Terms in this set (128)Social Imagination The application of imaginative thought to the asking and answering of sociological questions. Someone using the sociological imagination "thinks himself away" from the familiar routines of daily life. Structuration The two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society. Globalization The two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society. Social facts the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals organic solidarity Durkheim; the social cohesion that results from the various parts of a society functioning as an integrated whole. Social Constraint The conditioning influence on our behavior by the groups and society of which we are members. Anomie a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior Materialistic conception of history Marx- material or economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change Capitalism An economic system based on private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested to produce profit Symbolic interactionism emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of human interaction Functionalism a theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform , that is, contributions they make to the continuity of a society. manifest functions social activity that is known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity Latent function functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by the members of a social system in which they occur Conflict theories a sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order Marxism a body of thought deriving its main elements from the ideas of Karl Marx power The two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society. ideology The two-way process by which we shape our social world through our individual actions and by which we are reshaped by society. Feminism Advocacy of the rights of women to be equal with men in all spheres of life. Feminist theory A sociological perspective that emphasizes the centrality of gender in analyzing the social world and particularly the experiences of women. postmodernism The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. microsociology The study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction. macrosociology The study of large-scale groups, organizations, or social systems. Empirical investigation factual inquiry carried out in any area of sociological study factual questions questions that raise issues concerning matters of fact comparative questions questions concerned with drawing comparisons among different human societies developmental questions questions that sociologists pose when looking at the origins and path of development of social institutions Theoretical questions questions posed by sociologist when seeking to explain a particular range of observed events. Steps of Research Process 1. Define the research problem Qualitative methods approaches to sociological research that often rely on personal and/or collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation Quantitative methods Approaches to sociological research that draw on objective and statistical data and often focuses on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations.
Ethnography qualitative method; the firsthand study of people using observation, in-depth interviewing or both. "Fieldwork" Participant observation a method of research widely used in sociology and anthropology in which researches takes part in the activities of the group or community being studied. Pilot study a trial run in survey research Sampling studying a proportion of individuals or cases from a larger population as representative of that population as a whole sample a small proportion of a larger population representative sample a sample from a larger population that is statistically typical of that population. random sampling sampling method in which a sample is chosen so that every member of the population has the same probability of being included comparative research research that compares one set of findings on one society with the same type of findings on other societies triangulation the use of multiple research methods as a way of producing more reliable empirical data than are available from any single method debriefing following a research study, the investigator will inform study participants about the true purpose of the study, and will reveal any deception that happened during the study measures of central tendency ways of calculating averages personal troubles difficulties that are located in individual biographies and their immediate milieu, a seemingly private experience public issues difficulties or problems that are linked to the institutional and historical possibilities of social structure subjective knowledge open to the possibility of personal, subjective knowledge including intuition procedural knowledge learning how to gain knowledge through objective procedures constructed knowledge view knowledge as contextual, experience themselves as creators of knowledge and value subjective and objective ways of knowing interest convergence the thesis that majority group members will only support the interests of minorities operationalization developing operational definitions or specifying the exact operations involved in measuring a variable the three main elements of the traditional model of science are Theory, operationalization, observation the paradigm that accounts for the impact of economic conditions on family structures is structural functionalism Sociologists use several lines of questioning. The question "Why are more women waiting longer to get married and/or have children?" is an example of a _____. developmental question According to Jean Baudrillard, the proliferation of content on such sites as YouTube on the World Wide Web is a powerful way in which __________ is created. meaning One of the strengths of a hypothesis in a research project is that it is subject to revision as the research progresses, which reflects on the larger idea that scientific ideas are open to criticism and revision. The 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Study found that nearly _____ of high school students had been bullied on school property, and _____ had been electronically bullied. 20 percent; 15 percent A study of university admissions that compares the impact of gender and social class on probability of admission before and after World War II is an example of macrosociology. The 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Study found that high school students are more likely to be bullied____ than _____. online; at school According to George Herbert Mead, what is it that allows humans to develop self-consciousness? the capacity for symbolic thought _____ usually generate richer and more in-depth information than other data collection methods. Ethnographies Once a researcher chooses the method (or methods) that are best suited for data collection, she is in the _____ step of the research process. working out a design Auguste Comte, the founder of sociology, originally described the discipline as _____. social physics According to Herbert Spencer, privileged members of society enjoy a higher quality of life because they have earned this status through hard work and because of their natural ability. Spencer bases this belief, in part, to his analogy of society as a biological organism. cultural appropriation When members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group's culture culture The values, norms, and material goods characteristic of a given group. values Ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad. What individuals value is strongly influenced by the specific culture in which they happen to live. norms Rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations. language A system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts; the primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society. linguistic relativity hypothesis A hypothesis, based on the theories of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, that perceptions are relative to language; also referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis