Is the process of reduction of reduction as exposed silver halides is reduced into metallic silver?

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Chapter 7 & 8
Is the process of reduction expose silver halides are reduced into metallic silver?
During which step of the processing procedure are the exposed silver halide crystals reduced to metallic silver?
In what processing stage that unexposed silver halides are dissolved and removed from the emulsion?
Which agent is responsible for converting the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver?

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Chapter 7 & 8

Term	Definition
Duplicating film	A photographic film similar to x-ray film. Exposed by the action of infrared and ultraviolet light rather than by x-rays.
Emulsion	The gelatinous coating on radiographic film containing silver halide crystals.
Halide	A compound of a halogen with another element or radical.
Intensifying Screen	Plastic sheet coated with calcium tungstate or rare earth fluorescent salt crystals. Salts glow when exposed to radiation, giving off a blue or green energy of each x-ray.
Occlusal Radiograph	Radiograph produced by placing film against the incisal or occlusal plane. Stabilizes by biting down.
Pedodontic Film	Size No. 0 film. Designed for small children
Silver Halide Crystals	Sensitive to radiation and when exposed to x-rays, they retain the latent image.
Latent Image	The invisible image produced when the film is exposed to x-ray photons. Image remains invisible until the film is processed.
Acidifer	A chemical (acetic acid) in the fixer solution that neutralizes the alkali in the developer solution and stops further action of the developer.
Developing Agent	Elon and hydroquinone, substances that reduce the halides in the film emulsion to metallic silver. Elon brings out the details, and hydroquinone brings out the contrast in the film.
Selective Reduction	Chemical change that takes place within the film emulsion during development. During this change, the nonmetallic are separated from the silver halide, leaving a coating of metallic silver on the film emulsion while the bromide is removed.
Identification Dot	Small circular embossed mark on the corner of intraoral x-ray film. Used to determine the patient's right or left side when viewing radiographs.
Latent Image	A chemical (acetic acid) in the fixer solution that neutralizes the alkali in the developer solution and stops further action of the developer.
Fixing Agent	Sodium thiosulfate, also known as "hypo" or hyposulfite of sodium. It is one of several chemical ingredients in the fixer solution and functions to remove all unexposed and any remaining undeveloped silver bromide grains from the emulsion.
Automatic Processor	Converts the invisible latent image on the dental x-ray film into a visible permanent image.
Oxidation	The process during which the chemicals of the developing and fixing solutions combine with oxygen and lose their strength.
Safelight	Special filtered light that can be left on in the darkroom while films are processed.
Which of these provides support for the fragile film emulsion? a. Base b. Adhesive c. Gelatin d. Silver Halide Crystals	a. Base
Which of these is light and x-ray sensitive? a. Lead Foil b.Adhesive c.Gelatin d.Silver Halide Crystals	d. Silver halide crystals
During x-ray exposure, crystals within the film emulsion become energized with a(n) a.visible image b.slow image c.latent image d.intensified image	c. latent image
What is the function of the lead foil in the film packet? a.moisture protection b.absorb backscatter radiation c.give rigidity to the packet d.protect against flourescence	b. absorb backscatter radiation
Each of the following can be found on the back side of an intraoral film packet EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a.film speed b.film size c.embossed dot location d.number of films in packet	b. film size
Which of these films has the greatest sensitivity to radiation? a. D-speed b. E-speed c. F-speed	C. F-speed
A size #4 intraoral film packet would most likely be used to expose a(n) a.bitewing radiograph b.periapical radiograph c.occlusal radiograph d.panoramic radiograph	c. occlusal radiograph
Which of these projections will the dentist most likely prescribe for evaluation of a specific tooth and its surrounding structures? a. bitewing radiograph b.periapical radiograph c.occlusal radiograph d.panoramic radiograph	b. periapical radiograph
Intensifying screens will a. reduce exposure time b. decrease processing time c. increase x-ray intensity d. increase image detail	a. reduce exposure time
Which of the following is considered to be a screen film? a.Occlusal b.periapical c.bitewing d.panoramic	d. panoramic
Which type of film is used to cody a radiograph? a.duplicating film b.screen film c.nonscreen film d.x-ray film	a. duplicating film
X-ray films sould be stored a.away from heat and humidity b.near the source of radiation c.in the darkroom d.stacked in columns	a. away from heat and humidity
Which term best describes the process by which the latent image becomes visibe? a.reticulation b.reduction c.activation d.preservation	b. reduction
Which of these is the correct processing sequence? a. rinse, fix, wash, develop, dry b.fix, rinse, develop, wash, dry c.develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry d.rinse, develop, wash, fix, dry	c. develop, rinse, fix, wash, dry
The basic constituents of the developer sloution are; a.reducing agent, activatior, preservative,restrainer;c.clearing agent, activator, preservative,restrainer; d.clearing agent, preservative, hardener, acidifer	a. reducing agent, activator, preservative, restrainer
During which step of the processing procedure are the exposed silver halide crystals reduced to metallic silver? a. developing b. fixing c. rinsing d. washing	a. developing
Which ingredient removes the unexposed/undeveloped silver halide crystals from the film emulsion? a. acetic acid b. potassium bromide c. sodium thiosulfate d. hydroquinone	c. sodium thiosulfate
Which ingredient causes the emulsion to soften and swell? a. acidifier b. preservative c. restrainer d. activator	d. activator
Which ingredient hardens the emulsion? a. elon b. potassium alum c. sodium carbonate d. sodium sulfite	b. potassium alum
Chemically, the developer used in an automatic processor contains more___________than developer used for manual processing. a. activator b. acid c. preservative d. hardener	d. hardener
Each of the following should be considered when setting up an ideal darkroom EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Black walls b. location c. lighting d. size	a. black walls
Which of the following colors or safelight filters is safe for processing all film speeds? a. yellow b.green c.red d. blue	c. red
What is the minimum safe distance to position the safe-light abouve the work area in the darkroom? a. 2 ft (0.6m) b. 4 ft (1.2m) c. 6 ft (1.8m) d. 8 ft (2.4m)	b. 4ft (1.2m)
What is the appearance of the radiographic image if a film is exposed to a safelight too long? a. oxidized b. fogged c. fixed d. attenuated	b. fogged
Which of these is considered a disadvantage of manual processing over automatic processing? a. darkroom required b. processing time is long c. chemicals must be replinished d. temperature must be regulated	b. processing time is long
A thermometer is used for manual processing to determine the temperature of the a. developer solution b. water c. fixer solution d. both a and c	a. developer solution
Each of the following is necessary and required for manual processing EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Thermometer b. Timer c. Film dryer d. frilm hanger	c. film hanger
What is the ideal temperature for processing film manually? a. 60 F (15.5 C) b. 68 F (20 C) c. 75 F (23.9 C) d. 83 F (28.3 C)	b. 68 F ( 20 C)
A film may be safely exposed to white light for a wet reading after two or three minutes of a. developing b. rinsing c. fixing d. washing	c. fixing
Each of the following is true regarding rapid film processing EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. uses a miniature darkroom placed on the counter in the operatory. b. produces archival (permanent) quality radiographs c. developer heated to high	b. produces archival (permanent) quality radiograph
Each of the following is an advantage of automatic processing over manual processing EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. less maintenance b. decreased processing time c. increased capacity for processing d. self-regulation of time and temp.	a. less maintenance
Replenisher is added to the developing solution to compensate for a. oxidation b. loss of volume c. loss of solution strength d. all of the above	d. all the above
Which processing method requires the most maintenance and the strictest adherence to regular replinishment and cleaning? a. manual b. rapid c. automatic	c. automatic

