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Terms in this set (50)An experiment is defined by all but the manipulation of a dependent variable An independent variable is a manipulated variable Participants receive all levels of a(n) __________ variable, but only one level of a(n) ____________ variable. within-subjects, between-subjects Order effects are particularly problematic for __________ designs, but group differences are a problematic in __________ designs. within-subjects, between-subjects _________ can be used to counter order effects. counterbalancing _________ can be used to counter group differences. randomization In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of _________ in the experiment. conditions An experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals is called a small _____ design. n Which of the following represents an experiment? Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance An extraneous factor is also called a(n) confounding variable _______ effects occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study. order A _______ design is a between-subjects experiment that involves sets of participants matched on a specific characteristic with each member of the set randomly assigned to a different level of the independent variable. matched At minimum, how many independent variables must be included in a study in order for it to be classified as an experiment? one __________ effects occur when participants are tested more than once in a study, with early testing affecting later testing. testing When different groups of participants receive different orders of the levels of the independent variable this is called counterbalancing A manipulation of an _______ variable involves researcher control of the administration of the levels of the variable to the participants. independent When participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable this is called random assignment Manipulation of an independent variable in a study _________ the internal validity of the study. increases Without the manipulation of a(n) _________ variable, it is very difficult to rule out other possible factors as causes of a change in the _________ variable. independent, dependent The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable and can decrease the internal validity of the study is called a third variable Random assignment is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and ________ the internal validity of the experiment. increases In this design, subjects' scores in one condition are compared with their scores in the other condition. within-subject design Random assignment is important for _________ variables in terms of the order in which participants receive the levels of the variable to control for possible order effects of the different levels of the variable. within-subject Order effects are a particular form of _______ effects. testing The primary concern with ________ variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable. within-subject design To simplify the counterbalancing in such a case, a partial counterbalancing technique, called a ________square, can be used. Latin There are areas of psychology where experiments are used more often than in others including all but personality Much of the research in this area is focused on understanding factors that influence memory, perception, language processes, and decision making. cognitive Latin squares can be useful for within-subjects designs where independent variables have _______ level(s). a number of Counterbalancing is ______ when there are only two conditions that participants experience in an experiment. easy In this design, each subject serves as their own comparison. within-subject design In within-subjects manipulations, each participant receives _____ levels of the independent variable. all The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and ________variables. dependent A participant's gender, personality, and smoking status ______be independent variables. can never A(n) ____________ variable is manipulated such that participants are randomly assigned to levels. independent Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions. True All experiments contain at least one independent variable. True Random assignment of participants to levels allows random distribution of participant differences across the levels. True The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. True Random assignment means that subjects are assigned to groups according to chance, not according to any characteristic they possess or any choice made by the researcher. True The primary concern of between-subjects variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable. False The presence of individual differences across groups is the greatest concern for within-subjects experiments. False Counterbalancing is relatively easy when there are only two conditions that participants will experience in an experiment. True
Latin Squares can be useful for within subjects designs where independent variables have the same number of levels. True In experiments where individual differences are likely to be present and a small sample size is used, random assignment may not be sufficient to control for these differences. True What aspects of an experiment allow tests of causal relationships? Manipulation of an independent variable and control of extraneous variables. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a within-subjects experiment. Advantages: need fewer subjects, subjects serve as their own control so no group differences. Disadvantages: must consider order effects, subject commitment is longer. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a between-subjects experiment. Advantages: no order effects, subject commitment is shorter. Disadvantages: need more subjects, may be group differences. Provide an example of a confounding variable. Answers will vary. A confounding variable is an extraneous factor present in a study that may affect the results. Provide an example of a research study with a small-n design. Answers will vary. A small-n design is an experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals Recommended textbook solutions Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Psychology: Principles in Practice1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus 1,024 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Myers' Psychology for AP1st EditionDavid G Myers 313 solutions Sets with similar termsResearch Methods Ch 1051 terms as1215399 Research Methods in Psychology: Chapter 1076 terms misteriosahar Exam 382 terms davischristy
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If an experiment compares an experimental treatment with a control treatment, then the independent variable (type of treatment) has two levels: experimental and control.
When each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable The independent variable is called a variable?A within-groups design is when each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable. There are two types of this design.
What is the group of participants chosen to receive the independent variable?An experimental group is a test sample or the group that receives an experimental procedure. This group is exposed to changes in the independent variable being tested. The values of the independent variable and the impact on the dependent variable are recorded.
When participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences?An experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals. Random assignment: Participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable.
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When different groups of participants receive different orders of the levels of the independent variable this is called?
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