material culture The physical objects that society creates that influence the ways in which people live. signifier Any vehicle of meaning and communication. society A group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups. sociobiology An approach that attempts to explain the behavior of both animals and human beings in terms of biological principles. instinct A fixed pattern of behavior that has genetic origins and that appears in all normal animals within a given species. Biological determinism The belief that differences we observe between groups of people, such as men and women, are explained wholly by biological causes. subcultures Cultural groups within a wider society that hold values and norms distinct from those of the majority. countercultures Cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority assimilation The acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture. ` Multiculturalism The viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life. Ethnocentrism The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture and thereby misrepresent them. cultural relativism The practice of judging a society by its own standards. cultural universals Values or modes of behavior shared by all human cultures. pastoral societies Societies whose subsistence derives from the rearing of domesticated animal agrarian societies Societies whose means of subsistence are based on agricultural production Industrialization The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources (such as steam or electricity). industrialized societies Highly developed nation-states in which the majority of the population work in factories or offices rather than in agriculture and in which most people live in urban areas. nation-state A particular type of state, characteristic of the modern world, in which a government has sovereign power within a defined territorial area and the population are citizens who know themselves to be part of a single nation. colonialism The process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories. developing world The less-developed societies, in which industrial production is either virtually nonexistent or only developed to a limited degree. The majority of the world's population lives in less-developed countries. emerging economies Developing countries that, over the past two or three decades, have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as Singapore and Hong Kong. Nationalism A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community socialization The social processes through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self. social reproduction The process whereby societies have structural continuity over time. Social reproduction is an important pathway through which parents transmit or produce values, norms, and social practices among their children. Resocialization The process of learning new norms, values, and behaviors when one joins a new group or takes on a new social role or when one's life circumstances change dramatically. cognition Human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering. social self According to the theory of George Herbert Mead, the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others. A person achieves self-consciousness by becoming aware of this social identity. generalized other A concept in the theory of George Herbert Mead, according to which the individual takes over the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process. looking-glass self A theory developed by Charles Horton Cooley that proposes that the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves. sensorimotor stage According to Jean Piaget, the first stage of human cognitive development, in which a child's awareness of his or her environment is dominated by perception and touch. preoperational stage According to Jean Piaget, the first stage of human cognitive development, in which a child's awareness of his or her environment is dominated by perception and touch. egocentric According to Jean Piaget, the characteristic quality of a child during the early years of life. Egocentric thinking involves understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of the child's own position. concrete operational stage The stage of human cognitive development, as formulated by Jean Piaget, in which the child's thinking is based primarily on the physical perception of the world. formal operational stage According to Jean Piaget, the stage of human cognitive development at which the growing child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situations. agents of socialization Groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place. nuclear family
A family group consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children. hidden curriculum Traits of behavior or attitudes that are learned at school but not included within the formal curriculum, for example, gender differences. peer group A friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status. social roles Socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or occupying a particular social position. social identity The characteristics that other people attribute to an individual. self identity The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us. gender socialization The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, peers, the media, and family. race socialization The specific verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race. life course The various transitions and stages people experience during their lives. aging The combination of biological, psychological, and social processes that affects people as they grow older. social gerontologists Social scientists who study older adults and life course influences on aging processes. disengagement theory A functionalist theory of aging that holds that it is functional for society to remove people from their traditional roles when they become elderly, thereby freeing up those roles for others. activity theory A functionalist theory of aging that maintains that busy, engaged people are more likely to lead fulfilling and productive lives. continutiy theory Theoretical perspective on aging that specifies that older adults fare best when they participate in activities consistent with their personality, preferences, and activities from earlier in life. social conflict theory of aging Arguments that emphasize the ways in which the larger social structure helps to shape the opportunities available to older adults. Unequal opportunities are seen as creating the potential for conflict life course theory A perspective based on the assumptions that the aging process is shaped by historical time and place; individuals make choices that reflect both opportunities and constraints; aging is a lifelong process; and the relationships, events, and experiences of early life have consequences for later life young old Sociological term for persons between the ages of sixty-five and seventy-four. old old Sociological term for persons between the ages of seventy-five and eighty-four. oldest old Sociological term for persons age eighty-five and older. ageism Discrimination or prejudice against a person on the basis of age. Which statement applies to hunting-and-gathering societies? There is less inequality in such societies than in any other type of human society discussed in the text. Which statement BEST summarizes the general sociological approach to the "nature/nurture" debate? Although genetics and biology play a role in human behavior, they manifest in an astounding variety of ways, based on complex interactions with the social environment. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1983) found that many workers in modern industrial countries are required to display socially acceptable emotions at work. Childhood has been an important part of human society in all cultures for about a hundred years.
Midlife, or "middle age," is a generally recognized part of our life course, and its recognition is due to increases in overall life expectancy. Unlike child abuse, most elder abuse is perpetrated by ________. someone other than a family member
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