Is the process of reduction expose silver halides are reduced into metallic silver?

Chemical reduction of the exposed silver bromide grains is the process that converts them into visible metallic silver. This action is typically provided by two chemicals in the solution: phenidone and hydroquinone. Phenidone is the more active and primarily produces the mid to lower portion of the gray scale.

During which step of the processing procedure are the exposed silver halide crystals reduced to metallic silver?

Chapter 7 & 8.

In what processing stage that unexposed silver halides are dissolved and removed from the emulsion?

FIXING. The acidic fixing solution removes the unexposed and undeveloped silver bromide crystals from the film emulsion and re-hardens the emulsion that has softened during the development process.

Which agent is responsible for converting the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver?

The purpose of the developing agent is to reduce the exposed silver halide crystals chemically to black metallic silver. Hydroquinone is a benzene derivative and acts at slowrate but generates the black tones and the sharp contrast of the radiographic image.

Is the process of reduction of reduction as exposed silver halides is reduced into metallic silver?

Chapter 7 & 8

Is the process of reduction expose silver halides are reduced into metallic silver?

During which step of the processing procedure are the exposed silver halide crystals reduced to metallic silver?

In what processing stage that unexposed silver halides are dissolved and removed from the emulsion?

Which agent is responsible for converting the exposed silver halide crystals to black metallic silver?

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