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Terms in this set (26)
Scientific Method
The approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest
Steps of the Scientific Method
1. Identifying
Questions
2. Formulating an explanation
3. carrying out research
4. communicating findings
Theories
Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
hypothesis
A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
Operational Definition
The translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed.
Archival Research
Research in which existing data, such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings, are examined to test a hypothesis.
Naturalistic Observations
Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation.
Survey Research
Research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes.
Case Study
An in-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people.
Variables
Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change, or vary, in some way.
Correlational Research
Research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated, or "correlated."
Remember, Correlation does not imply causation
Experiment
The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation.
Experimental Manipulation
The change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation.
Treatment
The manipulation implemented by the experimenter.
Experimental Group
Any group participating in an experiment that receives a treatment.
Control Group
A group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment.
Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated by an experimenter.
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured and is expected to change as a result of changes caused by the experimenter's manipulation of the independent variable.
Random Assignment to Condition
A procedure in which participants are assigned to different experimental groups or "conditions" on the basis of chance and chance alone.
Significant Outcome
Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypothesis.
Replicated Research
Research that is repeated, sometimes using other procedures, settings, and groups of participants, to increase confidence in prior findings.
Ethical Guide-Lines of Informed Consent
Participants...
1. are protected from physical or mental harm
2. have the right to privacy
3. are participating voluntarily
4. are informed about the nature of the procedures before participation in the
experiment
Informed Consent
A document signed by participants affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve.
Three Types of Biases
1. experimenter bias
2. participant expectations
3. placebo effects
Experimenter Bias
Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment.
Placebo
A false treatment, such as a pill, "drug," or other substance, without any significant chemical properties or active ingredient.
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Which of the following does a PET scan best allow researchers to examine? a. The presence of tumors in the brain. b. Electrical activity on the surface of the brain. c. The size of the internal structures of the brain. d. The location of strokes. e. The functions of various brain regions.
Verified answer
QUESTION
Marcelo has a good job, a nice house, and plenty of food. On weekends, he skydives for fun. His weekend behavior is best explained by which of the following theories? a. Incentive. b. Drive-reduction. c. Instinct. d. Arousal. e. Two- factor.
Verified answer
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Do you agree with John B. Watson that a child can be trained to become a doctor, lawyer, or other specialist? Explain your answer.
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