about crime that makes a causal claim that an increase in the level of inequality in society will result in an increase in the crime rate in that society, __________ is the dependent variable.

the crime rate

What type of research method is good at generating data about an entire population?

surveys

How is comparative-historical research best conducted?

by looking at records and documents from other times and places

When research questions are about the thought processes that lead people to have certain opinions, what research method is usually best?

in-depth interviews

When research questions center on patterns of behavior among large groups, what research method is usually best?

survey

When research questions have more to do with how people interact and less with how they say they interact, what research method is usually best?

ethnographic observation

Why is studying motivation difficult?

simply looking at behavior doesn't allow researchers to say much about motivation

The textbook authors suggest that in the real world researchers __________ deviate from the traditional order of the scientific method.

often

In order to be deemed reliable, the results of a scientific study must be able to be __________.

replicated

Which of the following is a benefit of representative sampling?

representative sampling allows researchers to use a subset to approximate results to the entire population

In terms of survey research, what is a respondent?

an individual who fills out a survey

Data from which research method arguably takes the longest to acquire?

ethnographic data

Researchers whose questions explore understanding social variation over time and place are likely to use which research method?

comparative historical perspective

What are cross-national comparisons?

a type of historical analysis that focuses on explaining differences between countries

When is longitudinal data desirable?

when researchers want to infer causation between variables

What is a spurious relationship?

an apparent relationship between two factors that has the appearance of linkage but, in reality, does not

Cross-sectional data is collected __________.

at one point in time

The U.S. census is a good example of what kind of interview?

survey interview

The National Election Study on Americans' political participation, policy, and political views is an example of a type of a(n)__________.

social experimental study

What is data coding?

organizing the data according to key categories and concepts

Primary-source data are data __________.

collected by researchers themselves

Data displays are __________ patterns in data.

visual images of

Research memos are to __________ thinkers as data displays are to __________ thinkers.

quantitative; qualitative

How does the text answer this question: Why is generalization, in terms of sociological research, so tricky?

sociologists do not want to limit their conclusions to what they study directly; thus, they want to ensure the conclusions drawn are reliable and valid

What are two types of generalizability relevant to sociological research?

empirical and theoretical generalizability

Which of the following responses best encapsulates why some sociologists strive for empirical generalizability?

sociologists strive for empirical generalizability so that findings can be applied to populations larger than their sample set

Which of the following potential projects studying convenience stores could be said to be utilizing a qualitative research method?

working at a convenience store and watching how people interact with the clerks

Catherine is taking a research methods class in which the semester project involves conducting original research. Catherine is interested in finding out if viewing particular television programs has an impact on behavior. She wants to see if children are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior after they watch television shows that exhibit violent images. Catherine's tentative prediction is what scientists refer to as __________.

a hypothesis

You want to conduct a research study on the sexual behaviors of married couples in rural America. You plan on interviewing individuals using an in-depth survey method. After approval from your institutional review board and finding individuals to interview, but before you conduct the interviews, what is needed to make sure that this project is ethical?

the informed consent of all participants

Kordell is interested in distributing questionnaires to college freshmen regarding their study habits. He has targeted several colleges where he wants to carry out the research. What must Kordell do first?

submit his research proposal to each school's institutional review board (IRB)

You want to study a riot that occurred over 60 years ago. You have access to a handful of survivors, but they likely cannot provide all the information you need. Which two research methods should you use to complete the study?

interviews and historical research

You want to understand how American views on violence in the media differ from the views of Germans. To complete your comparison of these two populations, what type of research should you conduct?

cross-national comparison

You are studying homicide rates in a major city, and your data seem to be indicating something quite peculiar. You notice that ice cream consumption seems to be correlated with an increase in murder rates. Upon more careful reflection, you recall that murder rates tend to rise in the summer, when people are outside more (and, consequently, eating more ice cream). Your first conclusion is an example of __________.

a spurious relationship

You are an ethnographer studying poverty in Chicago. Over the course of your research, you live in a low-rent apartment, join a number of social clubs, and take several jobs in the community. The total time you spend on this project takes several years. Given what you know about ethnography and proper data analysis, when should you analyze your data?

continually over the course of the project

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What is the sociological definition of significant others quizlet?

Which of the following is a society according to the sociological definition?

Which of the following is true about the process of socialization?

Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination?